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Bonfiglio NS, Renati R, Agus M, Penna MP. Development of the motivation to use substance questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 234:109414. [PMID: 35344878 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of a substance is always accompanied by a motivation that pushes the subject to use and abuse the substance. This work reports the validation data of the MUS (Motivation to Use Substance), which measures and evaluates the motivation to use substances based on the dimension of resistance, confidence, pleasure, and relaxation. METHODS The validation process involved 605 subjects belonging to a clinical sample of patients who used substances. The sample was divided into two groups: on the first, consisting of 342 subjects, an exploratory analysis was carried out, and on the second, consisting of 263 subjects, a confirmatory analysis was carried out. For concurrent and convergent validation, the SCL-90 test (Symptom Check List-90) was administered for the measurement of addiction-related psychiatric symptoms, and the ASI (Addiction Severity Index) test was administered for the measurement of the severity of the addiction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The MUS was found to be a robust test of construct validity, convergent, and concurrent. The results highlight gender and age differences for some of the MUS scales. Ultimately, MUS can be considered an excellent tool for structuring treatment programs for addiction services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Renati
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITD), Italy
| | - Mirian Agus
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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2
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Allen HC, Weafer J, Wesley MJ, Fillmore MT. Acute rewarding and disinhibiting effects of alcohol as indicators of drinking habits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:181-191. [PMID: 33151374 PMCID: PMC7796928 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Laboratory studies have reliably shown that heightened sensitivity to the rewarding effects of alcohol is associated with heavier drinking patterns. More recently, there has been research to suggest that heightened sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol might also contribute to drinking habits. Most research on the acute effects of alcohol has focused on drinking magnitudes averaged across participants with little attention paid to how individual differences influence alcohol abuse potential. In large part, this is due to limited sample sizes in previous laboratory studies. OBJECTIVES This study overcomes previous limitations by testing the degree to which individual differences in acute sensitivity and tolerance to the rewarding and disinhibiting effects of alcohol relate to drinking behavior in a large sample size. METHODS Data from six laboratory studies were aggregated to comprise a sample of 181 adults. Participants' level of "liking" (the effects of alcohol) and disinhibition were assessed following 0.65 g/kg alcohol once during the ascending limb of the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) curve and again at the same BAC during the descending limb of the curve. The measures were also assessed following placebo. RESULTS Alcohol increased ratings of liking and behavioral disinhibition. Heavier drinking was associated with heightened sensitivity to liking on the ascending limb. Additionally, those who showed reduced acute tolerance to both disinhibition and liking were also heavier drinkers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that individual variability in liking the effects of alcohol and persistent disinhibition are key indicators of drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holley C Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Michael J Wesley
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Mark T Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
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3
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Strickland JC, Alcorn JL, Stoops WW. Using behavioral economic variables to predict future alcohol use in a crowdsourced sample. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:779-790. [PMID: 30789298 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119827800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical perspectives at the intersection of behavioral economics and operant theory have resulted in numerous advances for addiction science. Three mechanisms (i.e. behavioral economic demand [consumption-price relationships], delay discounting [reinforcer devaluation with delay], and proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement [relative reinforcement attributable to alcohol]) are proposed to contribute to problematic alcohol use. Limited research has evaluated the unique contribution of these mechanisms for predicting future alcohol consumption. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive relationship between these mechanisms and self-reported alcohol use frequency, quantity, and severity. METHODS Participants (n=223) sampled from the crowdsourcing website Amazon Mechanical Turk completed a survey containing behavioral economic measures. Weekly reports of daily alcohol use were then collected for 18 weeks. Unadjusted and adjusted models determined the association between behavioral economic variables and alcohol use. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Behavioral economic measures were associated with alcohol and soda use at baseline in a stimulus-selective manner (e.g. alcohol demand associated with alcohol, but not soda, variables). Predictive models adjusted for Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores indicated that increased proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement and behavioral economic demand were uniquely and incrementally associated with frequency (e.g. adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.54 for proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement, p<0.05) and quantity-severity measures (e.g. AOR=7.58 for alcohol demand intensity, p<0.001), respectively. Test-retest reliability was generally acceptable (rxx=0.42-0.76) with the exception of proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement (rxx=0.29). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These findings indicate the unique, predictive, and incremental validity of behavioral economic measures for evaluating future alcohol consumption, supporting their continued use in addiction science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- 2 Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,4 Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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4
