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Lile JA, Shellenberg TP, Babalonis S, Hatton KW, Hays LR, Rayapati AO, Stoops WW, Wesley MJ. A dose-ranging study of the physiological and self-reported effects of repeated, rapid infusion of remifentanil in people with opioid use disorder and physical dependence on fentanyl. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1227-1236. [PMID: 38383903 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding mechanisms of drug use decisions will inform the development of treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD). Decision-making experiments using neurobehavioral approaches require many trials or events of interest for statistical analysis, but the pharmacokinetics of most opioids limit dosing in humans. OBJECTIVES This experiment characterized the effects of repeated infusions of the ultra-short acting opioid remifentanil in people with OUD and physical opioid dependence. METHODS An inpatient study using a within-subjects, single-blind, escalating, within-session, pre-post design was conducted. Seven (3 female) subjects were maintained on oral oxycodone (40-60 mg, 4x/day = 160-240 total mg/day) for seven days prior to the dose-ranging session. Subjects received infusions of three ascending remifentanil doses (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mcg/kg/infusion in 2 subjects; 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mcg/kg/infusion in 5 subjects) every minute for 40 min per dose, with infusions administered over 5 s to model naturalistic delivery rates. End tidal carbon dioxide, respiration rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate were measured continuously. Blood pressure (BP), pupil diameter and self-reported drug effects were measured every 5 min. RESULTS Pupil diameter, SpO2 and systolic BP decreased, and ratings on prototypic subjective effects questionnaire items increased, as a function of remifentanil dose. The number of infusions held because of sedation or physiological parameters exceeding predetermined cutoffs also increased with dose. CONCLUSIONS This experiment established doses and procedures for the safe delivery of rapid, repeated remifentanil infusions to individuals with OUD and physical fentanyl dependence, which can be applied to the mechanistic study of opioid use decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, 1100 Veterans Dr., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA.
| | - Thomas P Shellenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Shanna Babalonis
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, 1100 Veterans Dr., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kevin W Hatton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Lon R Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, University Health Service, 830 South Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abner O Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, 1100 Veterans Dr., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
| | - Michael J Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Medical Behavioral Science Building, 1100 Veterans Dr., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY, 40509, USA
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Tolbert PT, Ramirez MP, Strickland JC, Lile JA, Stoops WW, Stamper BJ, Sumner CB, Wesley MJ. Exponentiated model of drug demand is preferred over exponential models in people with daily/near daily cannabis use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:1010-1016. [PMID: 37126035 PMCID: PMC10618410 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is a growing health concern emphasizing the need to better understand the complexities of drug choice in people with daily/near daily cannabis use. Hypothetical purchasing tasks provide a means to collect data on drug consumption behavior without requiring drug administration and have been used to isolate behavioral economic factors of choice, including facets of drug demand in substance using populations. Various models are used for analyzing hypothetical purchasing task data, but challenges exist in modeling data sets with consumption values of zero. Additionally, a single model or approach may not be best for all commodities and drug classes. This study compared two common demand models (exponential vs. exponentiated) applied to identical hypothetical purchasing task data from 21 (n = 21) individuals with daily/near daily cannabis use. The exponential model was fit using three common levels of replacement values for zero consumption (.1, .01, .001) and compared to the exponentiated model without replacement values. We found that the exponentiated model produced significantly better model fits for individual data, compared to all exponential models. Additionally, significant differences for model derived values of demand elasticity and intensity were found between the exponentiated model and different levels of the exponential model. We conclude that the exponentiated model is preferred over the exponential model for performing demand analysis on hypothetical purchasing task data from individuals with daily/near daily cannabis use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston T. Tolbert
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Miranda P. Ramirez
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College
of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224,
USA
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College
of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College
of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Brady J. Stamper
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Caroline B. Sumner
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room
140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College
of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Parkway, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
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Wesley MJ, Lile JA. Combining noninvasive brain stimulation with behavioral pharmacology methods to study mechanisms of substance use disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150109. [PMID: 37554294 PMCID: PMC10405288 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are effective for treating certain psychiatric conditions. Drugs and TMS have also been used as tools to explore the relationship between brain function and behavior in humans. Combining centrally acting drugs and TMS has proven useful for characterizing the neural basis of movement. This combined intervention approach also holds promise for improving our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disordered behavior associated with psychiatric conditions, including addiction, though challenges exist. For example, altered neocortical function has been implicated in substance use disorder, but the relationship between acute neuromodulation of neocortex with TMS and direct effects on addiction-related behaviors is not well established. We propose that the combination of human behavioral pharmacology methods with TMS can be leveraged to help establish these links. This perspective article describes an ongoing study that combines the administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, with neuroimaging-guided TMS in individuals with problematic cannabis use. The study examines the impact of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation on cognitive outcomes impacted by THC intoxication, including the subjective response to THC and the impairing effects of THC on behavioral performance. A framework for integrating TMS with human behavioral pharmacology methods, along with key details of the study design, are presented. We also discuss challenges, alternatives, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Allen HC, Weafer J, Wesley MJ, Fillmore MT. Heightened motor impairment as a protective factor against heavy drinking in individuals with high alcohol-induced disinhibition. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken) 2023; 47:414-424. [PMID: 36549890 PMCID: PMC9991985 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral disinhibition and motor impairment are both acutely elevated following alcohol consumption, and individual differences in sensitivity to alcohol-induced increases in these effects are associated with drinking habits. Specifically, high alcohol-induced disinhibition and low motor impairment have been identified as separate markers for alcohol-related problems. This study tested the degree to which alcohol-induced disinhibition and motor impairment jointly predict heavy drinking. We hypothesized that heavier drinkers would exhibit a combination of high sensitivity to alcohol-induced disinhibition and low sensitivity to its motor impairing effect. METHODS Data from three studies were aggregated to comprise a sample of 96 young adults. Participants' motor coordination (grooved pegboard) and behavioral disinhibition (cued go/no-go) were assessed following consumption of 0.65 g/kg alcohol and a placebo during separate sessions. RESULTS As BAC was ascending, alcohol increased motor impairment and disinhibition compared to placebo. Combined effects at this time of alcohol on motor impairment and disinhibition predicted typical drinking habits. Specifically, a combination of high sensitivity to alcohol's disinhibiting effect and low sensitivity to its motor impairing effect was associated with heavy drinking. As BAC was descending, only reduced sensitivity to motor impairment remained as a predictor of heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that although motor impairment following alcohol consumption is associated with certain negative outcomes (e.g., increased risk for physical injury and motor vehicle accidents), such heightened motor impairment from alcohol may actually serve as a protective factor against the excessive drinking that can accompany the disinhibiting effect of alcohol.
