1
|
Ogihara T, Hosono M, Kojima H. [Further investigation of 3D culture spheroid models of human hepatocytes]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:235-241. [PMID: 31092757 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultured hepatocyte capable of maintaining liver-specific function in an in vivo state over a relatively long period of time have drawn attention as a new method for evaluating the metabolic process, hepatotoxicity and enzyme induction potential of drugs. When human hepatocytes were seeded on a plate for spheroid formation, and cell morphology and albumin secretion were examined, hepatocyte spheroid was stably maintained for at least 21 days after seeding. As a result of drug exposure to this spheroid, sequential metabolic reactions by Phase I and Phase II enzymes and metabolic reactions peculiar to only humans were observed. Moreover, when several drugs were exposed to spheroids and hepatotoxicity was evaluated, stable values were obtained for the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of albumin secretion at 14 and 21 days. The IC50 values of most of the tested drugs were lower than in conventional assays, suggesting that the reported evaluation methods might underestimate hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, examination of mRNA expression level and activity of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) after exposure of typical inducers of CYPs to hepatocyte spheroid resulted in a significant increase in the expression level and activity of each. From these results, it was shown that this 3D hepatocyte spheroid system is suitable for follow-up of metabolic processes, long-term tests of hepatotoxicity and enzyme activity induction potential of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Mayu Hosono
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ogihara T, Arakawa H, Jomura T, Idota Y, Koyama S, Yano K, Kojima H. Utility of human hepatocyte spheroids without feeder cells for evaluation of hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:499-507. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Tomoko Jomura
- Biotech Application Group Research and Development, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd
| | - Yoko Idota
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Syed M, Skonberg C, Hansen SH. Mitochondrial toxicity of diclofenac and its metabolites via inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) in rat liver mitochondria: Possible role in drug induced liver injury (DILI). Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 31:93-102. [PMID: 26627130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a widely prescribed NSAID, which by itself and its reactive metabolites (Phase-I and Phase-II) may be involved in serious idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Mitochondrial injury is one of the mechanisms of drug induced liver injury (DILI). In the present work, an investigation of the inhibitory effects of diclofenac (Dic) and its phase I [4-hydroxy diclofenac (4'-OH-Dic) and 5-hydroxy diclofenac (5-OH-dic)] and Phase-II [diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DicGluA) and diclofenac glutathione thioester (DicSG)] metabolites, on ATP synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was carried out. A mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis is exerted by diclofenac and its metabolites. Phase-I metabolite (4'-OH-Dic) and Phase-II metabolites (DicGluA and DicSG) showed potent inhibition (2-5 fold) of ATP synthesis, where as 5-OH-Dic, one of the Phase-I metabolite, was a less potent inhibitor as compared to Dic. The calculated kinetic constants of mechanism based inhibition of ATP synthesis by Dic showed maximal rate of inactivation (Kinact) of 2.64 ± 0.15 min(-1) and half maximal rate of inactivation (KI) of 7.69 ± 2.48 μM with Kinact/KI ratio of 0.343 min(-1) μM(-1). Co-incubation of mitochondria with Dic and reduced GSH exhibited a protective effect on Dic mediated inhibition of ATP synthesis. Our data from this study strongly indicate that Dic as well as its metabolites could be involved in the hepato-toxic action through inhibition of ATP synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzeeb Syed
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Skonberg
- ADME Department, Discovery Biology and Technology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Honoré Hansen
- Section of Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Zhou ZW, Jin H, Hu C, He ZX, Yu ZL, Ko KM, Yang T, Zhang X, Pan SY, Zhou SF. Schisandrin B inhibits cell growth and induces cellular apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hepatocytes and macrophages: implications for its hepatotoxicity. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2001-27. [PMID: 25926716 PMCID: PMC4403607 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of drugs and herbal compounds have been documented to cause hepatoxicity. Schisandrin B (Sch B) is an active dibenzocyclooctadiene isolated from Schisandrae fructus, with a wide array of pharmacological activities. However, the potential hepatotoxicity of Sch B is a major safety concern, and the underlying mechanism for Sch B-induced liver toxic effects is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the liver toxic effects and the molecular mechanisms of Sch B in mouse liver and macrophage cells. The results have shown that Sch B exhibits potent grow inhibitory, proapoptotic, and proautophagic effects in AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells. Sch B markedly arrested cells in G1 phase in both cell lines, accompanied by the down-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p27 Kip1 and checkpoint kinase 