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Morel C, Montgomery S, Han MH. Nicotine and alcohol: the role of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in drug reinforcement. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2180-2200. [PMID: 30251377 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol addiction are leading causes of preventable death worldwide and continue to constitute a huge socio-economic burden. Both nicotine and alcohol perturb the brain's mesocorticolimbic system. Dopamine (DA) neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to multiple downstream structures, including the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, are highly involved in the maintenance of healthy brain function. VTA DA neurons play a crucial role in associative learning and reinforcement. Nicotine and alcohol usurp these functions, promoting reinforcement of drug taking behaviors. In this review, we will first describe how nicotine and alcohol individually affect VTA DA neurons by examining how drug exposure alters the heterogeneous VTA microcircuit and network-wide projections. We will also examine how coadministration or previous exposure to nicotine or alcohol may augment the reinforcing effects of the other. Additionally, this review briefly summarizes the role of VTA DA neurons in nicotine, alcohol, and their synergistic effects in reinforcement and also addresses the remaining questions related to the circuit-function specificity of the dopaminergic system in mediating nicotine/alcohol reinforcement and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Morel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Montgomery
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Building Floor 12 Room 12-75B, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Affective Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Abstract
One of the consequences of chronic methamphetamine (Meth) abuse and Meth addiction is impaired hippocampal function which plays a critical role in enhanced propensity for relapse. This impairment is predicted by alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis, structural- and functional-plasticity of granule cell neurons (GCNs), and expression of plasticity-related proteins in the dentate gyrus. This review will elaborate on the effects of Meth in animal models during different stages of addiction-like behavior on proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and survival of newly born neural progenitor cells. We will then discuss evidence for the contribution of adult neurogenesis in context-driven Meth-seeking behavior in animal models. These findings from interdisciplinary studies suggest that a subset of newly born GCNs contribute to context-driven Meth-seeking in Meth addicted animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Takashima
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Shi Z, Wang AL, Jagannathan K, Fairchild VP, O'Brien CP, Childress AR, Langleben DD. Effects of extended-release naltrexone on the brain response to drug-related stimuli in patients with opioid use disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:170036. [PMID: 29485031 PMCID: PMC6019353 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened response to drug-related cues is a hallmark of addiction. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy for relapse prevention in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). In these patients, XR-NTX has been shown to reduce brain responses to opioid-related visual stimuli. To assess the biomarker potential of this phenomenon, it is necessary to determine whether this effect is limited to opioid-related stimuli and whether it is associated with key OUD symptoms. METHODS Using functional MRI (fMRI), we measured the brain responses to opioid-related and control (i.e., sexual and aversive) images in detoxified patients with OUD before, during and after XR-NTX treatment. Craving and withdrawal severity were evaluated using clinician- and self-administered instruments during each session. RESULTS We included 24 patients with OUD in our analysis. During XR-NTX treatment, we found reduced responses to opioid-related stimuli in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). The reduction in mOFC response was specific to the opioid-related stimuli. The reduced NAcc and mOFC opioid cue reactivity was correlated with reduction in clinician-assessed and self-reported withdrawal symptoms, respectively. LIMITATIONS The study was not placebo-controlled owing to ethical, safety and feasibility concerns. CONCLUSION Extended-release naltrexone reduces the NAcc and mOFC cue reactivity in patients with OUD. This effect is specific to opioid-related stimuli in the mOFC only. The reduction in neural response to opioid-related stimuli is more robust in patients with greater decline in withdrawal severity. Our results support the clinical utility of mesocorticolimbic cue reactivity in monitoring the XR-NTX treatment outcomes and highlight the link between opioid withdrawal symptomatology and neural opioid cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Shi
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - An-Li Wang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - Victoria P Fairchild
