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Cournoyer A, Amerman H, Assenmacher CA, Durham A, Perry JA, Gedney A, Keuler N, Atherton MJ, Lenz JA. Quantification of CD3, FoxP3, and granzyme B immunostaining in canine renal cell carcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110741. [PMID: 38520894 PMCID: PMC11056291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity and is associated with patient outcome in various human and canine malignancies. As a first assessment of the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment in canine renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we retrospectively analyzed clinical data and quantified CD3, FoxP3, and granzyme B immunostaining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 16 dogs diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma treated with ureteronephrectomy. Cell density was low for all markers evaluated. Increased numbers of intratumoral FoxP3 labelled (+) cells, as well as decreased granzyme B+: FoxP3+ TIL ratio, were associated with poor patient outcomes. Our initial study of canine RCC reveals that these tumors are immunologically cold and Tregs may play an important role in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Cournoyer
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hayley Amerman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James A Perry
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison Gedney
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Keuler
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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2
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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3
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Kenny SA, Cook MR, Lenz JA, Maritato KC, Skorupski KA, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Pellin MA, Silveira CJ, Veytsman S, Selmic LE, Husbands BD. Clinical outcomes in cats with renal carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy: A retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:587-594. [PMID: 37464904 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Renal carcinomas (RC) are uncommonly encountered in feline medicine. Limited information regarding clinical presentation and postoperative outcomes is available. The purpose of this multi-institutional, retrospective study was to describe the presenting features and clinical outcomes of cats with RC undergoing nephrectomy. Thirty-six client-owned cats were included. Medical records from participating institutions were searched to identify cats that had a histopathologic diagnosis of RC and underwent nephrectomy from January 2001 to October 2021. The most common presenting complaints were weight loss (36.1%) and hyporexia (30.6%). Based on preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings, eight cats had suspected metastasis at the time of surgery (22.2%). Twenty-eight cats survived to discharge (77.8%). Median progression free interval (PFI) could not be determined, as only six cats developed suspected recurrence (16.7%) and seven cats developed suspected metastasis (19.4%). The all-cause median survival time (MST) was 203 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84, 1379 days). When cases that died prior to discharge were excluded, MST increased to 1217 days (95% CI: 127, 1641 days). One-year, two-year, and three-year survival rates were all 40.4%. Neither renal tumour histologic subtype nor the presence of preoperative azotemia, anaemia, erythrocytosis, haematuria, or suspected metastasis at diagnosis were found to influence survival. For cats surviving to discharge, prolonged survival times were possible. Further studies are necessary to elucidate other potential prognostic factors, the utility of postoperative adjuvant treatment, and to identify cats at-risk of mortality in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Kenny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew R Cook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lenz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - MacKenzie A Pellin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Catrina J Silveira
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Stan Veytsman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian D Husbands
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lee DE, Nam CH, Yoon HY, Bae K, Yoon KA, Kim JH. Case report: Adjuvant therapy with toceranib for an incompletely resected renal cell carcinoma with suspected pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1287185. [PMID: 38026615 PMCID: PMC10680256 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1287185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary renal neoplasia is rare in humans and dogs, with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) being the most common form of this cancer. As RCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, pulmonary metastasis is frequently observed. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard adjuvant treatments for metastatic RCC in humans. Similarly, in veterinary medicine, recent trials have employed TKIs for early-stage RCC patients who underwent complete surgical resection and showed no distant metastasis. However, the use of TKIs has not yet been reported commonly in cases of advanced RCC with metastasis. This case study presents the first clinical outcomes of TKI therapy in a dog with incompletely resected RCC and metastasis. A 5-year-old spayed female Chihuahua was referred to our hospital with a right renal mass and multiple pulmonary nodules suspected to be metastases. A portion of the renal mass was surgically removed, and histopathological examination revealed RCC with a high mitotic index. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered, owing to incomplete resection with suspected pulmonary metastasis. An anticancer drug response prediction test was conducted using patient tissues. Since toceranib showed the most favorable responsiveness, it was selected as a therapeutic agent. Toceranib was orally administered at a dosage of 2.27 mg/kg every 48 h. Regular medical records for potential adverse effects were obtained, including systemic blood pressure, complete blood count, serum biochemical examination, and urinalysis. After 2 weeks of toceranib therapy, partial remission of pulmonary nodules continued for 2 months. The patient did not experience any adverse effects of the anticancer drug during the 4-month follow-up period. However, the patient died from an unidentified cause 6 months after the initial detection of the renal mass. This report describes the use of toceranib in dogs with RCC. In the present case, the patient showed an initial response to chemotherapy, and despite the presence of several poor prognostic factors, the dog survived beyond the expected 3-month lifespan to 6 months. Notably, no adverse events were observed during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Eun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Nam
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kimata A, Ishigaki K, Tamura K, Iizuka K, Sakurai N, Terai K, Heishima T, Yoshida O, Asano K. Transarterial chemoembolisation for palliative treatment of renal cell carcinoma in two dogs with pulmonary metastasis. J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:904-910. [PMID: 36226325 PMCID: PMC10092729 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two dogs with anorexia and rapid weight loss were referred to our hospital due to a right renal mass and several pulmonary nodules. Both dogs underwent needle core biopsy of the mass, followed by transarterial chemoembolisation of the renal mass. A catheter was inserted from the femoral artery and advanced into the right renal artery. A suspension of carboplatin (100 mg/m2 ) and equivalent lipiodol was administered via the inserted multipurpose catheter. Immediately after, under fluoroscopic guidance, pulse injections of small amounts of gelatin particles (diameter 1 mm) dissolved in iohexol were administered until complete embolisation of the renal artery. Histopathologic diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma in both dogs. Clinical signs improved for 134 and 358 days after transarterial chemoembolisation. In addition, postoperative radiographs demonstrated a decrease in the tumour size. The dogs died 215 and 525 days after the initial evaluation, respectively. As a palliative treatment, transarterial chemoembolisation might help reduce the tumour volume and improve the quality of life in dogs with renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kimata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - K Ishigaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - K Tamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - K Iizuka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - N Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - K Terai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - T Heishima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - O Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - K Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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6
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Damian G, Di Bella A. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a dachshund with prolonged survival time. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Romero BF, Iglesias-García M, Gil-Molino M, Gómez L, Galapero J, Parejo C, Cuervo MM. BILATERAL UVEITIS IN A HORSE WITH A RENAL CARCINOMA. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104111. [PMID: 36031033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Equine uveitis is a common eye disease that affect horses from different breeds, ages and genders. Uveitis has been described as inflammation of the uvea secondary immunomediated processes or eye trauma. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common tumor that can affect the equine kidneys. The present case describe a horse that was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Extremadura with bilateral uveitis. The horse was treated for the primary complain but the horse collapse and die during hospitalization. At necropsy, a tumoral mass in kidney with extensive in other locations as liver, lung, and lymphonodes was described. Within peritoneal cavity a pedunculated mass has been observed next to severe hemoperitoneum. Histologically, primary neoplasia and its metastasis was composed by a proliferation of epithelial cells, which were organized in a tubulopapillary pattern, similarly in the ciliary body this pattern was also observed. The diagnosis of renal carcinoma with metastasis in both uveal structures was performed. Immunomarker with CD10, AE1-AE3 and vimentin evidenced the same origin of primary neoplasia. Uveal metastasis should be included as differential diagnoses in aged horses with uveitis that not response with the medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fuentes Romero
- Veterinary Teaching hospital of the University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España
| | - M Iglesias-García
- Veterinary Teaching hospital of the University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España
| | - M Gil-Molino
- Veterinary Teaching hospital of the University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España
| | - L Gómez
- Animal Medicine department, pathological anatomy unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España
| | - J Galapero
- Animal Medicine department, pathological anatomy unit, University of Extremadura. Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España
| | - C Parejo
- Hospital Espírito Santo E.P.E, Èvora Serviço de Anatomia Patológica Largo Senhor da Pobreza s/n 7000, Évora
| | - M Martín- Cuervo
- Veterinary Teaching hospital of the University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad SN. 10071 Cáceres, España.
