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Zeng Y, Mu J, Zhou D. Calculation and management of ketogenic diet parenteral nutrition in super-refractory status epilepticus. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-022-00095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSuper-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is an important neurological emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity and poses a heavy economic burden on patients. Ketogenic diet parenteral nutrition (KD-PN) is ketogenic diet therapy provided through parenteral administration and may be an adjuvant treatment for these who cannot accept enteral diet. However, the calculation and management of KD-PN presents a challenge for clinicians. This review focuses on the practical aspects of KD-PN therapy for treatment of SRSE, including the dietary composition, potential drug-diet interactions, and monitoring during KD-PN treatment. As with all SRSE treatments, KD-PN has many adverse effects, like hyperlipemia, hepatotoxicity, metabolic acidosis, insufficient ketosis or hyper-ketosis, and propofol infusion syndrome. We summarize monitoring and treatment methods in our review. This review provides some practical aspects for treatment of SRSE.
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Ketogenic Diets in the Management of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome-Review of Literature. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234977. [PMID: 36501006 PMCID: PMC9740154 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is an important medical problem with approximately 50 million patients globally. No more than 70% of epileptic patients will achieve seizure control after antiepileptic drugs, and several epileptic syndromes, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), are predisposed to more frequent pharmacoresistance. Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are a form of non-pharmacological treatments used in attempts to provide seizure control for LGS patients who experience pharmacoresistance. Our review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and practicalities concerning the use of KDTs in LGS. In general, KDTs are diets rich in fat and low in carbohydrates that put the organism into the state of ketosis. A classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is the best-evaluated KDT, while alternative KDTs, such as the medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCT), modified Atkins diet (MAD), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) present several advantages due to their better tolerability and easier administration. The literature reports regarding LGS suggest that KDTs can provide ≥50% seizure reduction and seizure-free status in a considerable percentage of the patients. The most commonly reported adverse effects are constipation, diarrhea, and vomiting, while severe adverse effects such as nephrolithiasis or osteopenia are rarely reported. The literature review suggests that KDTs can be applied safely and are effective in LGS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Kossoff
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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van der Louw E, Aldaz V, Harvey J, Roan M, van den Hurk D, Cross JH, Auvin S. Optimal clinical management of children receiving ketogenic parenteral nutrition: a clinical practice guide. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:48-56. [PMID: 31313290 PMCID: PMC6916385 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To give evidence-based recommendations on the application of ketogenic diet parenteral nutrition (KD-PN) in emergency situations. METHOD An international group of experts (n=14) researched the literature and distributed a survey among 150 expert centers. International accepted guidelines (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) and handbooks for parenteral nutrition were considered general standards of care. RESULTS In the literature, we identified 35 reports of patients treated by KD-PN. International guidelines and handbooks provided some conflicting information. Twenty-four expert teams from nine countries responded to the survey, reflecting the limited clinical experience. INTERPRETATION This paper highlights 23 consensus-based recommendations for safe and effective KD-PN (e.g. diet initiation, calculation, application, monitoring, and evaluation) based on the best evidence available and expert opinions. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS In acute settings, ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) can be administered parenterally. Parenteral administration of KDT should be started only at the intensive care unit. Initiate ketogenic parenteral nutrition stepwise to the highest ratio possible with the lowest level of complications. Evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of parenteral administration continuously. Restart enteral feeding as soon as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elles van der Louw
- Erasmus MC – Sophia Children's HospitalUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marian Roan
- UCSF Benioff Children's HospitalOaklandCAUSA
| | - Dorine van den Hurk
- University Medical Hospital Utrecht Wilhelmina Children's HospitalUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - J Helen Cross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Hȏpital Universitaire Robert‐DebréAssistance Publique Hȏpitaux de ParisParisFrance
