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Kang JI, Kim SJ. Psychometric Analysis of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Self-Report and Social Anxiety Spectrum Self-Report in the Korean Population. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:265-274. [PMID: 38569584 PMCID: PMC10990623 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Korean versions of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Self Report (OBS-SR) and the Social Anxiety Spectrum Self Report (SHY-SR) questionnaires, along with determining their optimal cut-off points in a Korean population. METHODS The study included outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n=86), or social anxiety disorder (SAD) (n=52), those with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n=27), and 33 healthy controls. Participants were administered the Korean versions of the OBS-SR and SHY-SR questionnaires. Clinical symptoms were also assessed with several self-rating scales. RESULTS The Korean versions of the OBS-SR and SHY-SR demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Both questionnaires effectively differentiated between individuals with OCD or SAD and normal controls or those with MDD. Receiver-operating characteristic analyses of the OBS-SR and SHY-SR yielded area under the curve values of 0.89 and 0.96 for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Forth Edition diagnosis, respectively, and showed optimal threshold values of 50 and 44. CONCLUSION The Korean versions of OBS-SR and SHY-SR demonstrate good reliability and validity in assessing manifestations of obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety psychopathology in Korean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Sookman D, Phillips KA, Anholt GE, Bhar S, Bream V, Challacombe FL, Coughtrey A, Craske MG, Foa E, Gagné JP, Huppert JD, Jacobi D, Lovell K, McLean CP, Neziroglu F, Pedley R, Perrin S, Pinto A, Pollard CA, Radomsky AS, Riemann BC, Shafran R, Simos G, Söchting I, Summerfeldt LJ, Szymanski J, Treanor M, Van Noppen B, van Oppen P, Whittal M, Williams MT, Williams T, Yadin E, Veale D. Knowledge and competency standards for specialized cognitive behavior therapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:113752. [PMID: 34273818 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a leading cause of disability world-wide (World Health Organization, 2008). Treatment of OCD is a specialized field whose aim is recovery from illness for as many patients as possible. The evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatment for OCD is specialized cognitive behavior therapy (CBT, NICE, 2005, Koran and Simpson, 2013). However, these treatments are not accessible to many sufferers around the world. Currently available guidelines for care are deemed to be essential but insufficient because of highly variable clinician knowledge and competencies specific to OCD. The phase two mandate of the 14 nation International OCD Accreditation Task Force (ATF) created by the Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive Disorders is development of knowledge and competency standards for specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan deemed by experts to be foundational to transformative change in this field. This paper presents knowledge and competency standards for specialized CBT for adult OCD developed to inform, advance, and offer a model for clinical practice and training for OCD. During upcoming ATF phases three and four criteria and processes for training in specialized treatments for OCD through the lifespan for certification (individuals) and accreditation (sites) will be developed based on the ATF standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Sookman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Center, 1025 Pine Ave W, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Katharine A Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Marcus Family Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, P.O.B. 653 Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Sunil Bhar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, 1 John St, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia.
| | - Victoria Bream
- Oxford Health Specialist Psychological Interventions Clinic and Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
| | - Fiona L Challacombe
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Coughtrey
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford St, Holborn, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Anxiety and Depression Research Center, Depression Grant Challenge, Innovative Treatment Network, Staglin Family Music Center for Behavioral and Brain Health, UCLA Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Edna Foa
- Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania Perelman SOM, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St, West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Jonathan D Huppert
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel.
| | - David Jacobi
- Rogers Behavioral Health, 34700 Valley Road, Oconomowoc, WI, 53066, United States.
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Carmen P McLean
- National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
| | - Fugen Neziroglu
- Bio-Behavioral Institute, 935 Northern Boulevard, Suite 102, Great Neck, NY, 11021, United States.
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sean Perrin
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anthony Pinto
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Zucker Hillside Hospital - Northwell Health, 265-16 74th Avenue, Glen Oaks, NY, 11004, United States.
| | - C Alec Pollard
- Center for OCD and Anxiety-Related Disorders, Saint Louis Behavioral Medicine Institute, 1129 Macklind Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, United States.
| | - Adam S Radomsky
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St, West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Bradley C Riemann
- 34700 Valley Road, Rogers Behavioral Health, Oconomowoc, WI, 53066, United States.
| | - Roz Shafran
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, Holborn, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregoris Simos
- Department of Educational and Social Policy, University of Macedonia, 156 Egnatia Street, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ingrid Söchting
- Departments of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Laura J Summerfeldt
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, K9L 0G2 Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jeff Szymanski
- International OCD Foundation, 18 Tremont Street, #308, Boston MA, 02108, United States.
| | - Michael Treanor
- Anxiety and Depression Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951563, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Barbara Van Noppen
- Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, OCD Southern California, 2514 Jamacha Road Ste, 502-35 El Cajon, CA, 92019, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute - Mental Health, Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Netherlands.
| | - Maureen Whittal
- Vancouver CBT Centre, 302-1765 W8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6J5C6, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Pvt, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Timothy Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, PO Box 217, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, United Kingdom.
| | - Elna Yadin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - David Veale
- South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8 AZ, United Kingdom.
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Nutritional status and anxious and depressive symptoms in anorexia nervosa: a prospective study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:771. [PMID: 33436652 PMCID: PMC7804178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interweaving of malnutrition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in anorexia Nervosa (AN) is mentioned without any consensus regarding the course of anxious-depressive symptoms in relation to nutritional status in the course of treatment of patients with AN. The objectives of the current study in a large sample of AN inpatients were to assess the relationships between anxiety and depression symptoms and nutritional status both over the course of inpatient treatment and at discharge. 222 consecutive inpatients with AN (DSM-IV TR) were assessed (entrance and discharge) for duration of illness, psychiatric treatments, sociodemographic data and with psychometric scales for different psychopathological symptoms [depressive (BDI), anxiety and depressive (HAD scale), obsessive-compulsive (MOCI) and social phobia (LSAS fear score)]. Nutritional status was assessed with Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition by bioelectrical impedance. The Fat free mass index [FFMI = FFM (kg)/height (m2)] was considered for the analysis. Two models were developed where the dependent variables were each psychopathological score at discharge (BDI, HAD anxiety, MOCI, and LSAS fear) in the cross-sectional model, and their variation in the longitudinal model (where a positive score reflected symptom decrease at discharge). A fixed set of predictors, defined on presumed clinical and statistical relevance (FFMI in the cross-sectional model and Variation of FFMI in the longitudinal model), were considered in each model, without any model selection procedure. This is the first study to confirm a positive relationship between the course of eating disorder symptoms and that of anxious-depressive symptoms during inpatient treatment of AN even after adjustment on a vast array of possibly confounding factors.