1. Furthermore, Sch B markedly increased the apoptosis of AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells with a decrease in the expression of B-cell lymphoma-extra-large and (Bcl-xl) B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), but an increase in the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax). Sch B promoted the cleavage of caspase 3 and poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) in both cell lines. Additionally, Sch B significantly induced autophagy of AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells. Sch B inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, as indicated by their altered phosphorylation, contributing to the proautophagic effect of Sch B. Taken together, our findings show that the inducing effects of Sch B on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy may contribute to its liver toxic effects, which might provide a clue for the investigation of the molecular toxic targets and underlying mechanisms for Sch B-induced hepatotoxicity in herbal consumers. More studies are warranted to fully delineate the underlying mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of Sch B for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chengbin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kam-Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogihara T, Iwai H, Inoue Y, Katagi J, Matsumoto N, Motoi-Ohtsuji M, Kakiki M, Kaneda S, Nagao T, Kusumoto K, Ozeki E, Jomura T, Tanaka S, Ueda T, Ohta K, Ohkura T, Arakawa H, Nagai D. Utility of human hepatocyte spheroids for evaluation of hepatotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Ogihara
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hisakazu Iwai
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd
| | | | - Jun Katagi
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Norihito Matsumoto
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Makiko Motoi-Ohtsuji
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | - Motoharu Kakiki
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd
| | - Shinya Kaneda
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Naruto Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc
| | - Takuya Nagao
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Environmental Evaluation Business Division, Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd
| | - Kumiko Kusumoto
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
| | - Emiko Ozeki
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Research and Development, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd
| | - Tomoko Jomura
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Research and Development, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Safety Assessment Unit, Toxicological Laboratory, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation BioSafety Research Center
| | - Tadayoshi Ueda
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Research & Development Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Kunihiro Ohta
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Pre-Clinical Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takako Ohkura
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Clinical Development Division, Maruishi Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
| | - Daichi Nagai
- Spheroid Working Group, Safety Evaluation Forum
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moreira PR, Maioli MA, Medeiros HCD, Guelfi M, Pereira FTV, Mingatto FE. Protective effect of bixin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biol Res 2014; 47:49. [PMID: 25299839 PMCID: PMC4192761 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is an important organ for its ability to transform xenobiotics, making the liver tissue a prime target for toxic substances. The carotenoid bixin present in annatto is an antioxidant that can protect cells and tissues against the deleterious effects of free radicals. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of bixin on liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Results The animals were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. CCl4 (0.125 mL kg-1 body wt.) was injected intraperitoneally, and bixin (5.0 mg kg-1 body wt.) was given by gavage 7 days before the CCl4 injection. Bixin prevented the liver damage caused by CCl4, as noted by the significant decrease in serum aminotransferases release. Bixin protected the liver against the oxidizing effects of CCl4 by preventing a decrease in glutathione reductase activity and the levels of reduced glutathione and NADPH. The peroxidation of membrane lipids and histopathological damage of the liver was significantly prevented by bixin treatment. Conclusion Therefore, we can conclude that the protective effect of bixin against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 is related to the antioxidant activity of the compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila R Moreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcos A Maioli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Hyllana C D Medeiros
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Marieli Guelfi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Flávia T V Pereira
