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He B, Sridhar A, Streiff C, Deketelaere C, Zhang H, Gao Y, Hu Y, Pirotte S, Delrez N, Davison AJ, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen AFC. In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage. Viruses 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37632088 PMCID: PMC10459324 DOI: 10.3390/v15081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a virus that causes mass mortality in economically important Carassius spp. However, there have been no comprehensive studies into host susceptibility or permissivity with respect to developmental stage, and the major portal of viral entry into the host is still unclear. To help bridge these knowledge gaps, we developed the first ever recombinant strain of CyHV-2 expressing bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter genes. Infection of Carassius auratus hosts with this recombinant by immersion facilitated the exploitation of various in vivo imaging techniques to establish the spatiotemporal aspects of CyHV-2 replication at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages. While less susceptible than later developmental stages, larvae were most permissive to CyHV-2 replication, leading to rapid systemic infection and high mortality. Permissivity to CyHV-2 decreased with advancing development, with adults being the least permissive and, thus, also exhibiting the least mortality. Across all developmental stages, the skin was the most susceptible and permissive organ to infection at the earliest sampling points post-infection, indicating that it represents the major portal of entry into these hosts. Collectively these findings provide important fundamental insights into CyHV-2 pathogenesis and epidemiology in Carassius auratus with high relevance to other related economically important virus-host models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Cindy Streiff
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Sebastien Pirotte
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain F. C. Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
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Qian M, Xiao S, Yang Y, Yu F, Wen J, Lu L, Wang H. Screening and identification of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) ORF55-interacting proteins by phage display. Virol J 2023; 20:66. [PMID: 37046316 PMCID: PMC10091560 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a pathogenic fish virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae. The CyHV-2 gene encoding thymidine kinase (TK) is an important virulence-associated factor. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the biological function of open reading frame 55 (ORF55) in viral replication. METHODS Purified CyHV-2 ORF55 protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression, and the interacting peptide was screened out using phage display. Host interacting proteins were then predicted and validated. RESULTS ORF55 was efficiently expressed in the prokaryotic expression system. Protein and peptide interaction prediction and dot-blot overlay assay confirmed that peptides identified by phage display could interact with the ORF55 protein. Comparing the peptides to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database revealed four potential interacting proteins. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR results demonstrated high expression of an actin-binding Rho-activating protein in the latter stages of virus-infected cells, and molecular docking, cell transfection and coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that it interacted with the ORF55 protein. CONCLUSION During viral infection, the ORF55 protein exerts its biological function through interactions with host proteins. The specific mechanisms remain to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qian
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Simin Xiao
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yapeng Yang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jinxuan Wen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Yang J, Wen J, Xiao S, Wei C, Yu F, Roengjit P, Lu L, Wang H. Complete Genome and Molecular Characterization of a New Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH-01 Strain Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2022; 14:2068. [PMID: 36146873 DOI: 10.3390/v14092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a causative factor of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) in farmed crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). In this study, we analyzed the genomic characteristics of a new strain, CyHV-2 SH-01, isolated during outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai, China. CyHV-2 SH-01 exhibited a high sensitivity to goldfish and crucian carp in our previous research. The complete genome of SH-01 is 290,428 bp with 154 potential open reading frames (ORFs) and terminal repeat (TR) regions at both ends. Compared to the sequenced genomes of other CyHVs, Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) and Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1), several variations were found in SH-01, including nucleotide mutations, deletions, and insertions, as well as gene duplications, rearrangements, and horizontal transfers. Overall, the genome of SH-01 shares 99.60% of its identity with that of ST-J1. Genomic collinearity analysis showed that SH-01 has a high degree of collinearity with another three CyHV-2 isolates, and it is generally closely related to CaHV, CyHV-1, and CyHV-3, although it contains many differences in locally collinear blocks (LCBs). The lowest degree of collinearity was found with AngHV-1, despite some homologous LCBs, indicating that they are evolutionarily the most distantly related. The results provide new clues to better understand the CyHV-2 genome through sequencing and sequence mining.