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - Charles P O'Brien
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
| | - Daniel D Langleben
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. (Shi, Wang, Jagannathan, Fairchild, O'Brien, Childress, Langleben); the Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Wang); the Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben); and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa. (Langleben)
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7
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Hurley SW, West EA, Carelli RM. Opposing Roles of Rapid Dopamine Signaling Across the Rostral-Caudal Axis of the Nucleus Accumbens Shell in Drug-Induced Negative Affect. Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28624112 PMCID: PMC5675798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative reinforcement theories of drug addiction posit that addicts use drugs to alleviate negative mood states. In a preclinical model developed in our laboratory, rats exhibit negative affect to a normally rewarding taste cue when it predicts impending but delayed cocaine. The emergence of this state is accompanied by a reduction in dopamine concentration in the rostral nucleus accumbens shell. However, the rostral and caudal regions of the shell have been implicated in promoting opposing appetitive and aversive states, respectively. Here, we tested whether dopamine transmission along the rostral-caudal axis of the shell plays differential roles in the emergence of drug-induced negative affect. METHODS In TH::Cre rats, the dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental area to the rostral and caudal regions of the shell were optogenetically stimulated during intraoral delivery of a taste cue signaling delayed cocaine. Affective responses to the taste cue were measured using taste reactivity, and optical self-stimulation of the rostral and caudal shells was also examined. RESULTS Optical stimulation of the rostral shell during tastant infusion prevented the emergence of negative affect, but activation of the caudal shell exacerbated aversive responses. These effects endured in the absence of optical stimulation, and the degree of negative affect in our model predicted self-stimulation responding. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal unprecedented, pronounced, and opposing roles of rapid dopamine signaling across the rostral-caudal axis of the nucleus accumbens in the control of drug-induced negative affect, a hallmark of continued drug seeking and use in human addicts.
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8
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Fudge JL, Kelly EA, Pal R, Bedont JL, Park L, Ho B. Beyond the Classic VTA: Extended Amygdala Projections to DA-Striatal Paths in the Primate. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1563-1576. [PMID: 28220796 PMCID: PMC5518904 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The central extended amygdala (CEA) has been conceptualized as a 'macrosystem' that regulates various stress-induced behaviors. Consistent with this, the CEA highly expresses corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), an important modulator of stress responses. Stress alters goal-directed responses associated with striatal paths, including maladaptive responses such as drug seeking, social withdrawal, and compulsive behavior. CEA inputs to the midbrain dopamine (DA) system are positioned to influence striatal functions through mesolimbic DA-striatal pathways. However, the structure of this amygdala-CEA-DA neuron path to the striatum has been poorly characterized in primates. In primates, we combined neuronal tracer injections into various arms of the circuit through specific DA subpopulations to assess: (1) whether the circuit connecting amygdala, CEA, and DA cells follows CEA intrinsic organization, or a more direct topography involving bed nucleus vs central nucleus divisions; (2) CRF content of the CEA-DA path; and (3) striatal subregions specifically involved in CEA-DA-striatal loops. We found that the amygdala-CEA-DA path follows macrostructural subdivisions, with the majority of input/outputs converging in the medial central nucleus, the sublenticular extended amygdala, and the posterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The proportion of CRF+ outputs is >50%, and mainly targets the A10 parabrachial pigmented nucleus (PBP) and A8 (retrorubal field, RRF) neuronal subpopulations, with additional inputs to the dorsal A9 neurons. CRF-enriched CEA-DA projections are positioned to influence outputs to the 'limbic-associative' striatum, which is distinct from striatal regions targeted by DA cells lacking CEA input. We conclude that the concept of the CEA is supported on connectional grounds, and that CEA termination over the PBP and RRF neuronal populations can influence striatal circuits involved in associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Fudge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Emily A Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ria Pal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joseph L Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lydia Park
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brian Ho