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8
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Pitt K, Tremolada G. Primary histiocytic sarcoma in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne Pitt
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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9
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Whitlock J, Alexander A, Williams C, Griffin S, Allerton F. Budd–Chiari syndrome secondary to caudal vena cava obstruction by vascularly invasive lymphoma in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Whitlock
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Solihull West Midlands UK
| | | | - Claire Williams
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Solihull West Midlands UK
| | - Sally Griffin
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Solihull West Midlands UK
| | - Fergus Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Solihull West Midlands UK
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10
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Hart E, Singh A, Thomson CB, Appleby R, Richardson D, Hocker S, Bernard S, Pinard C. Outcomes after transperitoneal laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for the treatment of primary renal neoplasia in seven dogs. Vet Surg 2021; 50 Suppl 1:O108-O115. [PMID: 34232525 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the perioperative characteristics and outcomes in dogs that underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy (TLU) for primary renal neoplasia. STUDY DESIGN Short case series. ANIMALS Seven client-owned dogs. METHODS Medical records were reviewed and data extracted regarding perioperative characteristics and animal outcomes. TLU was performed using a single-port + 1 or multiple port techniques. Hemostatic clips or a vessel-sealing device were used for occlusion of renal hilar vessels. The ureter was occluded and transected close to the ureterovesicular junction and the tumor was placed in a specimen retrieval bag for extraction from the abdomen. RESULTS Preoperative contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) was performed in 6/7 dogs. Median estimated tumor volume measured from abdominal CECT removed by TLU was 32.42 cm3 (interquartile range [IQR] 14.76-94.85). Median surgery time for TLU was 90 minutes (IQR 85-105). In one dog, elective conversion to open laparotomy was performed due to large tumor size. Median time to discharge was 31 hours (IQR 24-48). No major perioperative complications occurred and all dogs survived to discharge. Progression free survival in four dogs was 422 days (IQR 119-784). CONCLUSION TLU was performed for the extirpation of modest sized primary renal tumors with acceptable perioperative outcomes and a low complication rate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TLU may be considered for the treatment of selected cases of primary renal neoplasia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hart
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ryan Appleby
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Hocker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, KS, USA
| | - Sarah Bernard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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RENAL NEOPLASIA FROM A SINGLE POPULATION OF PTEROPODID BATS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:696-704. [PMID: 33480548 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases have rarely been reported in the family Pteropodidae, and primary malignant renal neoplasms are generally uncommon across animal species. This case series describes four cases of primary renal neoplasia: three renal cell carcinomas and one nephroblastoma in three species of pteropodid bats, specifically large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus, n = 2), straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum, n = 1), and a little golden-mantled flying fox (Pteropus pumilus, n = 1). Two of the cases were diagnosed antemortem using ultrasonography, computed tomography, and cytology; and one of these bats with a renal cell carcinoma was treated successfully with a unilateral nephrectomy. The remaining two cases were diagnosed at necropsy.