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Kim H, Kim S, Kong S, Kim NH. Social provision partially mediates the complex associations among posttraumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms in traumatized patients. J Adv Nurs 2019; 76:566-576. [PMID: 31713885 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the associations among posttraumatic stress, depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in outpatients with psychological trauma and to examine the mediating effect of social provision. BACKGROUND Psychologically traumatized patients simultaneously experience depressive and OCS. Social provision may mediate multiple symptoms differently compared with social support. DESIGN Cross-sectional and correlational study. METHODS Data were collected between August 2016-May 2017. Psychiatric outpatients (N = 151) completed a structured questionnaire consisting of the Korean versions of the Social Provision Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the recursive association among the three symptoms and the mediation of social provision. RESULTS There was a recursive association between posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms, which were simultaneously associated with OCS with a one-way direction. OCS and social provision partially mediated these identified associations among three symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the complex associations of multiple symptoms experienced by traumatized outpatients and the partial mediation of social provision. Psychiatric and mental health professionals may enhance social functioning and interpersonal interactions based on social provision components used for helping traumatized patients with obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms. IMPACT There was a recursive association between PTSS and depressive symptoms that were simultaneously associated with OCS with a one-way direction. Social provision functions as a partial mediator when working with OCS. Mental health nurses can develop social provision interventions for depressive symptoms for traumatized outpatients with OCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Kim
- College of Nursing and Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Kim
- College of Nursing and Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsook Kong
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Maumtodac Psychiatric Clinic, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Harris AA, Romer AL, Hanna EK, Keeling LA, LaBar KS, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Strauman TJ, Wagner HR, Marcus MD, Zucker NL. The central role of disgust in disorders of food avoidance. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:543-553. [PMID: 30801767 PMCID: PMC6759364 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with extreme food avoidance such as Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) experience impairing physical and mental health consequences from nutrition of insufficient variety or/and quantity. Identifying mechanisms contributing to food avoidance is essential to develop effective interventions. Anxiety figures prominently in theoretical models of food avoidance; however, there is limited evidence that repeated exposures to foods increases approach behavior in ARFID. Studying disgust, and relationships between disgust and anxiety, may offer novel insights, as disgust is functionally associated with avoidance of contamination from pathogens (as may occur via ingestion) and is largely resistant to extinction. METHOD This exploratory, cross-sectional study included data from 1,644 adults who completed an online questionnaire. Participant responses were used to measure ARFID classification, picky eating, sensory sensitivity, disgust, and anxiety. Structural equation modeling tested a measurement model of latent disgust and anxiety factors as measured by self-reported frequency of disgust and anxiety reactions. Mediational models were used to explore causal ordering. RESULTS A latent disgust factor was more strongly related to severity of picky eating (B ≈ 0.4) and ARFID classification (B ≈ 0.6) than the latent anxiety factor (B ≈ 0.1). Disgust partially mediated the association between anxiety and picky eating and fully mediated the association between anxiety and ARFID. Models testing the reverse causal ordering demonstrated poorer fit. Findings suggest anxiety may be associated with food avoidance in part due to increased disgust. CONCLUSIONS Disgust may play a prominent role in food avoidance. Findings may inform novel approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin S. LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University
| | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University,Department of Philosophy, Duke University
| | | | - H. Ryan Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University School of Medicine
| | - Marsha D. Marcus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine
| | - Nancy L. Zucker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University School of Medicine
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6
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Tsao SD, McKay D. The effects of exposure on the generalization of habituation on multiple indices of disgust. Bull Menninger Clin 2019; 83:3-24. [PMID: 30888855 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2019.83.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Examination of habituation to disgust-related stimuli has received limited experimental investigation. In this study, 38 undergraduates were divided into two groups. The vomit-blood (VB) group was first exposed to a realistic approximation of vomit and allowed to habituate to this stimulus, while the blood-vomit (BV) group was first allowed to habituate to a realistic approximation of blood. Following the habituation phase, each group underwent a short exposure to the unexposed stimuli (blood in the VB group, vomit in the BV group). Physiological and self-report assessments were collected during exposure. Self-report habituation was observed for both groups. In addition, only muscle tension at the levator labii and heart rate in the VB group demonstrated significant changes that could be interpreted as habituation. Consistent with previous literature, muscle tension at the levator labii appeared to be a unique indicator of disgust responding. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Tsao
- Center for Anxiety and Behavior Therapy, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
| | - Dean McKay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
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Angelakis I, Panagioti M, Austin JL. Factor Structure and Validation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) in a Greek Non-Clinical Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-016-9575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This case report is about a 31-year-old married female with a variety of obsessions, primarily focusing on harming obsessions. Because of anxiety, numerous washing rituals have taken place as well as the avoidance of situations. This client was diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and was seen for 25 sessions of individual cognitive therapy. The aim of this study therefore was to illustrate the assessment, case conceptualization, and course of treatment in a severe obsessive-compulsive client, using cognitive therapy. Several specific cognitive interventions, which address the estimations of catastrophes and the perceptions of personal responsibility, are presented and illustrated. At posttreatment and at follow-up, a clinically significant change for improvement was demonstrated for the obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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9
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Besharat MA, Kamali ZS. Predicting obsessions and compulsions according to superego and ego characteristics: A comparison between scrupulosity and non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 19:73-8. [PMID: 26957343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive images or impulses and/or ritualistic and rigid behaviors. Symptoms of OCD have different contents including contamination, harming and symmetry. Religion is one of the themes that has been observed in the context of OCD frequently. The aim of the present study was to examine the power of superego and ego characteristics in predicting scrupulosity and non-religious obsessions and compulsions, as well as comparing the two sets of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Sixty six Iranian (19 men, 47 women) participated in the study. All participants were asked to complete Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity, Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory, the Multidimensional Anger Inventory, and Ego Strength Scale. Results showed that perfectionism and anger were positively correlated with scrupulosity and non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Ego control was negatively correlated with scrupulosity, while ego resiliency was not correlated with any of these two sets of symptoms. Regression analysis indicated that among these variables, anger was the best predictor of non-religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms, while perfectionism and ego control were the best predictors of scrupulosity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynab Sadat Kamali