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Higgins GA, Fletcher PJ. Therapeutic Potential of 5-HT2C Receptor Agonists for Addictive Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1071-88. [PMID: 25870913 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) has long been associated with the control of a variety of motivated behaviors, including feeding. Much of the evidence linking 5-HT and feeding behavior was obtained from studies of the effects of the 5-HT releaser (dex)fenfluramine in laboratory animals and humans. Recently, the selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin received FDA approval for the treatment of obesity. This review examines evidence to support the use of selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists as treatments for conditions beyond obesity, including substance abuse (particularly nicotine, psychostimulant, and alcohol dependence), obsessive compulsive, and excessive gambling disorder. Following a brief survey of the early literature supporting a role for 5-HT in modulating food and drug reinforcement, we propose that intrinsic differences between SSRI and serotonin releasers may have underestimated the value of serotonin-based pharmacotherapeutics to treat clinical forms of addictive behavior beyond obesity. We then highlight the critical involvement of the 5-HT2C receptor in mediating the effect of (dex)fenfluramine on feeding and body weight gain and the evidence that 5-HT2C receptor agonists reduce measures of drug reward and impulsivity. A recent report of lorcaserin efficacy in a smoking cessation trial further strengthens the idea that 5-HT2C receptor agonists may have potential as a treatment for addiction. This review was prepared as a contribution to the proceedings of the 11th International Society for Serotonin Research Meeting held in Hermanus, South Africa, July 9-12, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Higgins
- InterVivo Solutions Inc., 120 Carlton Street, Toronto, ON M5A
4K2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paul J. Fletcher
- Section of Biopsychology
and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Mondino M, Bennabi D, Poulet E, Galvao F, Brunelin J, Haffen E. Can transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alleviate symptoms and improve cognition in psychiatric disorders? World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15:261-75. [PMID: 24447054 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2013.876514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the discovery of psychopharmacological treatments in the early 1950s, followed by the development of second-generation antidepressants and antipsychotics, biological psychiatry has not achieved much progress. Recent technological advances in the field of non-invasive brain stimulation open new perspectives in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Amongst them, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability and induces long-lasting effects. Here, we aimed at evaluating whether tDCS has potential to be developed as an innovative treatment in psychiatry. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the current state of development and application of tDCS in psychiatric disorders, exploring clinical and cognitive effects, especially in major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia and substance use disorder. RESULTS Systematic literature search yielded 40 publications: 22 in MDD, nine in schizophrenia, seven in substance use disorder, one in obsessive-compulsive disorder and one in mania. Our findings indicated beneficial clinical effects of tDCS for MDD and a promising literature in schizophrenia and substance use disorder. CONCLUSIONS Despite methodological differences, the data published to date are promising and supports the use of tDCS as a treatment for psychiatric disorders. However, its place regarding other treatments still has to be determined before becoming a routine clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Mondino
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I , Bron , France
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11
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Wen D, Zang G, Sun D, Yang S, Yu F, Li S, Ma C, Cong B. Effects of CCK-8 on the reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP and expression of behavioral sensitization in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 238:230-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kim SM, Han DH, Lee YS, Renshaw PF. Combined cognitive behavioral therapy and bupropion for the treatment of problematic on-line game play in adolescents with major depressive disorder. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Chang CW, Huang CW, Wu WH, Wang BE, Liu YL, Shen HC, Lee TSH. Psychometric properties of the Chinese craving beliefs questionnaire for heroin abusers in methadone treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:39. [PMID: 21388523 PMCID: PMC3065399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CCBQ), an easy-to-administer assessment instrument of measurement of craving beliefs for heroin abusers. METHODS Participants were 445 heroin abusers from four methadone clinics in Northern Taiwan. Fifty-one of the participants were tested twice within a two-week period at a different hospital to examine test-retest reliability. RESULTS Three-factor solution using principal component analysis was identified in the CCBQ: will power, compulsive behavior, and negative coping, accounting for 54.6% of the variance. Internal consistency analysis indicated that the three factors have strong reliability, with Cronbach alphas ranging from .81 to .92. The test-retest ICC coefficient is .80. The test-retest coefficients for the subscales will power, compulsive behavior, and negative coping are .76, .51, and .64, respectively. Overall, the data show that the CCBQ has acceptable reliability and validity, demonstrating that it can be a research instrument for assessing heroin craving beliefs. CONCLUSIONS The psychometric properties of the CCBQ seem promising for both research and clinical purposes, and the scale thus deserves further refinement and validation with heroin abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Bei-Tou Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Keelung Hospital, Department of Health, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Lien Liu
- Public Health Bureau, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Che Shen
- Taipei County Hospital and Taiwan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
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14
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Abstract