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Lile JA, Alcorn JL, Hays LR, Kelly TH, Stoops WW, Wesley MJ, Westgate PM. Influence of pregabalin maintenance on cannabis effects and related behaviors in daily cannabis users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:560-574. [PMID: 33983765 PMCID: PMC8969895 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
No medications are approved for cannabis use disorder (CUD), though a small clinical trial demonstrated that the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) ligand gabapentin reduced cannabis use in treatment seekers. VDCCs are modulated by cannabinoid (CB) ligands, and there are shared effects between CB agonists and VDCC ligands. This overlapping neuropharmacology and the initial clinical results supported the evaluation of pregabalin, a "next-generation" VDCC ligand, as a CUD medication. Two separate placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subjects human laboratory studies tested placebo and 300 (N = 2 females, 11 males; Experiment [EXP] 1) or 450 (N = 3 females, 11 males; EXP 2) mg/day pregabalin in cannabis users who were not seeking treatment or trying to reduce/quit their cannabis use. The protocol consisted of two outpatient maintenance phases (11 days in EXP 1 and 15 days in EXP 2) that concluded with four experimental sessions within each phase. During experimental sessions, maintenance continued, and participants completed two 2-day blocks of sampling and self-administration sessions to determine the reinforcing effects of smoked cannabis (0% and 5.9% delta⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), as well as subjective, attentional bias, performance, and physiological responses. In addition, naturalistic cannabis use, side effects, sleep quality, craving, and other self-reported substance use were measured during pregabalin maintenance. Cannabis was self-administered and produced prototypical effects, but pregabalin generally did not impact the effects of cannabis or alter naturalistic use. These human laboratory results in cannabis users not trying to reduce/quit their use do not support the efficacy of pregabalin as a stand-alone pharmacotherapy for CUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Joseph L. Alcorn
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Lon R. Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 South Limestone St., J525 Kentucky Clinic, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA
| | - Thomas H. Kelly
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Philip M. Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 111 Washington Ave, Lexington, KY 40536-0003, USA
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Allen HC, Wesley MJ, Weafer J, Fillmore MT. "Sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol: The role of trait impulsivity and sex differences": Clarification. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:viii-ix. [PMID: 35980717 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reports a clarification to "Sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol: The role of trait impulsivity and sex differences" by Holley C. Allen, Michael J. Wesley, Jessica Weafer and Mark T. Fillmore (Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Advanced Online Publication, May 05, 2022, np). In the original article, simultaneous linear regression analyses examined the role of sex and trait impulsivity differences in participants' unintoxicated level of behavioral impulsivity and sensitivity to alcohol-induced increases in disinhibition. High levels of trait impulsivity were associated with higher unintoxicated disinhibition; however, no sex difference in this relationship was obtained. Similarly, high attention impulsivity was associated with elevated unintoxicated disinhibition, but no sex difference in this relationship was obtained. It is likely that the nclusion of participants with ADHD in the original analyses disproportionately accounted for the sex differences initially obtained. This reanalysis suggests that behavioral disinhibition serves as a broad indicator of trait impulsivity in both men and women. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-58551-001). OBJECTIVE Higher trait impulsivity is associated with more impulsive responding on certain behavioral measures of disinhibition. Additionally, behavioral disinhibition is acutely elevated following alcohol consumption. The present study examined the possibility that trait impulsivity may predict individual differences in sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol. Specifically, the present study tested the hypothesis that those with elevated trait impulsivity also experience heightened sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol, which might further compound their tendency toward impulsive action. METHOD To test this hypothesis, data from six studies were aggregated to comprise a sample of 190 young adults. Participants completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and behavioral disinhibition was assessed using a cued go/no-go task following consumption of 0.65 g/kg alcohol and a placebo. RESULTS Alcohol increased disinhibition overall, but higher impulsivity did not predict increased sensitivity to alcohol-induced disinhibition. In men, higher levels of trait impulsivity predicted heightened disinhibition in the unintoxicated state following placebo, but this relationship was not present in women. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest significant sex differences in the relationship between trait impulsivity and disinhibition. This sex difference may explain inconsistent research findings in studies assessing links between trait and behavioral measures of impulsivity. The data also point to trait impulsivity and sensitivity to alcohol-induced disinhibition as independent constructs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Allen HC, Wesley MJ, Weafer J, Fillmore MT. Sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol: The role of trait impulsivity and sex differences. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:1048-1058. [PMID: 35511528 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher trait impulsivity is associated with more impulsive responding on certain behavioral measures of disinhibition. Additionally, behavioral disinhibition is acutely elevated following alcohol consumption. The present study examined the possibility that trait impulsivity may predict individual differences in sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol. Specifically, the present study tested the hypothesis that those with elevated trait impulsivity also experience heightened sensitivity to the disinhibiting effect of alcohol, which might further compound their tendency toward impulsive action. METHOD To test this hypothesis, data from six studies were aggregated to comprise a sample of 190 young adults. Participants completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and behavioral disinhibition was assessed using a cued go/no-go task following consumption of 0.65 g/kg alcohol and a placebo. RESULTS Alcohol increased disinhibition overall, but higher impulsivity did not predict increased sensitivity to alcohol-induced disinhibition. In men, higher levels of trait impulsivity predicted heightened disinhibition in the unintoxicated state following placebo, but this relationship was not present in women. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest significant sex differences in the relationship between trait impulsivity and disinhibition. This sex difference may explain inconsistent research findings in studies assessing links between trait and behavioral measures of impulsivity. The data also point to trait impulsivity and sensitivity to alcohol-induced disinhibition as independent constructs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Smith AP, Kelly TH, Lile JA, Martin CA, Ramirez MP, Wesley MJ. Exploratory examination of the effects of d-amphetamine on active-state functional connectivity: Influence of impulsivity and sensation-seeking status. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:194-208. [PMID: 33764102 PMCID: PMC8463640 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in diagnostic research identified that individuals with higher impulsivity and sensation-seeking scores tend to report more positive subjective responses to stimulant drugs such as amphetamine. The current exploratory study hypothesized that differences in underlying mesocorticolimbic circuitry may mediate the relationship between personality and responses to stimulants due to its previously established implication in reward processes as well as the overlap between its dopaminergic projections and the pharmacodynamics of many stimulants. Forty participants (20 female) were recruited with relatively high- and low-impulsivity and sensation-seeking scores as defined by the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Form IIIR; Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joireman, Teta, & Kraft, 1993) for a double-blind, placebo-controlled, intranasal amphetamine administration study conducted within an MRI scanner. Active state seed-to-voxel connectivity analyses assessed the effects of amphetamine, personality, subjective responses to amphetamine, and their interactions with mesocorticolimbic seeds on data collected during monetary incentive delay and go/no-go task performance. Results indicated that amphetamine administration largely disrupted brain activity as evidenced by connectivity values shifting toward no correlation among brain stem, striatal, and frontal cortex regions. Additionally, associations of impulsivity and connectivity between ventral tegmental and medial orbitofrontal as well as lateral orbitofrontal and putamen regions were inverted from negative to positive during the placebo and amphetamine conditions, respectively. Personality was unrelated to subjective responses to amphetamine. Results are interpreted as providing evidence of underlying differences in mesocorticolimbic circuitry being a potential target for requisite diagnostic and treatment strategies implicated with stimulant use disorders, but further research is needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bennett AJ, Pierre PJ, Wesley MJ, Latzman R, Schapiro SJ, Mareno MC, Bradley BJ, Sherwood CC, Mullholland MM, Hopkins WD. Predicting their past: Machine language learning can discriminate the brains of chimpanzees with different early-life social rearing experiences. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13114. [PMID: 34180109 PMCID: PMC8530828 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early life experiences, including separation from caregivers, can result in substantial, persistent effects on neural, behavioral, and physiological systems as is evidenced in a long-standing literature and consistent findings across species, populations, and experimental models. In humans and other animals, differential rearing conditions can affect brain structure and function. We tested for whole brain patterns of morphological difference between 108 chimpanzees reared typically with their mothers (MR; N = 54) and those reared decades ago in a nursery with peers, human caregivers, and environmental enrichment (NR; N = 54). We applied support vector machine (SVM) learning to archival MRI images of chimpanzee brains to test whether we could, with any degree of significant probability, retrospectively classify subjects as MR and NR based on variation in gray matter within the entire brain. We could accurately discriminate MR and NR chimpanzee brains with nearly 70% accuracy. The combined brain regions discriminating the two rearing groups were widespread throughout the cortex. We believe this is the first report using machine language learning as an analytic method for discriminating nonhuman primate brains based on early rearing experiences. In this sense, the approach and findings are novel, and we hope they stimulate application of the technique to studies on neural outcomes associated with early experiences. The findings underscore the potential for infant separation from caregivers to leave a long-term mark on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Robert Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - Steven J. Schapiro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary Catherine Mareno
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
| | - Brenda J. Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052
| | - Michele M. Mullholland
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
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Allen HC, Weafer J, Wesley MJ, Fillmore MT. Acute rewarding and disinhibiting effects of alcohol as indicators of drinking habits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:181-191. [PMID: 33151374 PMCID: PMC7796928 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Laboratory studies have reliably shown that heightened sensitivity to the rewarding effects of alcohol is associated with heavier drinking patterns. More recently, there has been research to suggest that heightened sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol might also contribute to drinking habits. Most research on the acute effects of alcohol has focused on drinking magnitudes averaged across participants with little attention paid to how individual differences influence alcohol abuse potential. In large part, this is due to limited sample sizes in previous laboratory studies. OBJECTIVES This study overcomes previous limitations by testing the degree to which individual differences in acute sensitivity and tolerance to the rewarding and disinhibiting effects of alcohol relate to drinking behavior in a large sample size. METHODS Data from six laboratory studies were aggregated to comprise a sample of 181 adults. Participants' level of "liking" (the effects of alcohol) and disinhibition were assessed following 0.65 g/kg alcohol once during the ascending limb of the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) curve and again at the same BAC during the descending limb of the curve. The measures were also assessed following placebo. RESULTS Alcohol increased ratings of liking and behavioral disinhibition. Heavier drinking was associated with heightened sensitivity to liking on the ascending limb. Additionally, those who showed reduced acute tolerance to both disinhibition and liking were also heavier drinkers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that individual variability in liking the effects of alcohol and persistent disinhibition are key indicators of drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holley C Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Michael J Wesley
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA
| | - Mark T Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0044, USA.