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6456, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Ahn KS, Hong HP, Kweon HJ, Ahn AL, Oh EJ, Choi JK, Cho DY. Correlation between Overactive Bladder Syndrome and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Women. Korean J Fam Med 2016; 37:25-30. [PMID: 26885319 PMCID: PMC4754283 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overactive bladder syndrome is characterized by urinary urgency, usually accompanied by Frequent urination and nocturia, with or without urgent urinary incontinence. There must be the absence of causative infection or pathological conditions. Overactive bladder syndrome is related to mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. However, obsessive-compulsive symptoms are investigated much less frequently. The purpose of the present study was thus to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms in overactive bladder syndrome patients. Methods Fifty-seven women patients with overactive bladder syndrome and fifty-seven women without it (age matched control group) were prospectively enrolled. They completed the overactive bladder syndrome-validated 8-question screener and the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire at the same time they visited the clinic. Patients were compared with controls on the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire and its checking, tidiness, doubting, and fear of contamination components. Results Patients showed more obsessive traits than controls on the Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire total score (P=0.006) and on the checking subscale (P=0.001). Odds ratio for the overactive bladder syndrome group's obsessive-compulsive symptoms traits (score≥14) was 5.47 (P=0.001). The Korean version of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory Questionnaire total score was associated with the overactive bladder syndrome-validated 8-question screener score in patients (P=0.03). Conclusion Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may constitute an important aspect of the psychiatric profile of overactive bladder syndrome patients. The severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms seems to be related to the degree of the overactive bladder syndrome severity. Clinicians may consider screening women with overactive bladder syndrome for obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Soo Ahn
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Pyo Hong
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jung Kweon
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Leum Ahn
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Yung Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, KonKuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Aversive Events as Positive Reinforcers: An Investigation of Avoidance and Safety Signals in Humans. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-015-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Roh D, Kim K, Chang JG, Kim SI, Kim CH. Development and validation of a computer-based measure of symmetry and arranging behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:885-92. [PMID: 23618605 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While compulsive ordering and arranging, and a preoccupation with symmetry are common presentations of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), little attention has been given to these types of symptoms in the assessment of patients with OCD. The goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate psychometric properties for the objective and quantitative measurement of compulsive symptoms related to symmetry and arranging. METHODS Thirty-five normal volunteers performed computer-simulated environment tasks under four different conditions with or without a target and distraction. Primary dependent variables included several indices of time and manipulation of arranging behaviors. We evaluated the validity of the task by comparing the novel behavioral measures with standardized measures such as the Symmetry, Ordering and Arranging Questionnaire (SOAQ), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL). RESULTS We found a significant positive correlation between the arrangement time (time to complete the task) with the SOAQ score and the "ordering" subscore of the OCI-R. In addition, the number of manipulations was positively correlated with the SOAQ score and the "ordering" subscore of the OCI-R. There were no significant correlations between behavioral parameters and other scales measuring constructs less relevant to the symptoms of OCD related to ordering/symmetry. There was only a significant main effect of the target on the arrangement time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the good convergent and discriminant validity of this task as a novel behavioral measure for the assessment of arranging compulsion symptoms. We can infer from the results that subjects are likely to spend more time in compulsive arranging when the target for the task is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyoung Roh
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
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13
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Amir N, Kuckertz JM, Najmi S. The effect of modifying automatic action tendencies on overt avoidance behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:478-84. [PMID: 23163714 DOI: 10.1037/a0030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) to examine the role of automatic action tendencies. We hypothesized that, after manipulation of automatic action tendencies, participants would be more likely to approach feared objects when compared with participants in a control condition. Participants were instructed to push or pull a joystick, resulting in contamination-related and neutral pictures moving progressively away from or toward them, respectively. We manipulated approach by building a contingency between the arm movement and the picture type in the active condition but not in the control condition. Consistent with our hypothesis, participants in the active manipulation group showed facilitated automatic approach tendencies and reduced avoidance tendencies for contamination-related stimuli and completed more steps approaching their feared objects in a behavioral approach test compared with participants in the control group. Our results suggest that automatic action tendencies may play an important role in the maintenance of fear-related behavioral avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Amir
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120-4913, USA.
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14
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Wildes JE, Zucker NL, Marcus MD. Picky eating in adults: results of a web-based survey. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:575-82. [PMID: 22331752 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gather information about picky eating and its correlates in adults and to determine whether picky eating is distinct from other eating disorder symptoms. METHOD Nearly 6,895 adults completed a web-based survey of picky eating behaviors, eating disorder symptoms, and putative associated features. Latent class analysis was used to identify groups based on picky eating and eating disorder symptoms, and groups were compared on salient demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS The latent class analysis identified four distinct groups that differed in severity of clinical correlates and levels of impairment. Morbidity was highest in the comorbid picky eating/eating disorder group, followed by the eating disorder, picky eating, and low pathology groups, respectively. DISCUSSION Future research is needed to document the continuity of picky eating from childhood, establish the epidemiology of picky eating in adults, clarify thresholds of clinical significance, and elucidate clinical features that will inform nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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St Clare T. Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT) for Atypical Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/bech.21.3.186.55992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper describes the application of danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) to a case of atypical obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD) with prominent magical ideation. Treatment consisted of eight weekly sessions. It was cognitive in nature, did not include any exposure or response prevention, and was aimed solely at reducing threat expectancy. The treatment components were adapted from the original DIRT package for compulsive washing, and comprised attentional focusing, corrective information, cognitive restructuring and the probability of catastrophe estimation task. At posttreatment, the subject demonstrated normal functioning on all assessment measures, and met Jacobson and Truax's criteria for ‘recovery’ on the MOCI, OCI-R, DASS depression scale and DASS stress scale. The findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of DIRT in individuals with atypical OCD symptoms characterised by magical ideation. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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16
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Hur YM, Jeong HU. Sex Differences in Genetic and Environmental Influences on Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in South Korean Adolescent and Young Adult Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 11:314-20. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.11.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent molecular genetic studies provide suggestive evidence for sexual dimorphism in genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, only a few twin studies have addressed the question of sex differences in genetic and environmental contributions to variation of obsessive–compulsive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to estimate genetic and environmental influences on obsessive–compulsive symptoms in South Korean twins, with a special emphasis on sex difference. In total, 751 adolescent and young adult twin pairs (ages: 13–23 years) completed a Korean version of the 30 items of the Maudsley Obsessional — Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) through a mail survey. A sum of the answers for the 30 items was calculated to represent a total score for obsessive–compulsive symptoms (hereafter, the MOCIT). Males had significantly higher variance of the MOCIT than did females. In males, monozygotic (MZ) twin correlation was significantly higher than dizygotic (DZ) twin correlations (.56 vs. .24), whereas in females, MZ and DZ twin correlations were not significantly different from each other (.39 vs. .36). The general sex-limitation model was applied to the twin data. The results of model-fitting analyses indicated that the unstandardized genetic variance as well as heritability estimate (53% vs. 41%) for the MOCIT was higher in males than in females. However, shared environmental influences did not attain statistical significance perhaps due to insufficient statistical power.