Drug addiction is marked by continued drug-seeking behavior despite deleterious consequences and a heightened propensity to relapse not withstanding long, drug-free periods. The enduring nature of addiction has been hypothesized to arise from perturbations in intracellular signaling, gene expression, and brain circuitry induced by substance abuse. Ameliorating some of these aberrations should abate behavioral and neurochemical markers associated with an 'addiction phenotype'. This review summarizes data showing that protein expression and signaling through the nonreceptor activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3) are altered by commonly abused substances in rat and in in-vitro addiction models. AGS3 structure and function are unrelated to the more broadly studied regulator of G-protein signaling family. Thus, the unique role of AGS3 is the focus of this review. Intriguingly, AGS3 protein changes persist into drug abstinence. Accordingly, studies probing the role of AGS3 in the neurochemistry of drug-seeking behavior and relapse are studied in detail. To illuminate this study, AGS3 structure, cellular localization, and function are covered so that an idealized AGS3-targeted pharmacotherapy can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scott Bowers
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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AMPA receptor synaptic plasticity induced by psychostimulants: the past, present, and therapeutic future. Neuron 2010; 67:11-24. [PMID: 20624588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory synapses of the mesocorticolimbic system is a fundamental brain mechanism that enables adaptation to an ever-changing environment. These synaptic responses are critical for the planning and execution of adaptive behaviors that maximize survival. The mesocorticolimbic system mediates procurement of positive reinforcers such as food and sex; however, drugs of abuse resculpt this crucial circuitry to promote compulsive drug-seeking behavior. This review will discuss the long-term changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission that occur within the mesolimbic system following cocaine exposure. In addition, we will examine how these long-lasting neuroadaptations may drive the pathology of psychostimulant addiction. Finally, we review clinical trials that highlight antagonists at excitatory AMPA receptors as promising targets against cocaine abuse.
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Li SX, Zou Y, Liu LJ, Wu P, Lu L. Aripiprazole blocks reinstatement but not expression of morphine conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:370-5. [PMID: 19353810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug primarily characterized by partial agonist activity at dopamine(DA) D2 receptors and serotonin-1A (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT1A) receptors and minimal side effects.Based on its pharmacological profile, including stabilization of mesocorticolimbic DA activity (a pathway implicated in drug addiction), we investigated the effects of aripiprazole on relapse to morphine seeking in rats. In experiment 1, rats underwent morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) training with alternate injections of morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) for 8 consecutive days. To examine the effect of aripiprazole on the expression of morphine-induced CPP, rats received aripiprazole (0, 0.03, 0.1,and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before testing for the expression of CPP. In experiment 2, rats underwent the same CPP training as in experiment 1 and subsequent extinction training. To examine the effect of aripiprazole on reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP, rats received aripiprazole 30 min before testing for reinstatement of CPP. In experiment 3, to assess the effects of aripiprazole on locomotor activity, aripiprazole was administered 30 min before testing for locomotor activity. Aripiprazole significantly decreased the reinstatement of CPP induced by a priming injection of morphine but had no effect on the expression of morphine-induced CPP or locomotor activity. The D2 and 5-HT1A partial agonist and 5-HT2A antagonist properties of aripiprazole likely account for the blockade of relapse to drug seeking. These findings suggest that aripiprazole may have therapeutic value for reducing craving and preventing relapse to drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-xia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, 38, Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Individual differences in acute alcohol impairment of inhibitory control predict ad libitum alcohol consumption. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 201:315-24. [PMID: 18758758 PMCID: PMC4310478 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research has begun to examine how acute cognitive impairment from alcohol could contribute to alcohol abuse. Specifically, alcohol-induced impairment of inhibitory control could compromise the drinker's ability to stop the self-administration of alcohol, increasing the risk of binge drinking. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to test this hypothesis by examining the relation between acute alcohol impairment of inhibitory control and alcohol consumption during a single drinking episode. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six healthy adults performed a cued go/no-go task that measured inhibitory control. The study tested the degree to which their inhibitory control was impaired by a moderate dose of alcohol (0.65 g/kg) versus a placebo and the extent to which individual differences in this impairment predicted levels of alcohol consumption as assessed by ad lib drinking in the laboratory. RESULTS In accord with the hypothesis, greater impairment of inhibitory control from alcohol was associated with increased ad lib consumption. CONCLUSION Acute impairment of inhibitory control might be an important cognitive effect that contributes to abuse in addition to the positive rewarding effects of the drug.