- Laboratório de Morfologia da Placenta e Embrião (L@MPE), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Fábio E Mingatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodrigues Coutinho AP, de Moraes LAB, Barata LES, de Souza AO. Effects of the antimycobacterial compound 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone on rat hepatocytes and formation of metabolites. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1317-1325. [PMID: 22857008 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.674949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neolignans are usually dimers formed by oxidative coupling of allyl and propenyl phenols, and the neolignan analogue, 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone (LS-2) is a promising antimycobacterial compound showing very weak cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and lack of acute toxicity in murine models. OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanism of action of LS-2 in rat hepatocytes by evaluating the activity levels of enzymes related to oxidation status and drug-metabolizing activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatocytes were treated with LS-2 from 0.05 up to 1 mM, for 24 and 48 h, and reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation and cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) activity were assayed. A homologous series of phenoxazone ethers were used as substrates to measure the enzymatic profile. The biotransformation of LS-2 was studied in hepatocytes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for detection and analysis of possible metabolites. RESULTS Hepatocytes treated with LS-2 up to 1 mM for 24 or 48 h did not induce the formation of GSH and lipid peroxidation. O-Dealkylation activities of the isoenzymes CYP4501A1, CYP4501A2, CYP4502B1 and CYP4502B2 were also not detected in the hepatocytes treated with LS-2 for 24 or 48 h. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results indicate that LS-2 or its two detected metabolites, 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol and 2,4-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethoxy)phenol, are not cytotoxic to rat hepatocytes. These compounds maintain a balance between the production of pro-oxidant agents and their respective antioxidant systems. The data show that enzymes related to oxidation status and drug-metabolizing activities are not involved in the mechanism of action of LS-2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Beckers S, Noor F, Müller-Vieira U, Mayer M, Strigun A, Heinzle E. High throughput, non-invasive and dynamic toxicity screening on adherent cells using respiratory measurements. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:686-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Liguori MJ, Waring JF. Investigations toward enhanced understanding of hepatic idiosyncratic drug reactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:835-46. [PMID: 17125404 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.6.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) of a hepatic origin are a major health concern and a notoriously difficult challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. These types of adverse events are rare, with a typical occurrence of 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000 patients. Typical adverse outcomes are most likely statistically impossible to predict in traditional preclinical safety studies or clinical trials. Unfortunately, these reactions can pose a significant risk to the public health, resulting in devastating consequences such as irreversible liver injury, liver transplantation and fatality. This review provides many examples of experimental efforts that are underway for a better understanding of molecular events that may be responsible for IDRs. A list of existing hypotheses for IDRs is also provided, each with current literature examples or supporting evidence. The possibilities for developing suitable animal models for the prediction and characterisation of IDRs are elaborated, especially for a drug-inflammation interaction rat model of hepatic IDR. The need for predictive biomarkers of IDR is addressed, with the exploration of some possible candidates. Finally, the use of primary human hepatocyte culture systems is explored as an in vitro system, with application for providing an increased mechanistic knowledge of IDR. Several examples of informative studies on the nature of IDRs that employ toxicogenomic and proteomic technologies are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Liguori
- Abbott Laboratories, Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Exploratory Toxicology, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mingoia RT, Nabb DL, Yang CH, Han X. Primary culture of rat hepatocytes in 96-well plates: Effects of extracellular matrix configuration on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and inducibility, and its application in in vitro cytotoxicity screening. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:165-73. [PMID: 17141466 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basal level enzyme activities and enzyme inducibility were compared for rat hepatocytes that were cultured in 96-well plates with three different extracellular matrix configurations: single layer (SL) collagen type I, SL Matrigel, and collagen/Matrigel (C/M) sandwich. Overall, C/M sandwich and SL Matrigel plates were both superior to SL collagen type I plates in maintaining enzyme activities and inducibility and C/M sandwich plates had higher induced activity for CYP3A enzymes than SL Matrigel plates did. Cytotoxicity of nine reference compounds to rat hepatocytes (C/M sandwich configuration), rat hepatoma H4IIE and mouse fibroblast Balb/c 3T3 (3T3) cells was evaluated in 96-well plates using neutral red uptake (for 3T3) and tetrazolium salt MTS assays (for H4IIE and rat hepatocytes). For compounds chlorpromazine, quinidine, trichlorfon, thiopental, and antipyrine, the absolute differences in cytotoxicity LogIC(50) values obtained from different cell types were relatively small and without an obvious trend. The DeltaLogIC(50) values between cultured hepatocytes and the