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Roberts M, Lavender A, Tchanturia K. Measuring self-report obsessionality in anorexia nervosa: Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) or obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised (OCI-R)? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2010; 19:501-8. [PMID: 22021125 DOI: 10.1002/erv.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-report measures are often used in research and clinical practise as they efficiently gather a large amount of information. With growing numbers of self-report measures available to target single constructs, it is important to revisit one's choice of instrument to be sure that the most valid and reliable measure is employed. The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) were administered to 223 female participants: 30 inpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN), 62 community cases with AN, 69 community cases weight restored from AN and 62 healthy controls. Both measures distinguished between clinical and healthy groups; however, the OCI-R showed superior internal reliability. Additionally, the OCI-R measures six (to the MOCI's four) obsessive-compulsive constructs, and uses a more sensitive response format (likert scale vs. categorical). It is recommended that the OCI-R be employed as the self-report instrument of choice for assessing obsessive-compulsive pathology in those with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Roberts
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, UK
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18
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Psychometric Properties of a Behavioral Test of Contamination-Related Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-010-9332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Najmi S, Amir N. The effect of attention training on a behavioral test of contamination fears in individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 119:136-42. [PMID: 20141250 DOI: 10.1037/a0017549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of attention training in individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms. We hypothesized that after completing attention training, participants would be more likely to complete steps in a hierarchy approaching their feared contaminant compared with participants in the control condition. Participants completed a probe detection task by identifying letters replacing one member of a pair of words (neutral or contamination related). We trained attention by building a contingency between the location of the contamination-related word in the active condition and not in the control condition. Participants in the active group showed a significant reduction in attention bias for threat and completed significantly more steps when approaching their feared objects compared with participants in the control group. Our results suggest that attention disengagement training may facilitate approaching feared objects in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Najmi
- Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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20
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Fonseca-Pedrero E, Lemos-Giráldez S, Paíno-Piñeiro M, Villazón-García U, Muñiz J. Schizotypal traits, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and social functioning in adolescents. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:71-7. [PMID: 19932829 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between self-reported social functioning, schizotypal traits, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) was studied in a sample of 508 adolescents, of which 49.8% were male adolescents, with a mean age of 14.9 (SD, 1.6). The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale was administered. The results showed that schizotypal personality in adolescents consists of 4 factors (Interpersonal, Disorganized, Paranoia and Magical Ideation) which are associated with OCS in nonclinical populations. The canonical correlation analysis showed that schizotypal traits and OCS shared 18% of the variance. Social functioning was negatively related to schizotypal personality traits; however, no relationship was found between social functioning and OCS. The data highlight the overlap between schizotypal traits and OCS, as well as the deficits in self-reported social functioning in schizotypal subjects. Future studies should focus on the link between these 2 constructs and study in depth the role that social functioning may be playing.
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21
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Hur YM. Genetic and environmental covariations among obsessive-compulsive symptoms, neuroticism, and extraversion in South Korean adolescent and young adult twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2009; 12:142-8. [PMID: 19335184 DOI: 10.1375/twin.12.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature suggests that personality traits may be endophenotype markers for psychiatric illnesses. Although the phenotypic relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and high neuroticism and low extraversion have been well documented, underlying genetic and environmental contributions to these associations have not been explored previously. Five hundred and twenty-four monozygoitc (MZ) and 228 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of adolescent and young adult twins (aged 13-24 years) drawn from the South Korean Twin Registry completed the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Neuroticism and Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Scale by mail. The total score of MOCI (MOCIT) was significantly and positively correlated with Neuroticism (r = .44), but only weakly and negatively related to Extraversion (r = -.10). A trivariate Cholesky model was applied to the data. The additive genetic correlations in the best-fitting model were .51 between Neuroticism and MOCIT and -.17 between Extraversion and MOCIT, suggesting that additive genetic factors that lead to high neuroticism and low extraversion overlap with those genetic factors influencing high OC symptoms. These findings add to the cumulative evidence of the shared genetic etiology for the associations between a personality profile of high neuroticism and low extraversion and mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Hur
- Industry-Academics Cooperation Foundation, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, South Korea.
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22
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Finzi-Dottan R, Zubery E. The role of depression and anxiety in impulsive and obsessive-compulsive behaviors among anorexic and bulimic patients. Eat Disord 2009; 17:162-82. [PMID: 19242845 DOI: 10.1080/10640260802714654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders are believed to range across a spectrum of varying degrees of obsessive-compulsive and impulsive behavior. Sixty anorexic (mean age = 19.8; sd = 5.9) and 109 bulimic (mean age = 26.9; sd = 11.3) female patients completed self-report questionnaires assessing obsessive-compulsiveness, impulsivity, depression and anxiety, as well as two eating disorder scales. Results yielded significantly higher levels of impulsivity and negative body image in the bulimic compared to the anorexic group. Regression analysis predicting impulsivity showed that bulimia and negative body image were the main contributors. Regression analysis for predicting obsessive-compulsive behavior suggested that depression and anxiety obscure the link between anorexia and obsessive-compulsive behavior, and a high BMI intensifies the association between anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behavior. The high rates of both impulsivity and obsessive-compulsiveness found in both groups, and their association with the severity of the eating disorder, may suggest that impulsivity and obsessive-compulsiveness are not mutually exclusive and can both be found among anorexic and bulimic patients.