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Ekhtiari H, Tavakoli H, Addolorato G, Baeken C, Bonci A, Campanella S, Castelo-Branco L, Challet-Bouju G, Clark VP, Claus E, Dannon PN, Del Felice A, den Uyl T, Diana M, di Giannantonio M, Fedota JR, Fitzgerald P, Gallimberti L, Grall-Bronnec M, Herremans SC, Herrmann MJ, Jamil A, Khedr E, Kouimtsidis C, Kozak K, Krupitsky E, Lamm C, Lechner WV, Madeo G, Malmir N, Martinotti G, McDonald WM, Montemitro C, Nakamura-Palacios EM, Nasehi M, Noël X, Nosratabadi M, Paulus M, Pettorruso M, Pradhan B, Praharaj SK, Rafferty H, Sahlem G, Salmeron BJ, Sauvaget A, Schluter RS, Sergiou C, Shahbabaie A, Sheffer C, Spagnolo PA, Steele VR, Yuan TF, van Dongen JDM, Van Waes V, Venkatasubramanian G, Verdejo-García A, Verveer I, Welsh JW, Wesley MJ, Witkiewitz K, Yavari F, Zarrindast MR, Zawertailo L, Zhang X, Cha YH, George TP, Frohlich F, Goudriaan AE, Fecteau S, Daughters SB, Stein EA, Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Zangen A, Bikson M, Hanlon CA. Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:118-140. [PMID: 31271802 PMCID: PMC7293143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a novel treatment option for substance-use disorders (SUDs). Recent momentum stems from a foundation of preclinical neuroscience demonstrating links between neural circuits and drug consuming behavior, as well as recent FDA-approval of NIBS treatments for mental health disorders that share overlapping pathology with SUDs. As with any emerging field, enthusiasm must be tempered by reason; lessons learned from the past should be prudently applied to future therapies. Here, an international ensemble of experts provides an overview of the state of transcranial-electrical (tES) and transcranial-magnetic (TMS) stimulation applied in SUDs. This consensus paper provides a systematic literature review on published data - emphasizing the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures while suggesting strategies to help bridge knowledge gaps. The goal of this effort is to provide the community with guidelines for best practices in tES/TMS SUD research. We hope this will accelerate the speed at which the community translates basic neuroscience into advanced neuromodulation tools for clinical practice in addiction medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hosna Tavakoli
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Iran; Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iran
| | - Giovanni Addolorato
- Alcohol Use Disorder Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Catholic University of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vincent P Clark
- University of New Mexico, USA; The Mind Research Network, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandra Del Felice
- University of Padova, Department of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Diana
- 'G. Minardi' Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Italy
| | | | - John R Fedota
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Luigi Gallimberti
- Novella Fronda Foundation, Human Science and Brain Research, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Sarah C Herremans
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Asif Jamil
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Karolina Kozak
- University of Toronto, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada
| | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- V. M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St.-Petersburg, Russia; St.-Petersburg First Pavlov State Medical University, Russia
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Graziella Madeo
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - William M McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chiara Montemitro
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xavier Noël
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Samir K Praharaj
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Haley Rafferty
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Sauvaget
- Laboratory «Movement, Interactions, Performance» (E.A. 4334), University of Nantes, 25 Bis Boulevard Guy Mollet, BP 72206, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France; CHU de Nantes Addictology and Liaison Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Nantes, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Renée S Schluter
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, USA; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Iran
| | | | - Alireza Shahbabaie
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Vaughn R Steele
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | | | - Vincent Van Waes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA481, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | - Justine W Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Yavari
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- University of Toronto, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | | | - Tony P George
- University of Toronto, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada
| | | | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arkin, Department of Research and Quality of Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Dept. Neurology, Bochum, Germany
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D’Agostino AR, Wesley MJ, Brown J, Fillmore MT. Effects of multisensory stop signals on alcohol-induced disinhibition in adults with ADHD. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:247-256. [PMID: 30628812 PMCID: PMC6538486 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory environments facilitate behavioral functioning in humans. The redundant signal effect (RSE) refers to the observation that individuals respond more quickly to stimuli when information is presented as multisensory, redundant stimuli (e.g., aurally and visually) rather than as a single stimulus presented to either modality alone. RSE appears to be because of specialized multisensory neurons in the superior colliculus and association cortex that allow intersensory coactivation between the visual and auditory channels. Our studies show that the disinhibiting effects of alcohol are attenuated when stop signals are multisensory (e.g., Visual + Auditory stop signals) versus unisensory (Roberts, Monem, & Fillmore, 2016). The present study expanded on this research to test the degree to which multisensory stop signals could also attenuate the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a clinical population characterized by poor impulse control. The study compared young adults with ADHD (n = 22) with healthy controls (n = 22) and examined the acute impairing effect of alcohol on response inhibition to stop signals that were presented as a unisensory (visual) stimulus or a multisensory (Visual + Auditory) stimulus. For controls, results showed alcohol impaired response inhibition to unisensory stop signals but not to multisensory stop signals. Response inhibition of those with ADHD was impaired by alcohol regardless of whether stop signals were unisensory or multisensory. The failure of multisensory stimuli to attenuate alcohol impairment in those with ADHD highlights a specific vulnerability that could account for heightened sensitivity to the disruptive effects of alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. D’Agostino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building Room 140, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, U.S.A
| | - Jaime Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 110 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, U.S.A
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Wesley MJ, Westgate PM, Stoops WW, Kelly TH, Hays LR, Lile JA. Influence of tiagabine maintenance on cannabis effects and related behaviors in daily cannabis users. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 26:310-319. [PMID: 29863387 PMCID: PMC5990026 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