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12
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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Gregório H, Magalhães TR, Pires I, Prada J, Carvalho MI, Queiroga FL. The role of COX expression in the prognostication of overall survival of canine and feline cancer: A systematic review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1107-1119. [PMID: 33751829 PMCID: PMC8294401 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms-1 and -2 have been extensively investigated in cancer. Although COX-2 is the isoform most studied and has been described in several malignancies associated with histologic criteria of malignancy and worse prognosis, COX-1 has also been linked to some forms of cancer. With the present review our aim was to summarize the current state of knowledge and clarify if and in which type of tumours COX-1 and/or COX-2 expression have real prognostic implications. We searched PubMed database for prognostic studies using predefined inclusion criteria in order to ascertain the prognostic value of COX-1 and COX-2 in malignant neoplasia in dogs and cats. Eighteen studies were analysed. COX-2 was shown to be a negative prognostic factor in canine and feline mammary tumours, canine mast cell tumour, canine melanoma, canine osteosarcoma and canine renal cell carcinoma. COX-1 showed a negative prognostic value in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We found high heterogeneity among studies regarding COX immunohistochemical evaluation methodology even in the same type of neoplasia pointing out the need for its standardization at least by tumour type. The available data support the use of COX-2 as a prognostic factor in canine (mammary carcinoma, mast cell tumour, melanoma, osteosarcoma and renal carcinoma) and feline (mammary carcinoma) cancers. For COX-1, its use is advised in feline oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gregório
- AniCura ®Centro Hospitalar Veterinario, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tomás R Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria I Carvalho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Alcoverro E, Sánchez‐Masián D, Ricci E, Schiborra F, Morris J, Finotello R. Cranial solitary osseous plasmacytoma and subjacent amyloid deposition in a dog. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:2498-2503. [PMID: 33363766 PMCID: PMC7752354 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary osseous plasmacytomas affecting the vertebrae, the zygomatic arch, and ribs occur in dogs. In this report, we describe clinical and imaging features of a solitary osseous plasmacytoma affecting the skull with deposition of amyloid forming a mass-like lesion. To the authors' knowledge, no similar cases have been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Alcoverro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical ScienceInstitute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | | | - Emanuele Ricci
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public HealthInstitute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Frederike Schiborra
- Department of Small Animal Clinical ScienceInstitute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Joanna Morris
- Small Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical ScienceInstitute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
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15
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Rissi DR, Dill-Okubo JA. Metastatic renal interstitial cell tumor in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:957-960. [PMID: 32875960 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720954153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial cell tumor (RICT) is a rare renal sarcoma of dogs that arises from renal interstitial cells. Herein we describe a RICT in an 8-y-old female Labrador Retriever dog that died after a 2-d history of lethargy and disorientation. Grossly, soft white nodules of 1-10 mm diameter were present in the renal cortex and corticomedullary junction of both kidneys, left cardiac ventricular wall, and right cerebral hemisphere. A pale-white to yellow, firm, irregular mass effaced 80% of the right pulmonary parenchyma, involving mainly the cranial and middle lobes, and the adjacent tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Histologically, the renal, myocardial, and cerebral neoplasm consisted of interlacing bundles of stellate-to-spindle cells with eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm and round-to-oval nuclei with finely stippled chromatin. The mitotic count was 28 per 2.37 mm2. Alcian blue stain revealed an extracellular myxomatous matrix throughout the neoplasm. Neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic immunolabeling for vimentin and cyclooxygenase 2. The pulmonary and tracheobronchial neoplasm consisted of infiltrative nodules of cuboidal epithelial cells that had a moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei with coarsely stippled chromatin. There were 5 mitoses per 2.37 mm2. Neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic and nuclear immunolabeling for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and thyroid transcription factor 1, respectively. Morphologic and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a RICT with cardiac and cerebral metastases, and a pulmonary carcinoma with tracheobronchial lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA
| | - Jennifer A Dill-Okubo