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Amir N, Najmi S, Morrison AS. Attenuation of attention bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2009; 47:153-7. [PMID: 19046576 PMCID: PMC2662360 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that the disorder is characterized by an attention bias towards personally relevant threatening material. However, existing research on attention bias in OCD has yielded conflicting findings. One possibility that might account for the null findings is that attention bias may diminish over the course of the experiment. The present study tested this hypothesis using a visual dot-probe task with idiographic word selection. Results from our study confirmed that individuals with OC symptoms show an attention bias towards idiographically selected, threatening information in the first block of trials, and that the degree of this bias is correlated with the severity of OC symptoms. The temporal pattern of attention bias over the course of the experiment was consistent with our hypothesis. A comparison of early and late blocks of trials revealed an attenuation of attention bias in individuals with OC symptoms, potentially reflecting habituation to threatening information over the course of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Amir
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6386 Alvarado Court, Suite 301, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
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24
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Lim JS, Kim SJ, Jeon WT, Cha KR, Park JH, Kim CH. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised in a non-clinical sample. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49:909-16. [PMID: 19108013 PMCID: PMC2628034 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.6.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) was examined in non-clinical student samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Korean version of OCI-R was administered to a total of 228 Korean college students. The Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to 228 students. RESULTS The total and each of subscale of the Korean OCI-R demonstrated excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, moderate convergent validity and good divergent validity. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the Korean version of the OCI-R has strong psychometric properties as the original version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Suk Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 612 Eunjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
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25
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Moritz S, Wahl K, Ertle A, Jelinek L, Hauschildt M, Klinge R, Hand I. Neither saints nor wolves in disguise: ambivalent interpersonal attitudes and behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Modif 2008; 33:274-92. [PMID: 19047487 DOI: 10.1177/0145445508327444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflated responsibility is ascribed a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of the study was to assess interpersonal attitudes and behaviors contributing to enhanced responsibility in OCD. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that individuals diagnosed with OCD share stronger latent aggression toward others, resulting in a high degree of interpersonal ambivalence. A total of 176 participants with OCD, 42 participants with anxiety or depression as well as 42 healthy controls completed the Responsibility and Interpersonal Behaviors and Attitudes Questionnaire (RIBAQ). The factor analysis confirmed three factors: (1) inflated worry/responsibility, (2) latent aggression/calculating behavior and (3) suspiciousness/distrust. Whereas the psychiatric group displayed enhanced scores relative to healthy participants regarding responsibility and suspiciousness, OCD patients achieved significantly higher scores on the latent aggression dimension relative to both control groups. Results are consistent with the notion that participants with OCD show both inflated levels of (authentic) responsibility and latent aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Moritz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Goto F, Nakai K, Kunihiro T, Ogawa K. Phobic postural vertigo treated with autogenic training: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2008; 1:189. [PMID: 18826607 PMCID: PMC2576179 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-1-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from dizziness due to vertigo are commonly encountered in the department of otolaryngology. If various clinical examinations do not reveal any objective findings, then the patients are referred to the department of internal medicine or psychiatry. In many cases, the diagnosis is psychological dizziness. Phobic postural vertigo, which was first reported by Brandt T et al in 1994, is supposed to be a type of psychological dizziness. The diagnosis is based on 6 characteristics proposed by Brandt et al. Patients are usually treated with conventional medical therapy, but some cases may be refractory to such a therapy. Psychotherapy is recommended in some cases; however, psychotherapy including autogenic training, which can be used for general relaxation, is not widely accepted. This paper describes the successful administration of autogenic training in a patient suffering from phobic postural vertigo. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a patient who suffered from phobic postural vertigo. A 37-year-old female complained of dizziness. She had started experiencing dizziness almost 3 years She was intractable to many sort of conventional therapy. In the end, her symptom disappeared after introduction of autogenic training. CONCLUSION Autogenic training can be a viable and acceptable treatment option for phobic postural vertigo patients who fail to respond to other therapies. This case emphasizes the importance of autogenic training as a method to control symptom of phobic postural vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Goto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hino Municipal Hospital, Tamadaira 4-3-1, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-0062, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8520, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hino Municipal Hospital, Tamadaira 4-3-1, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-0062, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8520, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kunihiro
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8520, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8520, Japan
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27
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Harkin BL, Mayes GM. Implicit awareness of ambiguity: A role in the development of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:861-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The combined presence of obsessive compulsive behaviors in males and females with eating disorders account for longer lengths of stay and more severe eating disorder symptoms. Eat Weight Disord 2007; 12:176-82. [PMID: 18227639 DOI: 10.1007/bf03327595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the impact of obsessive compulsive behaviors (OCB) in eating disorder males and females admitted for residential treatment in terms of length of stay and severity of symptoms. Patients (N=384) were separated into four groups based on gender and the score obtained for the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory at admission. The instrument used to assess severity of eating disorder symptoms was the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) at admission and discharge. The results showed that the presence of comorbid OCB in eating disordered males and females account for longer length of stay (LOS) and an increased severity of eating disorder symptoms. Clinically, these findings point to the need for development of more targeted residential programs that are equipped for and adept at treating the comorbid eating disorder/OCB patient population.