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Dressler A, Haiden N, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Benninger F, Samueli S, Gröppel G, Spatzierer S, Mühlebner A, Abraham K, Feucht M. Ketogenic parenteral nutrition in 17 pediatric patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2017; 3:30-39. [PMID: 29588985 PMCID: PMC5839306 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ketogenic parenteral nutrition (kPN) is indicated when enteral intake is temporarily limited or impossible, but evidence-based prescriptions are lacking. Objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of kPN in children with epileptic encephalopathies using a new computer-based algorithm for accurate component calculating. Methods Children with epilepsy receiving kPN were included. A computer-based algorithm was established on the basis of guidelines of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN): fat intake not exceeding 4 g/kg/day, age-adequate supply of protein, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements, but reduced carbohydrates. Primary outcome was successfully reaching relevant ketosis, defined as beta-hydroxybutyrate plasma level of ≥ 2 mmol/L. Efficacy was defined as seizure reduction ≥50% in de novo kPN and maintenance of response in children already on a ketogenic diet (KD). Safety was assessed by adverse effects, laboratory findings, and the appropriateness of nutritional intake. Results Seventeen children (median 1.84 years) were studied, of which 76% (13/17) were already on an oral ketogenic diet. Indications for kPN were surgery, status epilepticus, vomiting, food refusal, and introduction of enteral feeding in neonates. The parenteral fat/nonfat ratio was mean 0.9 (±0.3; range 0.6-1.5). Relevant ketosis was reached in 10 children (median 2.9 mmol/L), but not in 7 (median = 1.4 mmol/L). In de novo kPN, significant response was observed in 50% (2/4); in patients previously responding to the KD (77%, 10/13), response was maintained. A significant correlation between the degree of ketosis and seizure reduction (correlation coefficient = 0.691; p = .002) was observed. Only mild and transient adverse events occurred during kPN. Significance KPN with fat intake of 3.5-4.0 g/kg/day was safe and effective. KPN was tailored according to guidelines and individual nutritional needs. In nearly half of the patients, ketosis was lower than during oral KD. Despite this, seizures remained controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Dressler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Nadja Haiden
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Franz Benninger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Sharon Samueli
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Gudrun Gröppel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Sina Spatzierer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
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Chiusolo F, Diamanti A, Bianchi R, Fusco L, Elia M, Capriati T, Vigevano F, Picardo S. From intravenous to enteral ketogenic diet in PICU: A potential treatment strategy for refractory status epilepticus. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:843-847. [PMID: 27594068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat refractory status epilepticus (RSE). KD is a high-fat, restricted-carbohydrate regimen that may be administered with different fat to protein and carbohydrate ratios (3:1 and 4:1 fat to protein and carbohydrate ratios). Other ketogenic regimens have a lower fat and higher protein and carbohydrate ratio to improve taste and thus compliance to treatment. We describe a case of RSE treated with intravenous KD in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). CASE REPORT An 8-year-old boy was referred to the PICU because of continuous tonic-clonic and myoclonic generalized seizures despite several antiepileptic treatments. After admission he was intubated and treated with intravenous thiopental followed by ketamine. Seizures continued with frequent myoclonic jerks localized on the face and upper arms. EEG showed seizure activity with spikes on rhythmic continuous waves. Thus we decided to begin KD. The concomitant ileus contraindicated KD by the enteral route and we therefore began IV KD. The ketogenic regimen consisted of conventional intravenous fat emulsion, plus dextrose and amino-acid hyperalimentation in a 2:1 then 3:1 fat to protein and carbohydrate ratio. Exclusive IV ketogenic treatment, well tolerated, was maintained for 3 days; peristalsis then reappeared so KD was continued by the enteral route at 3:1 ratio. Finally, after 8 days and no seizure improvement, KD was deemed unsuccessful and was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Our experience indicates that IV KD may be considered as a temporary "bridge" towards enteral KD in patients with partial or total intestinal failure who need to start KD. It allows a prompt initiation of KD, when indicated for the treatment of severe diseases such as RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiusolo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Diamanti
- Artificial Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - R Bianchi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - L Fusco
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Elia
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - T Capriati
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Vigevano
- Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Picardo
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Rome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Phelps SJ, Hovinga CA, Rose DF, Vaughn C, Olsen-Creasy K. The Ketogenic Diet in Pediatric Epilepsy. Nutr Clin Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088453369801300603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Jung DE, Kang HC, Lee JS, Lee EJ, Kim HD. Safety and role of ketogenic parenteral nutrition for intractable childhood epilepsy. Brain Dev 2012; 34:620-4. [PMID: 22192619 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To retrospectively evaluate the safety and role of ketogenic parenteral nutrition in patients with intractable childhood epilepsy. The ketogenic parenteral nutrition was given to 10 patients who were unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of various gastrointestinal disorders and required complete bowel rest. This nutrition consisted of conventional intravenous