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, Kissimmee, FL
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16
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Murphy S. Small animal oncology: giving clients a more accurate prognosis. Vet Rec 2020; 184:652-653. [PMID: 31123209 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Murphy
- University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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17
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Bertram CA, Aubreville M, Gurtner C, Bartel A, Corner SM, Dettwiler M, Kershaw O, Noland EL, Schmidt A, Sledge DG, Smedley RC, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R. Computerized Calculation of Mitotic Count Distribution in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor Sections: Mitotic Count Is Area Dependent. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:214-226. [PMID: 31808382 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic count (MC) is an important element for grading canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) and is determined in 10 consecutive high-power fields with the highest mitotic activity. However, there is variability in area selection between pathologists. In this study, the MC distribution and the effect of area selection on the MC were analyzed in ccMCTs. Two pathologists independently annotated all mitotic figures in whole-slide images of 28 ccMCTs (ground truth). Automated image analysis was used to examine the ground truth distribution of the MC throughout the tumor section area, which was compared with the manual MCs of 11 pathologists. Computerized analysis demonstrated high variability of the MC within different tumor areas. There were 6 MCTs with consistently low MCs (MC<7 in all tumor areas), 13 cases with mostly high MCs (MC ≥7 in ≥75% of 10 high-power field areas), and 9 borderline cases with variable MCs around 7, which is a cutoff value for ccMCT grading. There was inconsistency among pathologists in identifying the areas with the highest density of mitotic figures throughout the 3 ccMCT groups; only 51.9% of the counts were consistent with the highest 25% of the ground truth MC distribution. Regardless, there was substantial agreement between pathologists in detecting tumors with MC ≥7. Falsely low MCs below 7 mainly occurred in 4 of 9 borderline cases that had very few ground truth areas with MC ≥7. The findings of this study highlight the need to further standardize how to select the region of the tumor in which to determine the MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Bertram
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Aubreville
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah M Corner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erica L Noland
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anja Schmidt
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Dodd G Sledge
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Tanaka T, Akiyoshi H, Nishida H, Mie K, Lin LS, Iimori Y, Okamoto M. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings of canine primary renal tumors including renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and hemangiosarcoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225211. [PMID: 31756212 PMCID: PMC6874336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, abdominal ultrasonography is used to rank the differential diagnosis of renal lesions. However, a conventional sonographic examination may show nonspecific findings. The purpose of this study was to assess the computed tomography (CT) findings of canine renal tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), lymphoma, and hemangiosarcoma (HSA). In this retrospective study, the following CT parameters were recorded for each dog: 1) extent of renal involvement of tumors, 2) enhancement pattern, 3) number of renal tumors, 4) renal tumor vessel enhancement in the corticomedullary phase, 5) presence of lymphadenopathy and lung metastasis, and 6) attenuation values of the renal tumors on the pre- and post-contrast corticomedullary, nephrographic, and excretory phase images. Fifteen dogs met the inclusion criteria, of which nine had RCCs, four had lymphomas, and two had HSAs. RCCs tended to show heterogeneous enhancement and unilateral renal involvement, and vessel enhancement was detected in the corticomedullary phase in dogs with RCC. Conversely, renal lymphomas showed homogeneous enhancement, bilateral renal involvement, and multiple masses; in these dogs, no vessel enhancement was detected in the corticomedullary phase, and the incidence of lymphadenopathy was low. However, in dogs with lymphadenopathy, the renal lymphoma was associated with regionally severe lymphadenopathy. Finally, renal HSAs tended to show heterogeneous enhancement with a non-enhanced area and unilateral renal involvement; in these dogs, vessel enhancement was detected in the nephrographic phase, with the enhancement expanding around the vessel. These findings had no significant differences. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to examine the association between CT and histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