No medications are approved for cannabis use disorder (CUD). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake is modulated by cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists, and there are shared effects between CB agonists and the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine. This overlapping neuropharmacology suggested that tiagabine might be useful for CUD. The study determined the ability of tiagabine maintenance to reduce cannabis self-administration using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subjects design. Nontreatment-seeking daily cannabis users (N = 12; 3 female, 9 male) completed two 12-day outpatient maintenance phases (0 or 12 mg of tiagabine/day). Each phase consisted of a safety session, 7 maintenance days, and 4 experimental sessions. During experimental sessions, maintenance continued and participants completed two 2-day blocks of sampling and self-administration sessions to determine the reinforcing effects of smoked cannabis (0% and 5.9% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Naturalistic cannabis use, the subjective, performance and physiological response to cannabis, as well as side effects, sleep quality, craving, other self-reported substance use, and observer ratings were also measured. Cannabis functioned as a reinforcer and produced prototypical effects (e.g., increased heart rate and ratings of "high"), but tiagabine generally did not impact the effects of cannabis, or alter naturalistic use. Furthermore, tiagabine produced small, but significant, increases on 2 subscales of a Marijuana Craving Questionnaire, and reductions in both the amount of time slept in the past 24 hr and ratings of positive mood upon awakening. These human laboratory results from a sample of nontreatment-seeking cannabis users do not support the potential efficacy of 12 mg of tiagabine as a stand-alone pharmacotherapy for CUD. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA
| | - Philip M. Westgate
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 111 Washington Ave, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - William W. Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Thomas H. Kelly
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Lon R. Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 South Limestone St., J525 Kentucky Clinic, Lexington, KY 40536-0284, USA
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, College of Medicine Office Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 3470 Blazer Pkwy, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0086 phone: 1-859-323-6034 or fax: 1-859-323-5350
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Wesley MJ, Lile JA, Fillmore MT, Porrino LJ. Neurophysiological capacity in a working memory task differentiates dependent from nondependent heavy drinkers and controls. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:24-35. [PMID: 28376413 PMCID: PMC5425311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the neurobehavioral profiles that differentiate heavy drinkers who are and are not alcohol dependent will inform treatment efforts. Working memory is linked to substance use disorders and can serve as a representation of the demand placed on the neurophysiology associated with cognitive control. METHODS Behavior and brain activity (via fMRI) were recorded during an N-Back working memory task in controls (CTRL), nondependent heavy drinkers (A-ND) and dependent heavy drinkers (A-D). Typical and novel step-wise analyses examined profiles of working memory load and increasing task demand, respectively. RESULTS Performance was significantly decreased in A-D during high working memory load (2-Back), compared to CTRL and A-ND. Analysis of brain activity during high load (0-Back vs. 2- Back) showed greater responses in the dorsal lateral and medial prefrontal cortices of A-D than CTRL, suggesting increased but failed compensation. The step-wise analysis revealed that the transition to Low Demand (0-Back to 1-Back) was associated with robust increases and decreases in cognitive control and default-mode brain regions, respectively, in A-D and A-ND but not CTRL. The transition to High Demand (1-Back to 2-Back) resulted in additional engagement of these networks in A-ND and CTRL, but not A-D. CONCLUSION Heavy drinkers engaged working memory neural networks at lower demand than controls. As demand increased, nondependent heavy drinkers maintained control performance but relied on additional neurophysiological resources, and dependent heavy drinkers did not display further resource engagement and had poorer performance. These results support targeting these brain areas for treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Joshua A. Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington Kentucky, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington Kentucky, USA
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Koffarnus MN, Johnson MW, Thompson-Lake DGY, Wesley MJ, Lohrenz T, Montague PR, Bickel WK. Cocaine-dependent adults and recreational cocaine users are more likely than controls to choose immediate unsafe sex over delayed safer sex. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:297-304. [PMID: 27454677 PMCID: PMC5017011 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine users have a higher incidence of risky sexual behavior and HIV infection than nonusers. Our aim was to measure whether safer sex discount rates-a measure of the likelihood of having immediate unprotected sex versus waiting to have safer sex-differed between controls and cocaine users of varying severity. Of the 162 individuals included in the primary data analyses, 69 met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM-IV-TR) criteria for cocaine dependence, 29 were recreational cocaine users who did not meet the dependence criteria, and 64 were controls. Participants completed the Sexual Discounting Task, which measures a person's likelihood of using a condom when one is immediately available and how that likelihood decreases as a function of delay to condom availability with regard to 4 images chosen by the participants of hypothetical sexual partners differing in perceived desirability and likelihood of having a sexually transmitted infection. When a condom was immediately available, the stated likelihood of condom use sometimes differed between cocaine users and controls, which depended on the image condition. Even after controlling for rates of condom use when one is immediately available, the cocaine-dependent and recreational users groups were more sensitive to delay to condom availability than controls. Safer sex discount rates were also related to intelligence scores. The Sexual Discounting Task identifies delay as a key variable that impacts the likelihood of using a condom among these groups and suggests that HIV prevention efforts may be differentially effective based on an individual's safer sex discount rate. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail N. Koffarnus
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Matthew W. Johnson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Daisy G. Y. Thompson-Lake
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Terry Lohrenz
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - P. Read Montague