cell lines were much larger for acetaminophen and cyclophosphamide (1.35 < or =/DeltaLogIC(50)/ < or = 3.40), and for clofibrate and thioacetamide (not cytotoxic in hepatocytes at their highest dose levels). These large differences were likely the result of metabolism of these compounds in rat hepatocytes. The relationship between in vitro cytotoxicity LogIC(50) values and in vivo mouse or rat oral acute LogLD(50) values showed that compared to the cell lines, cultured rat hepatocytes improved correlation for acetaminophen and cyclophosphamide. The potential benefit of conducting in vitro cytotoxicity screening using a combination of permanent cell lines and cultured hepatocytes would allow us to obtain mechanistic insight on bioactivation, as well as improve the predictability of metabolism-mediated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Mingoia
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19714, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Castell JV, Jover R, Martínez-Jiménez CP, Gómez-Lechón MJ. Hepatocyte cell lines: their use, scope and limitations in drug metabolism studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:183-212. [PMID: 16866607 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gaining knowledge on the metabolism of a drug, the enzymes involved and its inhibition or induction potential is a necessary step in pharmaceutical development of new compounds. Primary human hepatocytes are considered a cellular model of reference, as they express the majority of drug-metabolising enzymes, respond to enzyme inducers and are capable of generating in vitro a metabolic profile similar to what is found in vivo. However, hepatocytes show phenotypic instability and have a restricted accessibility. Different alternatives have been explored in the past recent years to overcome the limitations of primary hepatocytes. These include immortalisation of adult or fetal human hepatic cells by means of transforming tumour virus genes, oncogenes, conditionally immortalised hepatocytes, and cell fusion. New strategies are currently being used to upregulate the expression of drug-metabolising enzymes in cell lines or to derive hepatocytes from progenitor cells. This paper reviews the features of liver-derived cell lines, their suitability for drug metabolism studies as well as the state-of-the-art of the strategies pursued in order to generate metabolically competent hepatic cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José V Castell
- University Hospital La Fe, Research Centre, Avda, Campanar 21, E-46009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Y, Blomme EAG, Waring JF. Toxicogenomics in drug discovery: from preclinical studies to clinical trials. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 150:71-85. [PMID: 15522262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis applied to toxicology studies, also referred to as toxicogenomics, is rapidly being embraced by the pharmaceutical industry as a useful tool to identify safer drugs in a quicker, more cost-effective manner. Studies have already demonstrated the benefits of applying gene expression profiling towards drug safety evaluation, both for identifying mechanisms underlying toxicity, as well as for providing a means to identify safety liabilities early in the drug discovery process. Furthermore, toxicogenomics has the potential to better identify and assess adverse drug reactions of new drug candidates or marketed products in humans. While much still remains to be learned about the relevance and the application of gene expression changes in human toxicology, the next few years should see gene expression technologies applied to more stages and more programs of the drug discovery and development process. This review will focus on how toxicogenomics can or has been applied in drug discovery and development, and will discuss some of the challenges that still remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6123, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liguori MJ, Anderson MG, Bukofzer S, McKim J, Pregenzer JF, Retief J, Spear BB, Waring JF. Microarray analysis in human hepatocytes suggests a mechanism for hepatotoxicity induced by trovafloxacin. Hepatology 2005; 41:177-86. [PMID: 15619227 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug toxicity, defined as toxicity that is dose independent, host dependent, and usually cannot be predicted during preclinical or early phases of clinical trials, is a particularly confounding complication of drug development. An understanding of the mechanisms that lead to idiosyncratic liver toxicity would be extremely beneficial for the development of new compounds. We used microarray analysis on isolated human hepatocytes to understand the mechanisms underlying the idiosyncratic toxicity induced by trovafloxacin. Our results clearly distinguish trovafloxacin from other marketed quinolone agents and identify unique gene changes induced by trovafloxacin that are involved in mitochondrial damage, RNA processing, transcription, and inflammation that may suggest a mechanism for the hepatotoxicity induced by this agent. In conclusion, this work establishes the basis for future microarray analysis of new compounds to determine the presence of these expression changes and their usefulness in predicting idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience. Wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.htnd).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Liguori