fat emulsion (20% Lipision) plus dextrose and amino acid (6% Trophamine) hyperalimentation in a 4:1 (or 3:1) lipid to non-lipid ratio, infused during the bowel rest. If the ketogenic parenteral nutrition allowed normal daily functioning or resolved the underlying problems, we soon changed it to the enteral ketogenic diet (KD). The mean (±SD) duration of the ketogenic parenteral nutrition was 4.1 (±1.5) days. Although a brief span of several days, all patients could maintain ketosis and the efficacy of the previous enteral KD during the ketogenic parenteral nutrition. Complications included elevated aspartate aminotransferase and/or alanine aminotransferase in one patient. Amylase and lipase increased in one patient. Serum triglyceride level increased to the level of 1885 mg/dl in one patient, but normalized in one week after discontinuation of the ketogenic parenteral nutrition and resuming of the enteral KD. Nine patients (90%) remained on the enteral KD after the ketogenic parenteral nutrition (the mean follow-up period was 9 months), including 2 patients who successfully completed the diet with seizure free state. Only one patient discontinued the ketogenic parenteral nutrition because of persistent increase of the amylase and lipase levels. The ketogenic parenteral nutrition proved to be a relatively safe short-term method of continuing KD to maintain ketosis for seizure control, while patients were unable to absorb nutrients through their intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Tallian KB, Nahata MC, Tsao CY. Role of the ketogenic diet in children with intractable seizures. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:349-61. [PMID: 9533066 DOI: 10.1345/aph.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a review of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and therapeutic considerations associated with the use of a ketogenic diet to manage patients with intractable seizures. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search from January 1966 to the present and relevant articles from journals were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS The ketogenic diet has been used as a treatment modality since the early 1920s to control intractable seizures. The exact mechanism of action is unknown. Overall, uncontrolled clinical studies have reported that approximately one-third of patients with intractable seizures have become seizure-free on the ketogenic diet. Common adverse events attributed to the diet include dehydration, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypoglycemia, as well as carnitine and vitamin deficiencies. Cognitive effects, hyperlipidemia, impaired neutrophil function, urolithiasis, optic neuropathy, osteoporosis, and protein deficiency may also occur in some patients. Carbohydrate content and drug formulation in the selection of medications while on the diet are important. Acetazolamide, phenobarbital, and valproic acid have been reported to interact with the ketogenic diet. Medications that cause carnitine deficiency or influence carbohydrate metabolism should also be used with caution. The carbohydrate content of drugs in various therapeutic classes is presented to aid in the selection of the most appropriate drug and formulation for patients on the ketogenic diet. The success of the diet in controlling intractable seizures is related to the patient's close adherence to the diet. Minimizing carbohydrate ingestion from medications along with a multidisciplinary team approach to the selection and monitoring of the diet are important to the success of the ketogenic diet in controlling seizures. CONCLUSIONS The ketogenic diet has shown promising results in controlling intractable seizures; however, carefully controlled clinical trials are needed to better assess the efficacy of the diet during its use and after discontinuation.
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, the clinical use of intravenous fat emulsions for the nutritional support of hospitalized patients has become routine. During this time long-chain triglycerides (LCT) derived from soybean and/or safflower oils were the exclusive lipid source for these emulsions, providing both a safe calorically dense alternative to dextrose and essential fatty acids needed for biologic membranes and the maintenance of immune function. During the past decade, the availability of novel experimental triglycerides for parenteral use has generated interest in the use of these substrates for nutritional and metabolic support. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), long advocated as a superior substrate for parenteral use, possess many unique physiochemical and metabolic properties that make them theoretically advantageous over their LCT counterparts. Although not yet approved in the United States, preparations containing MCT have been widely available in Europe. Intravenous MCT preparations, either as physical mixtures or structured lipids, have been used clinically in patients with immunosuppresion, critical illness, liver and pulmonary disease and in premature infants. Despite great promise, the clinical data comparing the efficacy of MCT-based lipid emulsions to their LCT counterparts has been equivocal. This may be due in part to the limited nature of the published clinical trials. Measures of efficacy for parenteral or enteral nutritional products has taken on new meaning, in light of the reported experience using immunomodulatory nutrients. Current concerns about cost of medical care and resource use warrant careful deliberation about the utility of any new and expensive therapy. Until clinical data can fulfill expectations derived from animal studies, it is difficult to advocate the general use of MCT-based lipid emulsions. Future clinical studies with MCT-based emulsions should have clear outcome objectives sufficient to prove their theorized metabolic superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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