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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Moussa MN, Wesley MJ, Porrino LJ, Hayasaka S, Bechara A, Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ. Age-related differences in advantageous decision making are associated with distinct differences in functional community structure. Brain Connect 2014; 4:193-202. [PMID: 24575804 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2013.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human decision making is dependent on not only the function of several brain regions but also their synergistic interaction. The specific function of brain areas within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has long been studied in an effort to understand choice evaluation and decision making. These data specifically focus on whole-brain functional interconnectivity using the principles of network science. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was the first neuropsychological task used to model real-life decisions in a way that factors reward, punishment, and uncertainty. Clinically, it has been used to detect decision-making impairments characteristic of patients with prefrontal cortex lesions. Here, we used performance on repeated blocks of the IGT as a behavioral measure of advantageous and disadvantageous decision making in young and mature adults. Both adult groups performed poorly by predominately making disadvantageous selections in the beginning stages of the task. In later phases of the task, young adults shifted to more advantageous selections and outperformed mature adults. Modularity analysis revealed stark underlying differences in visual, sensorimotor and medial prefrontal cortex community structure. In addition, changes in orbitofrontal cortex connectivity predicted behavioral deficits in IGT performance. Contrasts were driven by a difference in age but may also prove relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders associated with poor decision making, including the vulnerability to alcohol and/or drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaak Nasser Moussa
- 1 Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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17
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Wesley MJ, Bickel WK. Remember the future II: meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:435-48. [PMID: 24041504 PMCID: PMC3943930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that working memory training decreased the discounting of future rewards in stimulant addicts without affecting a go/no-go task. While a relationship between delay discounting and working memory is consistent with other studies, the unique brain regions of plausible causality between these two abilities have yet to be determined. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses were performed on foci from studies of delay discounting (DD = 449), working memory (WM = 452), finger tapping (finger tapping = 450), and response inhibition (RI = 450). Activity maps from relatively less (finger tapping) and more (RI) demanding executive tasks were contrasted with maps of DD and WM. Overlap analysis identified unique functional coincidence between DD and WM. The anterior cingulate cortex was engaged by all tasks. Finger tapping largely engaged motor-related brain areas. In addition to motor-related areas, RI engaged frontal brain regions. The right lateral prefrontal cortex was engaged by RI, DD, and WM and was contrasted out of overlap maps. A functional cluster in the posterior portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex emerged as the largest location of unique overlap between DD and WM. A portion of the left lateral prefrontal cortex is a unique location where delay discounting and working memory processes overlap in the brain. This area, therefore, represents a therapeutic target for improving behaviors that rely on the integration of the recent past with the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA,Addiction Recovery Research Center,Human Neuroimaging Laboratory
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA,Addiction Recovery Research Center
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18
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Hanlon CA, Dufault DL, Wesley MJ, Porrino LJ. Elevated gray and white matter densities in cocaine abstainers compared to current users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:681-92. [PMID: 21691942 PMCID: PMC3197798 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Numerous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated lower neural tissue density in chronic cocaine users, which may be linked to cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine whether neural tissue density was also impaired in individuals abstinent from cocaine and whether any observed changes were associated with cognitive performance. METHODS A total of 73 participants were included: 24 active cocaine users, 24 abstainers (abstinent for at least 1 month), and 25 nondrug-abusing controls rigorously matched for age, gender, and IQ. All participants performed a cognitive assessment battery and received an MRI which was analyzed using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS The abstainers had significantly higher gray matter density than the current cocaine users in neocortical areas including the frontal and temporal cortex. In contrast to the users, there was no difference in white matter density in the abstainers relative to the controls. The abstainers performed better than current users on several behavioral tasks. Within users and abstainers, cortical density was correlated with performance on memory and reaction time tasks. Subcortical gray matter density was lower in both the users and abstainers relative to the controls. Within abstainers, subcortical tissue density was correlated with the ability to set-shift. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that individuals able to remain abstinent from cocaine for at least 1 month have elevated neocortical tissue density and perform better on multiple cognitive tests, relative to current cocaine users. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to address this interaction between abstinence, cognition, and cortical tissue density directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Darin L. Dufault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083 USA,
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19
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Hanlon CA, Wesley MJ, Stapleton JR, Laurienti PJ, Porrino LJ. The association between frontal-striatal connectivity and sensorimotor control in cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 115:240-3. [PMID: 21193273 PMCID: PMC3499027 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to cognitive and emotional processing dysfunction, chronic cocaine users are also impaired at simple sensorimotor tasks. Many diseases characterized by compulsive movements, repetitive actions, impaired attention and planning are associated with dysfunction in frontal-striatal circuits. The aim of this study was to determine whether cocaine users had impaired frontal-striatal connectivity during a simple movement task and whether this was associated with sensorimotor impairment. METHODS Functional MRI data were collected from 14 non-treatment seeking cocaine users and 15 healthy controls as they performed a finger-tapping task. Functional coupling was quantified by correlating the timecourses of each pair of anatomically connected regions of interest. Behavioral performance was correlated with all functional coupling coefficients. RESULTS In controls there was a significant relationship between the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area (SMA), as well as the SMA and the dorsal striatum during ongoing movement. Cocaine users exhibited weaker fronto-striatal coupling than controls, while the cortical-cortical coupling was intact. Coupling strength between the SMA and the caudate was negatively correlated with reaction time in the users. CONCLUSIONS The observation that cocaine users have impaired cortical-striatal connectivity during simple motor performance, suggests that these individuals may have a fundamental deficit in information processing that influences more complex cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Jennifer R. Stapleton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
- Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