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Kempe PT, van Oppen P, de Haan E, Twisk JWR, Sluis A, Smit JH, van Dyck R, van Balkom AJLM. Predictors of course in obsessive-compulsive disorder: logistic regression versus Cox regression for recurrent events. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 116:201-10. [PMID: 17655562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two methods for predicting remissions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment are evaluated. Y-BOCS measurements of 88 patients with a primary OCD (DSM-III-R) diagnosis were performed over a 16-week treatment period, and during three follow-ups. METHOD Remission at any measurement was defined as a Y-BOCS score lower than thirteen combined with a reduction of seven points when compared with baseline. Logistic regression models were compared with a Cox regression for recurrent events model. RESULTS Logistic regression yielded different models at different evaluation times. The recurrent events model remained stable when fewer measurements were used. Higher baseline levels of neuroticism and more severe OCD symptoms were associated with a lower chance of remission, early age of onset and more depressive symptoms with a higher chance. CONCLUSION Choice of outcome time affects logistic regression prediction models. Recurrent events analysis uses all information on remissions and relapses. Short- and long-term predictors for OCD remission show overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Kempe
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, GGZ Buitenamstel, The Netherlands
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30
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Morgan JC, Wolfe BE, Metzger ED, Jimerson DC. Obsessive-compulsive characteristics in women who have recovered from bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40:381-5. [PMID: 17286246 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to follow up on reports that obsessive-compulsive characteristics, which are commonly elevated in bulimia nervosa (BN), may also be elevated in individuals who have recovered from BN (BN-R). METHOD Self-ratings on the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Restraint Scale (a measure of dieting behavior related to weight concerns), and questionnaires reflecting eating disorder-related symptoms were evaluated for women who met criteria for BN (n = 25) or BN-R (n = 21) and were free of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and for healthy female controls (n = 28). RESULTS MOCI scores for the BN-R group (5.5 +/- 5.4) were similar to those for the BN group (5.4 +/- 4.4) and were significantly elevated (p < 0.05, p < 0.02, respectively) in comparison to controls (2.5 +/- 1.9). Of note, MOCI scores for the BN-R group were significantly correlated with scores on the Restraint Scale (r = 0.60, p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to assess the relationship between elevated obsessive-compulsive characteristics and eating patterns in individuals recovered from BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Morgan
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Pleva J, Wade TD. Guided self-help versus pure self-help for perfectionism: A randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:849-61. [PMID: 17010306 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfectionism is known to be a risk factor for the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive (OC) and depressive symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural self-help therapy for perfectionism, and to examine the effect of such treatment on OC and depressive symptomatology. The study compares the effectiveness of guided self-help (GSH, n=24) with pure self-help (PSH, n=25) therapy. Both GSH and PSH were found to be effective in reducing perfectionism, and also in reducing OC and depressive symptomatology. Overall, participants in the GSH condition experienced greater symptom improvement than participants in the PSH condition, and treatment gains for both groups were largely maintained at 3-month follow-up. Twenty percent of PSH participants experienced clinically significant increases in depressive symptoms over the treatment and follow-up period (compared to 0% in the GSH condition), suggesting that PSH may be a less suitable strategy than GSH in treating this population. Overall, the findings suggest that self-help for perfectionism is effective in reducing OC and depressive symptomatology in non-clinical individuals, with GSH being superior to PSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pleva
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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32
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Li CSR, Chen SH. Obsessive-compulsiveness and impulsivity in a non-clinical population of adolescent males and females. Psychiatry Res 2007; 149:129-38. [PMID: 17046069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive and impulsive behaviors co-occur in certain psychiatric conditions. Some have suggested that these disturbances constitute a spectrum of altered psychologies and behaviors that share an underlying neuropathology. We investigate here whether obsessive-compulsiveness and impulsivity reflect related psychological dimensions in a non-clinical adolescent population. Out of 720 high-school students, 672 and 682 completed a questionnaire interview with a Chinese version of the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), respectively. Both MOCI and BIS-11 demonstrated good overall internal consistency, each with three major factors identified with Principal Component Analysis. In the 638 participants who completed both questionnaires, the total MOCI and BIS-11 scores did not correlate with each other. However, the MOCI factor "repetitive checking and attention to details" correlated negatively with the BIS-11 factor "inability to plan and look ahead" for all participants, and for males and females separately. The same MOCI factor also correlated negatively with the BIS-11 factors "lack of perseverance and self-control" and "novelty-seeking and acting without thinking" for all participants, and for females but not for males. The MOCI factor "doubt and intrusive thoughts" correlated positively with the BIS-11 factor "lack of perseverance and self-control" for all participants, and for males but not for females. These results suggested that the relationship between obsessive-compulsiveness and impulsivity as measured by the MOCI and the BIS-11 is complicated, with gender playing an important modulatory role. We discuss the relevance of these findings to developing a conceptual scheme to characterize and study the neurobiological basis of obsessive-compulsive and impulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-shan Ray Li
- Medical Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-yuan, Taiwan.
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Schadé A, Marquenie LA, van Balkom AJLM, Koeter MWJ, de Beurs E, van Dyck R, van den Brink W. Anxiety disorders: treatable regardless of the severity of comorbid alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res 2007; 13:109-15. [PMID: 17356283 DOI: 10.1159/000097941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Clinical and epidemiological research has shown that comorbidity is the rule rather than exception in the case of psychiatric disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been clearly demonstrated to be effective in treating anxiety and avoidance symptoms in patient samples of social phobia and agoraphobia without comorbid alcohol use disorders. It has recently been shown that treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients can also be very successful. The purpose of the present study was to find predictors of treatment success for comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS The study was conducted in a sample of 34 completers with a double diagnosis of alcohol dependence and agoraphobia or social phobia who received CBT for their comorbid anxiety disorder in a 32-week randomized controlled trial comparing alcohol and CBT anxiety disorder treatment with alcohol treatment alone. In the current report, treatment success was defined as a clinically significant change (recovery) on the anxiety discomfort scale. RESULTS The severity of comorbid alcohol dependence did not influence the beneficial effect of CBT on the anxiety disorder. Psychological distress (SCL-90), neuroticism (NEO N), conscientiousness (NEO C), gender, employment and age of onset of alcohol dependence showed some predictive value. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent males with a comorbid anxiety disorder seem to benefit most from CBT if their alcohol dependence started after age 25, if they are employed and if their general psychopathology is less severe. The most important conclusion, however, is that even severely alcohol-dependent patients with an anxiety disorder can benefit from psychotherapy for their anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Schadé