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Skowronek MH, Laucht M, Hohm E, Becker K, Schmidt MH. Interaction between the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms in alcohol and tobacco use among 15-year-olds. Neurogenetics 2006; 7:239-46. [PMID: 16819620 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-006-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Early onset of alcohol and tobacco use during adolescence increases the risk for establishing a substance use disorder in adulthood. Both alcohol and nicotine stimulate the dopamine (DA) and the serotonin (5-HT) systems. The DA system has been implicated in the mediation of the rewarding effects of self-administered drugs of abuse. A possible role of an interaction between these neurotransmitter systems in substance use behavior has been suggested but is as yet unknown. The present study was designed to examine the influence of the DA D4 receptor (DRD4) and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genotype and their interaction on adolescent alcohol and tobacco experimentation. Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort consisting initially of 384 children from a high-risk community sample. At the age of 15 years, adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire measuring tobacco and alcohol consumption. DNA was taken from 305 participants (146 boys, 159 girls) and genotyped for the DRD4 exon III and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. The DRD4 7-repeat allele was associated with greater smoking and drinking involvement in boys. In girls, a significant DRD4 x 5-HTT interaction was detected. Girls without the DRD4 7-repeat allele and who were homozygous for the long allele of 5-HTTLPR displayed the highest smoking and drinking activity. The genetic and potential molecular background underlying adolescent vulnerability to substance abuse is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Skowronek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072, Mannheim, Germany
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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Solinas M, Panlilio LV, Tanda G, Makriyannis A, Matthews SA, Goldberg SR. Cannabinoid agonists but not inhibitors of endogenous cannabinoid transport or metabolism enhance the reinforcing efficacy of heroin in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:2046-57. [PMID: 15870833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in the reinforcing effects of heroin. In rats intravenously self-administering heroin, we investigated effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists and compounds that block transport or metabolism of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. The natural cannnabinoid CB1 receptor agonist delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter self-administration of heroin under a fixed-ratio one (FR1) schedule, except at a high 3 mg/kg dose which decreased heroin self-administration. Under a progressive-ratio schedule, however, THC dose-dependently increased the number of 50 mug/kg heroin injections self-administered per session and the maximal ratio completed (break-point), with peak increases at 1 mg/kg THC. In addition, 1 mg/kg THC increased break-points and injections self-administered over a wide range of heroin injection doses (25-100 microg/kg), indicating an increase in heroin's reinforcing efficacy and not its potency. The synthetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (0.3-3 mg/kg i.p.) had effects similar to THC under the progressive-ratio schedule. In contrast, AM-404 (1-10 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of transport of anandamide, and URB-597 (0.01-0.3 mg/kg i.p.), an inhibitor of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that degrades anandamide, or their combination, did not increase reinforcing efficacy of heroin at any dose tested. Thus, activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors facilitates the reinforcing efficacy of heroin and this appears to be mediated by interactions between cannabinoid CB1 receptors and mu-opioid receptors and their signaling pathways, rather than by an opioid-induced release of endogenous cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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22
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May JC, Delgado MR, Dahl RE, Stenger VA, Ryan ND, Fiez JA, Carter CS. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain circuitry in children and adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:359-66. [PMID: 14960288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional disturbances in reward-related brain systems are thought to play a role in the development of mood, impulse, and substance-abuse disorders. Studies in nonhuman primates have identified brain regions, including the dorsal/ventral striatum and orbital-frontal cortex, in which neural activity is modulated by reward. Recent studies in adults have concurred with these findings by observing reward-contingent blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses in these regions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms; however, no previous studies indicate whether comparable modulations of neural activity exist in the brain reward systems of children and adolescents. METHODS We used event-related fMRI and a behavioral paradigm modeled on previous work in adults to study brain responses to monetary gains and losses in psychiatrically healthy children and adolescents as part of a program examining the neural substrates of anxiety and depression in youth. RESULTS Regions and time-courses of reward-related activity were similar to those observed in adults with condition-dependent BOLD changes in the ventral striatum and lateral and medial orbital-frontal cortex; specifically, these regions showed larger responses to positive than to negative feedback. CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence for the value of event-related fMRI in examining reward systems of the brain, demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in children and adolescents, and establish a baseline from which to understand the pathophysiology of reward-related psychiatric disorders in youth.