- Kinki Animal Medical Training Institute and Veterinary Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lee-Shuan Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Yasumasa Iimori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Osaka Prefecture University, Department of Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Bertram CA, Aubreville M, Marzahl C, Maier A, Klopfleisch R. A large-scale dataset for mitotic figure assessment on whole slide images of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor. Sci Data 2019; 6:274. [PMID: 31754105 PMCID: PMC6872565 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel, large-scale dataset for microscopy cell annotations. The dataset includes 32 whole slide images (WSI) of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, selected to include both low grade cases as well as high grade cases. The slides have been completely annotated for mitotic figures and we provide secondary annotations for neoplastic mast cells, inflammatory granulocytes, and mitotic figure look-alikes. Additionally to a blinded two-expert manual annotation with consensus, we provide an algorithm-aided dataset, where potentially missed mitotic figures were detected by a deep neural network and subsequently assessed by two human experts. We included 262,481 annotations in total, out of which 44,880 represent mitotic figures. For algorithmic validation, we used a customized RetinaNet approach, followed by a cell classification network. We find F1-Scores of 0.786 and 0.820 for the manually labelled and the algorithm-aided dataset, respectively. The dataset provides, for the first time, WSIs completely annotated for mitotic figures and thus enables assessment of mitosis detection algorithms on complete WSIs as well as region of interest detection algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Bertram
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Aubreville
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christian Marzahl
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Murphy S. Small animal oncology: how to give a client a more accurate prognosis. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Primary renal tumors are an uncommon diagnosis in small animals. Presentation, treatment, and prognosis depend on tumor type. Surgery with or without chemotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common tumor of the urinary system. Clinical signs include hematuria, stranguria, and pollakiuria. Metastatic disease can develop over time within medial iliac lymph nodes, lungs, and vertebrae. Treatment of transitional cell carcinoma centers on chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, vinblastine, or carboplatin. Other agents used with success, include toceranib phosphate and chlorambucil. Interventional surgery, such as stenting and laser ablation, is used in a palliative setting addressing urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Elaine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Science, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Carol J DeRegis
- Piper Memorial Veterinary Center, 730 Randolph Road, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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22
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McAloney CA, Sharkey LC, Feeney DA, Seelig DM, Avery AC, Jessen CR. Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of cytologic examination of renal fine-needle aspirates from dogs and the use of ultrasonographic features to inform cytologic diagnosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1247-1256. [PMID: 29701529 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.10.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe cytologic characteristics of renal fine-needle aspirate (FNA) samples from dogs, evaluate proportions of cytologic specimens deemed adequate for interpretation (diagnostic yield), assess diagnostic utility of cytologic examination for neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases, and characterize ultrasonographic features of evaluated kidneys to determine whether the imaging characteristics could be used to inform cytologic interpretations. DESIGN Retrospective, observational study. SAMPLE 102 cytologic specimens and 97 ultrasonographic studies from 100 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs that underwent ultrasound-guided renal FNA. Slides were categorized as adequate or inadequate for interpretation; adequate slides were used for retrospective cytologic diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of cytologic examination for detection of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions were calculated by comparison with histologic or lymphoid cell clonality assay results. Ultrasonographic characteristics of neoplastic and nonneoplastic renal lesions were described. RESULTS 74 of 102 (72%) specimens had slides adequate for interpretation; 26 were included in the diagnostic accuracy analysis. Sensitivity of cytologic examination was 78% and 50% for detection of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions, respectively, with specificities of 50% and 77%, respectively; sensitivity for detection of lymphoma was 100%. Ultrasonographic appearance of kidneys with confirmed neoplasia varied; masses were most commonly found in kidneys with carcinoma (5/5), lymphoma (5/7), or other neoplasia (3/4) and absent in kidneys with nonneoplastic conditions (n = 5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Renal FNA specimens were adequate for interpretation at rates comparable with those reported for other organs and were considered clinically useful for diagnosis of neoplasia. Imaging characteristics may potentially aid differentiation between neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions; however, further investigation is needed.