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Wesley MJ, Hanlon CA, Porrino LJ. Poor decision-making by chronic marijuana users is associated with decreased functional responsiveness to negative consequences. Psychiatry Res 2011; 191:51-9. [PMID: 21145211 PMCID: PMC3125637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic marijuana users (MJ Users) perform poorly on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a complex decision-making task in which monetary wins and losses guide strategy development. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study sought to determine if the poor performance of MJ Users was related to differences in brain activity while evaluating wins and losses during the strategy development phase of the IGT. MJ Users (16) and Controls (16) performed a modified IGT in an MRI scanner. Performance was tracked and functional activity in response to early wins and losses was examined. While the MJ Users continued to perform poorly at the end of the task, there was no difference in group performance during the initial strategy development phase. During this phase, before the emergence of behavioral differences, Controls exhibited significantly greater activity in response to losses in the anterior cingulate cortex, medial frontal cortex, precuneus, superior parietal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum as compared to MJ Users. Furthermore, in Controls, but not MJ Users, the functional response to losses in the anterior cingulate cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex and rostral prefrontal cortex positively correlated with performance over time. These data suggest MJ Users are less sensitive to negative feedback during strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
- Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
- Address correspondence to: Linda J. Porrino, Ph.D., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, Tel: 336 716 8575, FAX: 336 716 8501,
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Hanlon CA, Wesley MJ, Roth AJ, Miller MD, Porrino LJ. Loss of laterality in chronic cocaine users: an fMRI investigation of sensorimotor control. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:15-23. [PMID: 19959345 PMCID: PMC2794910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Movement disturbances are often overlooked consequences of chronic cocaine abuse. The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate sensorimotor performance in chronic cocaine users and characterize changes in brain activity among movement-related regions of interest (ROIs) in these users. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 14 chronic cocaine users and 15 age- and gender-matched controls. All participants performed a sequential finger-tapping task with their dominant, right hand interleaved with blocks of rest. For each participant, percent signal change from rest was calculated for seven movement-related ROIs in both the left and right hemisphere. Cocaine users had significantly longer reaction times and higher error rates than controls. Whereas the controls used a left-sided network of motor-related brain areas to perform the task, cocaine users activated a less lateralized pattern of brain activity. Users had significantly more activity in the ipsilateral (right) motor and premotor cortical areas, anterior cingulate cortex and the putamen than controls. These data demonstrate that, in addition to the cognitive and affective consequences of chronic cocaine abuse, there are also pronounced alterations in sensorimotor control in these individuals, which are associated with functional alterations throughout movement-related neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Hanlon
- Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Hanlon CA, Wesley MJ, Porrino LJ. Loss of functional specificity in the dorsal striatum of chronic cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102:88-94. [PMID: 19264428 PMCID: PMC3124239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although research into the effects of cocaine has focused on the ventral striatum, recent reports have identified a significant role for the dorsal striatum. Given the importance of the dorsal striatum in motor control, the purpose of the present study was to investigate potential sensorimotor deficits among cocaine users and the functional basis of these deficits within the striatum. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 14 right-handed, non-treatment seeking chronic cocaine users and 14 age and gender matched controls during performance of two finger-sequencing paradigms that differentially activate the caudate (internally-guided) and the putamen (externally-guided) interleaved with blocks of rest. The total percent signal change in the dorsal striatum and the contribution of the left and right caudate and putamen were calculated and compared across groups and tasks. RESULTS Significant deficits in sensorimotor control were observed in cocaine users for both motor tasks, with the most severe impairments present during internally-guided movements. Cocaine users lacked the typical functional segregation observed in the dorsal striatum of the control subjects. The total percent signal change in the dorsal striatum was not significantly different between the groups, but cocaine users activated significantly less contralateral caudate and putamen for internally-guided versus externally-guided movements, respectively. CONCLUSION These data provide clear evidence that chronic cocaine users have significant motor performance deficits that are accompanied by disrupted processing within the dorsal striatum. These data suggest the effects of cocaine extend beyond the confines of the motivational domains of the ventral striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Hanlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Michael J. Wesley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
| | - Linda J. Porrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.),Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (U.S.A.)
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Gould RW, Czoty PW, Hanlon CA, Wesley MJ, Gill KE, Miller MD, Porrino LJ, Nader MA. Effects of an acute social stressor on brain glucose utilization and cocaine self‐administration in socially housed monkeys. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.713.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Nader
- Physiology and Pharmacology
- RadiologyWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston SalemNC
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Hopkins WD, Wesley MJ, Russell JL, Schapiro SJ. Parental and perinatal factors influencing the development of handedness in captive chimpanzees. Dev Psychobiol 2007; 48:428-35. [PMID: 16886179 PMCID: PMC2018752 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that human right handedness is determined by genetic factors associated with the emergence of language, whereas non-human primate handedness is determined by random, non-genetic factors. These different mechanisms account for differences in the distribution of handedness between human and non-human primates. Here we report evidence that genetic factors play a role in the determination of handedness in chimpanzees. We further report that differential rearing has no influence on the expression of handedness in related individuals. Contrary to many theories of the origin of handedness, these results indicate that genetic factors have a significant influence on handedness in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Wesley MJ. Gestural communication in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): the influence of experimenter position on gesture type and hand preference. Laterality 2005; 7:19-30. [PMID: 15513185 PMCID: PMC2175393 DOI: 10.1080/13576500143000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of experimenter position on hand use in gestural communication in a sample of 127 captive chimpanzees. Hand use in gestural communication was recorded while an experimenter was positioned either left, right, or directly in front of the subject. The type of gesture was also recorded as either a food beg or whole hand point. Both hand use and gesture were consistent across experimenter positions. Overall, a significant population-level right hand bias was found, particularly for food beg gestures. These results are consistent with previous findings in chimpanzees and suggest that lateralisation in gestural communication is left hemisphere dominant.