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Abstract
A conceptual structure for drug addiction focused on allostatic changes in reward function that lead to excessive drug intake provides a heuristic framework with which to identify the neurobiologic neuroadaptive mechanisms involved in the development of drug addiction. The brain reward system implicated in the development of addiction is comprised of key elements of a basal forebrain macrostructure termed the extended amygdala and its connections. Neuropharmacologic studies in animal models of addiction have provided evidence for the dysregulation of specific neurochemical mechanisms not only in specific brain reward circuits (opioid peptides, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and dopamine) but also recruitment of brain stress systems (corticotropin-releasing factor) that provide the negative motivational state that drives addiction, and also are localized in the extended amygdala. The changes in the reward and stress systems are hypothesized to maintain hedonic stability in an allostatic state, as opposed to a homeostatic state, and as such convey the vulnerability for development of dependence and relapse in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Koob
- Division of Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, CVN-7, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Repeated administration of psychomotor stimulants may produce an impulsive state that could contribute to the cycle of drug abstinence and relapse seen in human drug addicts. We have previously reported that the inhibitory effects of dopamine (DA) on the firing rate of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons were reduced in rats after repeated amphetamine treatment suggesting impaired mPFC DA function. Here, we used a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) operant conditioning task, which is dependent on mPFC DA, to test impulsivity and inhibitory control. Food-restricted rats were trained to inhibit a nose poke response for 30s before a subsequent nose poke would result in a food reward (DRL 30). Once training was completed, rats received 5 days of no treatment, daily i.p. saline injections or daily i.p. injections of 5mg/kg amphetamine. Nine days of DRL 30 test performance began following a 3-day withdrawal from treatment. The percent of training active hole nose pokes was significantly increased and the percent of training efficiency was significantly decreased in rats withdrawn from repeated amphetamine administration as compared to saline or nai;ve rats. This suggests that impulsivity is increased during amphetamine withdrawal, which we hypothesize is associated with disrupted DA function in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayms D Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-3095, USA
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Salamone JD, Correa M, Mingote S, Weber SM. Nucleus accumbens dopamine and the regulation of effort in food-seeking behavior: implications for studies of natural motivation, psychiatry, and drug abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:1-8. [PMID: 12649346 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.035063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, it has been suggested that dopamine (DA), especially in nucleus accumbens, mediates the primary reinforcing characteristics of natural stimuli such as food, as well as drugs of abuse. Yet, several fundamental aspects of primary food reinforcement, motivation, and appetite are left intact after interference with accumbens DA transmission. Recent studies have shown that accumbens DA is involved in responsiveness to conditioned stimuli and activational aspects of motivation. In concurrent choice tasks, accumbens DA depletions cause animals to reallocate their choice behavior in the direction of instrumental behaviors that involve less effort. Also, an emerging body of evidence has demonstrated that the effects of accumbens DA depletions on instrumental food-seeking behavior can vary greatly depending upon the task. For example, some schedules of reinforcement are insensitive to the effects of DA depletions, whereas others are highly sensitive (e.g., large fixed ratios). Accumbens DA depletions slow the rate of operant responding, blunt the rate-facilitating effects of moderate-sized ratios, and enhance the rate-suppressing effects of very large ratios (i.e., produce ratio strain). Accumbens DA may be important for enabling rats to overcome behavioral constraints, such as work-related response costs, and may be critical for the behavioral organization and conditioning processes that enable animals to engage in vigorous responses, such as barrier climbing, or to emit large numbers of responses in ratio schedules in the absence of primary reinforcement. The involvement of accumbens DA in activational aspects of motivation has implications for energy-related disorders in psychiatry, as well as aspects of drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Salamone