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23
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Matsumoto I, Chambers JK, Nibe K, Kinoshita R, Nishimura R, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Histopathologic and Immunohistochemistry Findings in Feline Renal Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:663-672. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818776055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior and immunohistochemical features of feline renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have not been well characterized. In the present study, immunohistochemical examinations were performed in 12 feline cases of RCC. The RCC consisted of solid ( n = 2), solid-tubular ( n = 2), tubular ( n = 3), papillary ( n = 2), tubulopapillary ( n = 2), and sarcomatoid ( n = 1) type lesions. Of the cases with RCC, 1 developed metastatic disease and 6 cases had no evidence of recurrence at 80 to 2292 days after surgery. One papillary-type tumor had cuboidal cells with scant cytoplasm and monomorphic nuclei, and the other had pseudostratified columnar cells with abundant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the tumor cells in most cases were positive for cytokeratin (CK)7, CK20, KIT, and CD10, with the exception of cases of the solid type with clear cytoplasm (solid anaplastic), papillary type with columnar cells, and sarcomatoid types. A small number of tumor cells in the solid anaplastic and in the sarcomatoid types were positive for aquaporin-1. Increased expression of N-cadherin and Twist along with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin were observed in the sarcomatoid type. These results indicated that CK, KIT, and CD10 are relatively strongly expressed in most feline RCC. The solid anaplastic RCC exhibited CD10 expression with the absence of distal tubule marker expression. Although immunohistochemistry profiles were relatively consistent with those described in human RCC, the histopathologic features were different from those seen in humans. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression in the current cases may suggest the involvement of an EMT-like mechanism in the development of sarcomatoid RCC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Nibe
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Suárez-Bonnet A, Lara-García A, Stoll AL, Carvalho S, Priestnall SL. 14-3-3σ Protein Expression in Canine Renal Cell Carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:233-240. [PMID: 29145797 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817738097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3σ is a protein expressed in many epithelial tissues associated with essential cell functions, including cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal integrity. There is a paucity of knowledge of the tumorigenesis of canine renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and the histological origin of this tumor has not been established. This study analyzed the expression of 14-3-3σ, Ki-67, cytokeratins, and vimentin in 40 canine RCCs. Aberrant expression of 14-3-3σ was demonstrated in 15 (38%) cases and was associated with a significantly shorter survival time ( P < .002). In contrast to canine RCC, normal kidney did not express 14-3-3σ. The Ki-67 proliferation index did not show utility as a prognostic factor. The distal convoluted tubular epithelium in normal kidneys coexpressed cytokeratins and vimentin, and thus maintenance of this coexpression pattern in canine RCC suggests that most tumors arise from the distal segment of the nephron. These results suggest that 14-3-3σ is a potential negative prognostic factor and a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ana Lara-García
- 2 Department of Oncology Service, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alexander L Stoll
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sofia Carvalho
- 2 Department of Oncology Service, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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25
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Immunohistochemical Profile of 20 Feline Renal Cell Carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Beck J, Miller MA, Frank C, DuSold D, Ramos-Vara JA. Surfactant Protein A and Napsin A in the Immunohistochemical Characterization of Canine Pulmonary Carcinomas: Comparison With Thyroid Transcription Factor-1. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:767-774. [PMID: 28578631 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817712559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a specific and sensitive marker for canine pulmonary tumors but is also expressed in thyroid carcinomas, which commonly metastasize to lung. Napsin A and surfactant protein A (SP-A) are used in the histologic diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer in humans but have not been thoroughly evaluated in neoplasms of dogs. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of immunohistochemistry for SP-A, napsin A, and TTF-1 in the diagnosis of canine pulmonary carcinomas. TTF-1, napsin A, and SP-A antibodies were applied to 67 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine pulmonary tumors. Although each marker had good sensitivity, only 3% (2/67) of lung tumors were negative for SP-A compared with 7% (5/67) and 9% (6/67) for napsin A and TTF-1, respectively. Each antigen was detected in a greater percentage of cells of tumors with acinar or papillary patterns compared with those with squamous differentiation. SP-A immunoreactivity was absent in all 113 nonpulmonary tumors tested. Of 108 normal tissues, SP-A was detected only in lung and in 1 of 6 adrenal, 1 of 3 endometrial, and 1 of 4 hepatic sections. Based on these findings, SP-A and napsin A are useful markers of canine lung epithelial neoplasia. Of these, SP-A is the most sensitive and specific (a possible pitfall is the need to distinguish entrapped normal pulmonary epithelial cells or alveolar macrophages from neoplastic cells) and can be used in combination with TTF-1 or napsin A to improve detection and differentiation of pulmonary carcinomas from metastatic tumors in the canine lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beck