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Wen J, Xu Y, Su M, Lu L, Wang H. Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091761. [PMID: 34578342 PMCID: PMC8473056 DOI: 10.3390/v13091761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, is a fatal contagious aquatic pathogen that affects goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Although crucian carp and goldfish belong to the genus Carassius, it is unclear whether they are susceptible to the same CyHV-2 isolate. In addition, the origin of the crucian carp-derived CyHV-2 virus isolate remains unclear. CyHV-2 SH01 was isolated during herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai. CyHV-2 SH01 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis of kidney, spleen, muscle, and blood tissue from the diseased crucian carp. Moreover, histopathological and ultra-pathological analyses revealed pathological changes characteristic of CyHV-2 SH01 infection in the tissues of the diseased crucian carp. In the present study, goldfish and crucian carp were challenged with CyHV-2 SH01 to elucidate viral virulence. We found that CyHV-2 SH01 could cause rapid and fatal disease progression in goldfish and crucian carp 24 h post-injection at 28 °C. Experimental infection of goldfish by injection indicated that the average virus titer in the kidney of the goldfish was 103.47 to 103.59 copies/mg. In addition, tissues exhibited the most prominent histopathological changes (cellular wrinkling and shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fusion of the gill lamellae, and hepatic congestion) in CyHV-2 SH01-infected goldfish and crucian carp. Thus, crucian carp and goldfish showed a high sensitivity, with typical symptoms, to HVHN disease caused by CyHV-2 SH01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meizhen Su
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-61900453 (ext. 201306)
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Xu Y, Zhou Y, Wang F, Ding C, Cao J, Duan H. Development of two brain cell lines from goldfish and silver crucian carp and viral susceptibility to Cyprinid herpesivirus-2. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:749-755. [PMID: 31471871 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two cell lines were established from silver crucian carp and goldfish brain tissue and used as the biological tool for monitoring viral diseases. Characterization including optimal growth kinetics study, karyotyping, and mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genotyping were performed. The primary cultures of these cells were generated by the explant technique using the medium 199 supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum and epidermal/fibroblast growth factors. The cells grew over the range of 15 to 30°C, while the optimal temperature for culture was 30°C. The cell lines were maintained in vitro and could be subcultured over 40 times. Following cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, thawed cells exhibit viability of > 90 % after a 13-mo period of storage. The chromosome count of two cell lines were determined to be 154 and 110, respectively, which agreed well with triploid crucian carp brain cells and diploid goldfish brain cells. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequence analysis indicated 100 % and 94% match with known crucian carp mitochondrial DNA sequences. Cytopathic effect was continuously observed in both cell lines over 10 passages after inoculation with tissue homogenates of sick or died goldfish from cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) outbreaks. These newly established cell lines could be a diagnostic tool for viral diseases in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Inspection and Testing, Lianyungang Customs, Lianyungang, 222042, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Adamek M, Hellmann J, Jung-Schroers V, Teitge F, Steinhagen D. CyHV-2 transmission in traded goldfish stocks in Germany-A case study. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:401-404. [PMID: 29068063 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Hellmann
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is known as the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis in goldfish Carassius auratus auratus. However, the virus has also been detected in Prussian carp C. gibelio and crucian carp C. carassius from European and Asian countries. To prevent spread of the causative virus to other areas, investigation of the risk factors of spread of this virus is important. In this study, 8 batches of goldfish imported into the Netherlands by airfreight from Asia and the Middle East were investigated for the presence of the virus. CyHV-2 DNA was detected by PCR in the pooled kidneys of 4 of the 8 imported goldfish batches, of which 1 was from a CyHV-2 disease case at a Dutch importer's quarantine facility. Sequence analysis of the CyHV-2 strains from this study and from previous reports showed that there were at least 6 different lengths in the mA region, resulting in tentatively at least 4 genotypes. Virus isolation was positive for only 1 (Amsterdam Schiphol-1 [AMS-1]) of the 8 samples. It was shown that the AMS-1 isolate was highly virulent to Ryukin goldfish after 100.3 TCID50 fish-1 intraperitoneal injection. The viral titre of the AMS-1 isolate for goldfish fin cells at several temperatures was similar to that of a Japanese CyHV-2 isolate. Our results prove that one of the routes of spread of various CyHV-2 strains is through the global trade of apparently healthy infected goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ito
- Tamaki Laboratory, Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
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