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacology C-236, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Miller NS, Goldsmith RJ. Craving for alcohol and drugs in animals and humans: biology and behavior. J Addict Dis 2002; 20:87-104. [PMID: 11681596 DOI: 10.1300/j069v20n03_08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research studies indicate that sites and pathways for appetitive drive states, that are located in the limbic system, appear to be responsible for normal and pathological craving for alcohol and other addicting drugs. Pathological craving for alcohol and drugs in humans has been substantiated by animal studies, which have identified neurosubstrates and neurotransmitters associated with behavioral models of addiction. Repetitive administration of alcohol and drugs appears to affect hedonic homeostasis of the appetitive drives leading to the hedonic alleostasis where negative reinforcement exceeds positive returns despite continued drug use. Neuroimaging studies have concentrated on areas in the brain related to reward or reinforcement of alcohol/drug use, but the technique can be employed to find support for a neurosubstrate to distinguish normal craving or "liking" from pathological craving or "wanting" a drug. Identifying the neurobasis of "wanting" a drug long after not "liking it" is central to understanding pathological craving and loss of control over drug use in addiction in humans. Neuroimaging is currently the only method to directly visualize sites for craving in the brain in humans. Neuroimaging techniques will provide methods, which are not possible in animals, for studying addictive disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Neugebauer V, Zinebi F, Russell R, Gallagher JP, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Cocaine and kindling alter the sensitivity of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central amygdala. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84:759-70. [PMID: 10938303 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.2.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are being implicated in various forms of neuroplasticity and CNS disorders. This study examined whether the sensitivities of mGluR agonists are modulated in a distinct fashion in different models of synaptic plasticity, specifically, kindling and chronic cocaine treatment. The influence of kindling and chronic cocaine exposure in vivo was examined in vitro on the modulation of synaptic transmission by group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings of central amygdala (CeA) neurons. Synaptic transmission was evoked by electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral amygdaloid pathway (VAP) afferents in brain slices from control rats and from rats treated with cocaine or exposed to three to five stage-five kindled seizures. This study shows that after chemical stimulation with chronic cocaine exposure or after electrical stimulation with kindling the receptor sensitivities for mGluR agonists are altered in opposite ways. In slices from control rats, group II agonists, (2S,1'S,2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (LCCG1) and (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the BLA-CeA than at the VAP-CeA synapse while group III agonist, L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (LAP4), depressed neurotransmission more potently at the VAP-CeA synapse than at the BLA-CeA. These agonist actions were not seen (were absent) in amygdala neurons from chronic cocaine-treated animals. In contrast, after kindling, concentration response relationships for LCCG1 and LAP4 were shifted to the left, suggesting that sensitivity to these agonists is increased. Except at high concentrations, LCCG1, LY354740, and LAP4 neither induced membrane currents nor changed current-voltage relationships. Loss of mGluR inhibition with chronic cocaine treatment may contribute to counter-adaptive changes including anxiety and depression in cocaine withdrawal. Drugs that restore the inhibitory effects of group II and III mGluRs may be novel tools in the treatment of cocaine dependence. The enhanced sensitivity to group II and III mGluR agonists in kindling is similar to that recorded at the lateral to BLA synapse in the amygdala where they reduce epileptiform bursting. These findings suggest that drugs modifying mGluRs may prove useful in the treatment of cocaine withdrawal or epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1031, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Berke
- Secton on Molecular Plasticity, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Koob
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The limbic system is a group of structurally and functionally related areas of the brain that provides the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviour, including the circuitry for the stress response and reward-related events. This system is strongly implicated in drug abuse from the pleasure and/or positive side associated with acute exposure to the dysphoria and craving associated with withdrawal. The contribution of the main cortical and subcortical elements of the limbic system to drug dependence is briefly reviewed in the present work with a focus on the role of the extended amygdala and its connections as well as on the peripheral feedback signals mediated by adrenal glucocorticoids. The elucidation of the neuroadaptive responses of the limbic system to chronic drug exposure will undoubtedly help to design rational strategies for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Institute for Drug Dependence Research, Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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