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Hopkins WD, Wesley MJ, Izard MK, Hook M, Schapiro SJ. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are predominantly right-handed: replication in three populations of apes. Behav Neurosci 2004; 118:659-63. [PMID: 15174946 PMCID: PMC2043156 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.118.3.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Population-level right-handedness has historically been considered a hallmark of human evolution. Even though recent studies in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have demonstrated population-level right-handedness for certain behaviors, some have questioned the validity and consistency of these findings by arguing that reported laterality effects are specific to certain colonies of apes and to those chimpanzees reared by humans. The authors report evidence of population-level right-handedness in 3 separate colonies of chimpanzees. Moreover, handedness in the 3 colonies was unrelated to the proportion of subjects that were raised by humans. This is the strongest evidence to date that population-level handedness is evident in chimpanzees and is not an artifact of human rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Stoinski TS, Lukas KE, Ross SR, Wesley MJ. Comparative assessment of handedness for a coordinated bimanual task in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). J Comp Psychol 2003; 117:302-8. [PMID: 14498806 PMCID: PMC2043167 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task were assessed in a sample of 31 captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and 19 captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and were compared with chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) hand preferences in subjects that were matched on the basis of age, sex, and rearing history. The task required that the apes remove food from the inside edges of a symmetrical polyvinyl chloride pipe presented to them in their home cages. The results indicate significant species differences with chimpanzees showing population-level right-handedness and orangutans showing population-level left-handedness. The gorillas showed a nonsignificant trend toward right-handedness. The results are discussed in terms of possible ecological or biomechanical factors that may influence hand preferences in different ape species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Cantalupo C, Wesley MJ, Hostetter AB, Pilcher DL. Grip morphology and hand use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence of a left hemisphere specialization in motor skill. J Exp Psychol Gen 2003. [PMID: 12214755 DOI: 10.1037//0096-3445.131.3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments on grip morphology and hand use were conducted in a sample of chimpanzees. In Experiment 1, grip morphology when grasping food items was recorded, and it was found that subjects who adopted a precision grip were more right-handed than chimpanzees using other grips. In Experiment 2, the effect of food type on grasping was assessed. Smaller food items elicited significantly more precision grips for the right hand. In Experiment 3, error rates in grasping foods were compared between the left and right hands. Significantly more errors were made for the left compared with the right hand. The cumulative results indicate that chimpanzees show a left-hemisphere asymmetry in motor skill that is associated with the use of precision grips.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Cantalupo C, Wesley MJ, Hostetter AB, Pilcher DL. Grip morphology and hand use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): evidence of a left hemisphere specialization in motor skill. J Exp Psychol Gen 2002; 131:412-23. [PMID: 12214755 PMCID: PMC2080773 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.131.3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments on grip morphology and hand use were conducted in a sample of chimpanzees. In Experiment 1, grip morphology when grasping food items was recorded, and it was found that subjects who adopted a precision grip were more right-handed than chimpanzees using other grips. In Experiment 2, the effect of food type on grasping was assessed. Smaller food items elicited significantly more precision grips for the right hand. In Experiment 3, error rates in grasping foods were compared between the left and right hands. Significantly more errors were made for the left compared with the right hand. The cumulative results indicate that chimpanzees show a left-hemisphere asymmetry in motor skill that is associated with the use of precision grips.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Division of Psychobiology, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Fernandez-Carriba S, Wesley MJ, Hostetter A, Pilcher D, Poss S. The use of bouts and frequencies in the evaluation of hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): an empirical study comparing two different indices of laterality. J Comp Psychol 2002. [PMID: 11594498 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7036.115.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task were assessed in 109 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Hand preference was evaluated for 4 test sessions using bouts and frequencies of hand use to compare the sensitivity of each level of analysis in evaluating individual variation in handedness. Overall, significant population-level right-handedness was found using several different measures of hand use. Handedness indices based on bouts and frequencies were highly and significantly correlated. Moreover, hand preferences were consistent across tests despite efforts to situationally bias preference during each test. Taken together, these data do not support the view that bouts are a better level of analysis for evaluating hand preference. The results further suggest that hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions are not influenced by situational factors and may reflect an inherent specialization of the left hemisphere for motor skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA.
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Hopkins WD, Fernandez-Carriba S, Wesley MJ, Hostetter A, Pilcher D, Poss S. The use of bouts and frequencies in the evaluation of hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): an empirical study comparing two different indices of laterality. J Comp Psychol 2001; 115:294-9. [PMID: 11594498 PMCID: PMC2063574 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.115.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hand preferences for a coordinated bimanual task were assessed in 109 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Hand preference was evaluated for 4 test sessions using bouts and frequencies of hand use to compare the sensitivity of each level of analysis in evaluating individual variation in handedness. Overall, significant population-level right-handedness was found using several different measures of hand use. Handedness indices based on bouts and frequencies were highly and significantly correlated. Moreover, hand preferences were consistent across tests despite efforts to situationally bias preference during each test. Taken together, these data do not support the view that bouts are a better level of analysis for evaluating hand preference. The results further suggest that hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions are not influenced by situational factors and may reflect an inherent specialization of the left hemisphere for motor skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Berry College, USA.
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