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, GGZ-Buitenamstel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Perez M, Brown JS, Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Johnson F, Joiner TE. Differentiation of obsessive-compulsive-, panic-, obsessive-compulsive personality-, and non-disordered individuals by variation in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene. J Anxiety Disord 2006; 20:794-806. [PMID: 16303282 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Past research investigating the role of the serotonin transporter gene in OCD has produced mixed findings. One possible reason for the mixed findings is comorbidity. In this study, non-comorbid OCD individuals were compared to non-disordered controls. A sample of panic disordered individuals was also compared to a non-disordered group. Finally, as an exploratory analysis, individuals were assessed for OCPD and their allelic frequencies were also compared to non-disordered individuals. Analyses revealed that there were higher frequencies of the s/s genotype among the OCD group when compared to non-disordered controls. There were no differences in allelic frequencies on the serotonin transporter gene between the panic disordered group, the OCPD group, and the non-disordered control group. This study found that non-comorbid OCD individuals tended to have a higher percentage of the homozygous short genotype than non-disordered individuals. The s/s genotype might serve as a contributory risk factor for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Perez
- Texas A&M University, Department of Psychology, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Pleva J, Wade TD. The mediating effects of misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:1471-9. [PMID: 16343418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfectionism and inflated responsibility have both been identified as risk factors for the development and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. The aim of the present study was to test whether the relationships between these two variables and OC symptoms are mediated by the misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts (MIT). Three hundred and three university students completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, the Responsibility Attitude Scale, and the Responsibility Interpretations Questionnaire. MIT was found to partially mediate the relationship between responsibility attitudes and OC symptoms. MIT also partially mediated the relationship between concern over mistakes and OC symptoms, even after controlling for responsibility attitudes. Both concern over mistakes and responsibility attitudes were significant predictors of MIT and OC symptoms, but responsibility was the stronger predictor when all of the variables were included in the model. Clinical implications for the treatment of OCD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pleva
- School of Psychology, Flinders University of South Australia, PO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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Berrocal C, Ruiz Moreno MA, Montero M, Rando MA, Rucci P, Cassano GB. Social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectra: validation of the SHY-SR and the OBS-SR among the Spanish population. Psychiatry Res 2006; 142:241-51. [PMID: 16697470 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on the adaptation into Spanish and on the validation of the Social Phobia Spectrum Self-Report (SHY-SR) and the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Self-Report (OBS-SR). The questionnaires were designed to measure a broad range of subtle and atypical features related to social anxiety and obsessive-compulsive phenomenology, respectively. Sixty-two outpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for social phobia (SP, n = 20), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, n = 22) and major depression (MD, n = 20), and 25 non-clinical subjects participated. The spectra questionnaires were administered along with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory. The instruments proved to have satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity with other instruments was excellent for the SHY-SR and moderate for the OBS-SR. Both questionnaires were able to detect differences between patients with the disorder of interest (SP in the case of the SHY-SR scores and OCD in the case of the OBS-SR scores) and either normal controls or patients with MD. Receiver-Operating Characteristic Curve analyses were conducted to determine cut-off values in the Spanish versions of the questionnaires denoting the presence of significant SP and OCD symptomatology. Are the questionnaires available on the website?
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berrocal
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, Spain.
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Bachner-Melman R, Zohar AH, Ebstein RP, Elizur Y, Constantini N. How Anorexic-like Are the Symptom and Personality Profiles of Aesthetic Athletes? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:628-36. [PMID: 16679976 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000210188.70295.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that aesthetic athletes (AA) have anorexic-like eating attitudes and behaviors, share personality characteristics such as perfectionism and obsessiveness, and are at high risk of eating disorders. METHODS We compared symptomatology, personality variables typical of anorexia nervosa, and lifetime eating disorder prevalence across four groups of Israeli women: 31 anorexics, 111 AA (mostly dancers), 68 nonaesthetic athletes (NAA), and 248 controls. All participants completed self-report measures of symptomatology, harm avoidance, perfectionism, obsessiveness, self-esteem, and self-rated facial attractiveness and were screened for eating disorders. Those screening positively were interviewed and diagnosed using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV. RESULTS Scores of the anorexic women differed from those of the three other groups in the expected direction on all variables. NAA scored similarly to controls, but had greater body satisfaction and less drive for thinness. Surprisingly, the AA did not differ from control women on any self-report measure. However, significantly more AA (11.7%) than NAA (5.8%) and controls (4.4%) had a lifetime diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The eating attitudes and behavior of the 13 AA with a lifetime history of EDNOS fell intermediately between the anorexic women and the controls, whereas their personality profile resembled that of controls. CONCLUSIONS Being a nonaesthetic female athlete in Israel appears to promote body esteem and offer some protection from a preoccupation with dieting. AA also appear to enjoy excellent psychological health; however, a subgroup has EDNOS and appears not to receive appropriate treatment for it. These results lend credibility to the existence of the diagnostic entity of anorexia athletica, proposed to be a subclinical, environmentally influenced eating disorder with a favorable prognosis.
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Dorfan NM, Woody SR. Does threatening imagery sensitize distress during contaminant exposure? Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:395-413. [PMID: 15913542 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prominent models of fear focus on the role of cognition in the development and maintenance of maladaptive responses. Little research, however, has evaluated the impact of cognition on distress reduction. The current study uses an experimental design to examine the effect of different types of imagery (moving harm, static harm, and safety) on reduction of distress associated with a contaminating stimulus in a normal university sample. Results indicate that use of moving harm imagery sensitizes distress during a 30-min exposure, whereas static harm and safety imagery reduce distress. These findings demonstrate that cognitive factors can moderate affective response during exposure. Clinical implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Dorfan
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Whiteside SP, Abramowitz JS. The expression of anger and its relationship to symptoms and cognitions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2005; 21:106-11. [PMID: 15965995 DOI: 10.1002/da.20066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the expression of anger in a sample of 71 patients and 71 college students. Some authors [Rubenstein et al., J Anxiety Disord 1995;9:1-9] have proposed that anger and hostility underlie the symptoms of OCD; however, there has been little empirical study of this relationship. One recent study [Whiteside and Abramowitz, Cog Therapy Res 2004;28:259-268] with college undergraduates found that the association between OCD symptoms and anger was attributable to depressive symptoms. In the present study, we compared the expression of anger in a sample of patients diagnosed with OCD and nonclinical volunteers. Consistent with the previous study, we found increased levels of anger in patients with OCD as compared to control participants; however, these differences could be attributed to between-group differences in general distress. These results were discussed within the framework of the cognitive theory of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Whiteside