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,2 Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Miller
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chad Frank
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dee DuSold
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Peat TJ, Edmondson EF, Miller MA, DuSold DM, Ramos-Vara JA. Pax8, Napsin A, and CD10 as Immunohistochemical Markers of Canine Renal Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:588-594. [PMID: 28346124 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pax8, napsin A, and CD10 are useful immunohistochemical markers of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, their diagnostic utility in canine RCC is unclear. Forty formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded renal cell carcinomas from dogs (15 papillary, 12 solid, and 13 tubular) and 10 metastases were evaluated for expression of Pax8, napsin A, and CD10. Thirty-nine (98%), 24 (60%), and 19 (50%) tumors expressed Pax8 (nuclear labeling), napsin A (cytoplasmic labeling), and CD10 (cytoplasmic and membranous labeling), respectively. Pax8 was expressed in 92% of solid, 100% of papillary, and 100% of tubular tumors. Napsin A was expressed in 58% of solid, 60% of papillary, and 62% of tubular RCC. CD10 was expressed in 33% of solid, 47% of papillary, and 62% of tubular RCC. Pax8 was expressed in 80% of the metastatic tumors, napsin A in 60%, and CD10 in 50%. Additionally, Pax8 immunoreactivity was stronger overall than that of napsin A or CD10. In summary, Pax8 is a more sensitive marker than napsin A or CD10 for primary and metastatic canine RCC; its nuclear and more intense reactivity also makes it easier to interpret. Tubular and papillary RCCs were more likely than solid RCC to express all 3 markers. These findings highlight the utility of Pax8 as an immunohistochemical marker in diagnosing all major subtypes of canine primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Peat
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elijah F. Edmondson
- NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Margaret A. Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dee M. DuSold
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - José A. Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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28
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Carvalho S, Stoll AL, Priestnall SL, Suarez-Bonnet A, Rassnick K, Lynch S, Schoepper I, Romanelli G, Buracco P, Atherton M, de Merlo EM, Lara-Garcia A. Retrospective evaluation of COX-2 expression, histological and clinical factors as prognostic indicators in dogs with renal cell carcinomas undergoing nephrectomy. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:1280-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Carvalho
- Oncology Service, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. L. Stoll
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - S. L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Suarez-Bonnet
- Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Arucas Spain
| | - K. Rassnick
- Veterinary Medical Centre of Central New York; New York USA
| | - S. Lynch
- Davies Veterinary Specialists; Hitchin UK
| | | | | | - P. Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - M. Atherton
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - E. M. de Merlo
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Veterinaria Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Lara-Garcia
- Oncology Service, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hertfordshire UK
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Bonsembiante F, Benali SL, Trez D, Aresu L, Gelain ME. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of feline renal cell carcinoma: a case series. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1039-43. [PMID: 26888581 PMCID: PMC4937140 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four feline renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) were examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical procedures. Specimens were classified by predominant histological pattern according to WHO criteria. A panel of antibodies including β-catenin, C-KIT, VEGF and VEGF-R2 and double immunostaining for vimentin/cytokeratin and for E-cadherin/CD10 was selected to characterize the tumors. Neoplasms were classified as tubular (3/4) and papillary (1/4). Neoplastic epithelial cells were cytokeratin, vimentin, E-cadherin, VEGF-R2 positive and C-KIT negative; 3 cases were β-catenin positive, whereas only 2 tumors were CD10 and VEGF positive. No correlation with histotype was evident. Our results confirm the low frequency of RCCs in cats and suggest a histological pattern similar to canine RCCs. In contrast, a peculiar immunohistochemical profile different from both canine and human RCCs is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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