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramírez-Mares MV, de Mejía EG. Comparative study of the antioxidant effect of ardisin and epigallocatechin gallate in rat hepatocytes exposed to benomyl and 1-nitropyrene. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1527-35. [PMID: 12963005 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant effect of ardisin and epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) in hepatocytes exposed to either benomyl or 1-nitropyrene (1-NP). Rat hepatocytes were incubated in a serum-free medium with non-cytotoxic concentrations of either ardisin (0.27 microg/ml) or EGCG (3 microg/ml), and with either benomyl (35 microg/ml) or 1-NP (0.25 microg/ml). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation was determined, as well as the content of glutathione (GSH) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). In comparison to the control, the concentration of GSH improved 282% (P<0.05) and 260% (P<0.05) after the cells were pre-incubated with ardisin or EGCG and then exposed to benomyl, respectively. The activity of GPx decreased 55% with ardisin (P<0.05) and 51% with EGCG (P<0.05), and MDA decreased 7% and 23% (P<0.05) with the same treatments. The concentration of GSH also improved when the cells were incubated with either EGCG (49%, P<0.05) or ardisin (83%, P<0.05) simultaneously with 1-NP, relative to 1-NP alone. Moreover, ardisin decreased MDA formation by 65% (p<0.05), and enhanced the activity of GR by 137% (P<0.05). These results suggest that ardisin is a better suppressor of lipid peroxidation induced by benomyl and 1-NP than EGCG. It is concluded that ardisin and EGCG are potent antioxidants that can afford protection against free radical mediated diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Di Marco A, Yao D, Laufer R. Demethylation of radiolabelled dextromethorphan in rat microsomes and intact hepatocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3768-77. [PMID: 12950260 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver microsomal preparations are routinely used to predict drug interactions that can occur in vivo as a result of inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism. However, the concentration of free drug (substrate and inhibitor) at its intrahepatic site of action, a variable that cannot be directly measured, may be significantly different from that in microsomal incubation systems. Intact cells more closely reflect the environment to which CYP substrates and inhibitors are exposed in the liver, and it may therefore be desirable to assess the potential of a drug to cause CYP inhibition in isolated hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to compare the inhibitory potencies of a series of CYP2D inhibitors in rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes. For this, we developed an assay suitable for rapid analysis of CYP-mediated drug interactions in both systems, using radiolabelled dextromethorphan, a well-characterized probe substrate for enzymes of the CYP2D family. Dextromethorphan demethylation exhibited saturable kinetics in rat microsomes and hepatocytes, with apparent Km and Vmax values of 2.1 vs. 2.8 microM and 0.74 nM x min(-1) per mg microsomal protein vs. 0.11 nM x min(-1) per mg cellular protein, respectively. Quinine, quinidine, pyrilamine, propafenone, verapamil, ketoconazole and terfenadine inhibited dextromethorphan O-demethylation in rat liver microsomes and hepatocytes with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Some of these compounds exhibited biphasic inhibition kinetics, indicative of interaction with more than one CYP2D isoform. Even though no important differences in inhibitory potencies were observed between the two systems, most inhibitors, including quinine and quinidine, displayed 2-3-fold lower IC50 in hepatocytes than in microsomes. The cell-associated concentrations of quinine and quinidine were found to be significantly higher than those in the extracellular medium, suggesting that intracellular accumulation may potentiate the effect of these compounds. Studies of CYP inhibition in intact hepatocytes may be warranted for compounds that concentrate in the liver as the result of cellular transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalise Di Marco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jan CR, Kuo SY, Cheng JS, Lo YK, Liu CP, Chen WC. Effect of NPC-14686 (Fmoc-L-homophenylalanine) on intracellular Ca2+ levels in human hepatoma cells. Life Sci 2003; 72:2571-80. [PMID: 12672503 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of NPC-14686, a potential anti-inflammatory drug, on cytosolic free Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in HA22/VGH human hepatoma cells was explored by using fura-2 as a fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator. NPC-14686 at concentrations above 10 microM increased [Ca(2+)](i) in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC(50) value of 100 microM. The Ca(2+) signal was reduced by removing extracellular Ca(2+) or by 10 microM nifedipine and was not changed by verapamil or diltiazem. Pretreatment with 1 microM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor) to deplete the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) abolished 200 microM NPC-14686-induced Ca(2+) release; and conversely pretreatment with NPC-14686 abolished thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) release. The Ca(2+) release induced by 200 microM NPC-14686 was not changed by inhibiting phospholipase C with 2 microM U73122. Together, the results suggest that in human hepatoma cells, NPC-14686 induced a [Ca(2+)](i) increase by causing store Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum in an phospholipase C-independent manner, and by inducing nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) influx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ren Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|