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Clark DA, Antony MM, Beck AT, Swinson RP, Steer RA. Screening for Obsessive and Compulsive Symptoms: Validation of the Clark-Beck Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory. Psychol Assess 2005; 17:132-43. [PMID: 16029101 DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 25-item Clark-Beck Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (CBOCI) was developed to assess the frequency and severity of obsessive and compulsive symptoms. The measure uses a graded-response format to assess core symptom features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria and current cognitive-behavioral formulations. Revisions were made to the CBOCI on the basis of psychometric and item analyses of an initial pilot study of clinical and nonclinical participants. The construct validity of the revised CBOCI was supported in a subsequent validation study involving OCD, nonobsessional clinical, and nonclinical samples. A principal-factor analysis of the 25 items found 2 highly correlated factors of Obsessions and Compulsions. OCD patients scored significantly higher on the measure than nonobsessional anxious, depressed, and nonclinical samples. The questionnaire had strong convergent validity with other OCD symptom measures but more modest discriminant validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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Thordarson DS, Radomsky AS, Rachman S, Shafran R, Sawchuk CN, Ralph Hakstian A. The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). Behav Res Ther 2004; 42:1289-314. [PMID: 15381439 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The original Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) has been widely used and is considered to be one of the best available self-report instruments for measuring observable obsessive-compulsive problems such as washing and checking. However, it has several limitations and requires updating. Our revision of the MOCI, the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), was designed to provide assessment of a range of obsessions, compulsions, avoidance behaviour, and personality characteristics of known or theoretical importance in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The development of the VOCI is described, and we provide evidence of its reliability and validity. Our findings in samples of people with OCD, people with other anxiety disorders or depression, community adults, and undergraduate students suggest that the VOCI is a promising new measure. We anticipate that, like its predecessor, the VOCI will have widespread use in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Thordarson
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Abstract
Two studies examined the psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Psychol. Assessment 14 (2002) 485) in a nonclinical student sample. In Study 1, we investigated the factor structure and internal consistency of the OCI-R using a sample of 395 undergraduate students. At a second testing session 1 month later, 178 students completed the OCI-R. Test-retest reliability was examined using data from 94 students who completed the OCI-R in both sessions. Convergent validity was also assessed with the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). In Study 2, we further investigated the convergent and divergent validity of the OCI-R using a new sample of 221 students who completed a battery of measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, worry, and depression. There was a significant order effect for both the OCI-R and the MOCI: means of each measure were significantly lower when presented second. Despite the order effect, statistical analyses indicated that the OCI-R has adequate test-retest reliability for the full scale and subscale scores, solid factor structure, and high internal consistency. Convergent validity with other measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was moderate to excellent, and divergent validity was good. The results indicate that the OCI-R is a short, psychometrically sound self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Hermans D, Martens K, De Cort K, Pieters G, Eelen P. Reality monitoring and metacognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41:383-401. [PMID: 12643963 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated general reality monitoring ability, and selective reality monitoring ability for anxiety relevant actions in a group of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and a group of non-anxious controls. In addition, reality monitoring confidence was assessed, as well as specific meta-cognitive beliefs related to cognitive confidence (by means of the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ)). No differences were found between both groups in actual reality monitoring ability. Unlike previous studies, the reality monitoring task included actions that were related to the individual concerns of the OCD patients and were ideographically selected. Nevertheless, no differential reality monitoring effect was observed for the anxiety relevant stimuli. Data from the MCQ, however, revealed that OCD patients had less overall confidence in their memory for actions and their reality monitoring ability. Analysis of the confidence ratings of the reality monitoring task showed that this reduced confidence was restricted to the neutral actions. No differences were observed for patients that reported low or high frequencies of checking behaviour. The whole of these data do not support memory deficit models of OCD, but are in line with recent emphasis on the importance of memory confidence and other meta-cognitive beliefs in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hermans
- University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Belgium.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether there is an association between keratoconus and personality attributes including obsessionality traits. METHODS We reviewed all charts in the regional contact lens clinic, identifying patients who had attended from January 1997 to January 2000 and had a diagnosis of either keratoconus or myopia of at least 6 diopters. This yielded 289 keratoconics and 149 myopes who were contacted by mail and invited to complete two standardized personality questionnaires (Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). On receipt of consent, questionnaires and an explanatory letter were sent to potential participants. RESULTS Completed replies from 118 keratoconic and 75 myopic controls were suitable for analysis after exclusion of patients who returned incomplete data or were deemed unreliable by scoring highly on the lie scale. The only finding between the two groups was that myopes scored higher than keratoconics on the psychoticism scale (p < 0.05). This was a small effect and became insignificant when the Bonferroni procedure was applied. CONCLUSION This study indicated that there is little evidence to suggest that keratoconics differ significantly in personality from a group of moderate to high myopes who also depend on contact lens correction for distance vision. Although myopes showed marginally higher levels of psychoticism than did keratoconics, analysis of the range of personality traits assessed indicates that the differences between the two groups is not significant. The authors could not substantiate the clinical notion of the keratoconic personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cooke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Arrindell WA. Changes in waiting-list patients over time: data on some commonly-used measures. Beware! Behav Res Ther 2001; 39:1227-47. [PMID: 11579991 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When samples of psychiatric patients are assessed on 2 occasions on state and trait measures, without any formal intervention having yet taken place, a mean change in scores towards less psychopathology is often observed. This re-test effect, which is a potential threat to the validity of longitudinal studies, has not been given serious attention by researchers using repeated administrations. The present study addressed this issue by examining re-test effects in 2 independent clinical samples with the Symptom Check List-90-Revised and other widely-used state and trait measures. Time intervals between intake and re-take were 3 months and 11-350 days (M = 93 days, median = 81 days). Results indicated that the re-test effect occurred for most of the measures. Where significant testing effects were observed, 54-72% of the patients had time 2 scores that were lower than the average time I scores. The importance and practical and scientific implications of the findings are discussed. Eleven hypotheses concerning the nature of the re-test effect are offered, including mood-congruent associative processing, natural coping mechanisms, self-monitoring hypothesis and response-shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Arrindell
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Thomas J, Turkheimer E, Oltmanns TF. Psychometric analysis of racial differences on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory. Assessment 2000; 7:247-58. [PMID: 11037392 DOI: 10.1177/107319110000700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Black university students scored significantly higher than White students on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). They tended to endorse more Cleaning and Checking subscale items in the pathological direction. Subsequent analyses examined whether this finding is a reflection of valid group differences in the prevalence of OCD or a psychometric artifact. Structured interviews were conducted to determine the correspondence of MOCI scores with OCD diagnoses. The race difference in endorsement frequency on the MOCI did not extend to OCD diagnoses. The MOCI scores showed modest predictive validity in Whites, but they did not predict interview-based diagnoses in Blacks. Multivariate item response theory was then employed to examine race differences in the Cleaning and Checking subscales. Equivalent item discrimination parameters fit the data for Black and White participants for both subscales. A more restrictive model in which relative item difficulties were also constrained to be equal for Black and White participants did not fit. This interaction between race and item difficulty suggests that the items do not have equivalent psychometric properties in Blacks and Whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904-4400, USA
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