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Birtle AJ, Jones R, Chester J, Lewis R, Biscombe K, Johnson M, Blacker A, Bryan RT, Catto JW, Choudhury A, Das P, Jagdev S, Powles T, Wagstaff J, Cheung KC, Cafferty F, Hall E. Improved Disease-Free Survival With Adjuvant Chemotherapy After Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer: Final Results of the POUT Trial. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:1466-1471. [PMID: 38350047 PMCID: PMC11095877 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.POUT was a phase III, randomized, open-label trial, including 261 patients with muscle-invasive or lymph node-positive, nonmetastatic upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) randomly assigned after radical nephroureterectomy to platinum-based chemotherapy (132) or surveillance (129). Primary outcome analysis demonstrated that chemotherapy improved disease-free survival (DFS). At that time, the planned secondary outcome analysis of overall survival (OS) was immature. By February 2022, 50 and 67 DFS events had occurred in the chemotherapy and surveillance groups, respectively, at a median follow-up of 65 months. The 5-year DFS was 62% versus 45%, univariable hazard ratio (HR), 0.55 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.80, P = .001). The restricted mean survival time (RMST) was 18 months longer (95% CI, 6 to 30) in the chemotherapy arm. There were 46 and 60 deaths in the chemotherapy and control arms, respectively. The 5-year OS was 66% versus 57%, with univariable HR, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.00, P = .049) and RMST difference 11 months (95% CI, 1 to 21). Treatment effects were consistent across chemotherapy regimens (carboplatin or cisplatin) and disease stage. Toxicities were similar to those previously reported, and there were no clinically relevant differences in quality of life between arms. In summary, although OS was not the primary outcome measure, the updated results add further support for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with UTUC, suggesting long-term benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jane Birtle
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Jones
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Chester
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Biscombe
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Johnson
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Blacker
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - James W.F. Catto
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Prantik Das
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Fay Cafferty
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Hall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang H, Xu Y, Wang K, Zheng C, Li Y, Gong H, Liu C, Sheng M, Xu Q, Sun Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhang H, Wang W. Large-scale Prospective Validation Study of a Multiplex RNA Urine Test for Noninvasive Detection of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol 2024:S2588-9311(24)00061-0. [PMID: 38523018 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current approaches for diagnosis and monitoring of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are often invasive, costly, and not efficient for early-stage and low-grade tumors. OBJECTIVE To validate a noninvasive urine-based RNA test for accurate UTUC diagnosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Urine samples were prospectively collected from 61 patients with UTUC and 99 controls without urothelial carcinomas, in five clinical centers between October 2022 and August 2023 prior to any invasive test (cystoscope or ureteroscope) or treatment. All samples were analyzed with a urine-based RNA test composed of eight genes (CA9, CCL18, ERBB2, IGF2, MMP12, PPP1R14D, SGK2, and SWINGN). The test results were presented with a risk score for each participant, which was applied to categorize patients into low- or high-risk groups. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The diagnosis of UTUC was based mainly on preoperative radiological examination criteria and confirmed by postoperative pathological results. The recursive feature elimination and support vector machine algorithms, χ2, and Student t test were used. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The eight-gene urine test accurately detected UTUC patients and controls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901 in a single-center testing cohort (n = 93) and an AUC of 0.926 in a multicenter clinical validation cohort (n = 66). In the merged validation cohort, the eight-gene urine test achieved high sensitivity of 90.16%, specificity of 88.89%, and overall accuracy of 89.38%. Remarkably, excellent performance was achieved in 11 low-grade UTUC patients with accuracy of 100%. However, this study collected the urine of UTUC patients only at a single preoperative time point and did not perform continuous tests during the pathological process of UTUC in the surveillance population. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the eight-gene urine test can differentiate accurately between UTUC and other urological diseases with high sensitivity and specificity. In clinical practice, it may be used for identifying UTUC patients effectively, leading to reduced reliance on ureteroscopy and blind surgery. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we investigated a multiplex RNA urine test for noninvasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) diagnosis before treatment. We found that the risk scores derived from the multiplex RNA urine test differed significantly between UTUC patients and corresponding controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Zheng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Urology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Gong
- Department of Urology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Liu
- The Department of Urology, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, China
| | - Mingxiong Sheng
- The Department of Urology, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinying Chen
- The Canhelp Genomics Research Center, Canhelp Genomics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China; Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hongxian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Bitaraf M, Ghafoori Yazdi M, Amini E. Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) Diagnosis and Risk Stratification: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4987. [PMID: 37894354 PMCID: PMC10605461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis and risk stratification are cornerstones of therapeutic decisions in the management of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Diagnostic modalities provide data that can be integrated, to provide nomograms and stratification tools to predict survival and adverse outcomes. This study reviews cytology, ureterorenoscopy and the novel tools and techniques used with it (including photodynamic diagnosis, narrow-band imaging, optical coherence tomography, and confocal laser endomicroscopy), and biopsy. Imaging modalities and novel biomarkers are discussed in another article. Patient- and tumor-related prognostic factors, their association with survival indices, and their roles in different scores and predictive tools are discussed. Patient-related factors include age, sex, ethnicity, tobacco consumption, surgical delay, sarcopenia, nutritional status, and several blood-based markers. Tumor-related prognosticators comprise stage, grade, presentation, location, multifocality, size, lymphovascular invasion, surgical margins, lymph node status, mutational landscape, architecture, histologic variants, and tumor-stroma ratio. The accuracy and validation of pre-operative predictive tools, which incorporate various prognosticators to predict the risk of muscle-invasive or non-organ confined disease, and help to decide on the surgery type (radical nephroureterectomy, or kidney-sparing procedures) are also investigated. Post-operative nomograms, which help decide on adjuvant chemotherapy and plan follow-up are explored. Finally, a revision of the current stratification of UTUC patients is endorsed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erfan Amini
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran; (M.B.); (M.G.Y.)
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Wu G, Li H, Li J, Chen M, Xie L, Luo H, Chen Z, Ye D, Lai C. Case Report: Step-by-step procedures for total intracorporeal laparoscopic kidney autotransplantation in a patient with distal high-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1142819. [PMID: 37168366 PMCID: PMC10164996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1142819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A 47-year-old man presented to the emergency department with right abdominal pain and a new onset of painless haematuria two weeks earlier. Urine cytology test results suggested urothelial carcinoma. Computed tomography urography (CTU) showed a filling defect in the lower right ureter with right hydronephrosis. Lymphadenopathy and any signs of metastatic disease were absent on CTU. Cystoscopy appeared normal. Creatinine level was also normal before surgery. After the treatment options were discussed, the patient chose to undergo 3D total intracorporeal laparoscopic kidney autotransplantation, bladder cuff excision, and segmental resection of the proximal two-thirds of the ureter based on the membrane anatomy concept. After more than one year of follow-up, the patient was in good health and showed no signs of haematuria. Surveillance cystoscopy and CTU examination showed no evidence of disease recurrence. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that kidney-sparing surgery may be considered for carefully selected patients with high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Wu
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mubiao Chen
- Operating Room, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lishan Xie
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huilan Luo
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongming Ye
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Caiyong Lai
- Department of Urology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Kidney Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Caiyong Lai,
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