1
|
Frontera JA, Gilmore EJ, Johnson EL, Olson D, Rayi A, Tesoro E, Ullman J, Yuan Y, Zafar SF, Rowe S. Guidelines for Seizure Prophylaxis in Adults Hospitalized with Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical Practice Guideline for Health Care Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care 2024; 40:819-844. [PMID: 38316735 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is practice heterogeneity in the use, type, and duration of prophylactic antiseizure medications (ASMs) in patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles assessing ASM prophylaxis in adults with moderate-severe TBI (acute radiographic findings and requiring hospitalization). The population, intervention, comparator, and outcome (PICO) questions were as follows: (1) Should ASM versus no ASM be used in patients with moderate-severe TBI and no history of clinical or electrographic seizures? (2) If an ASM is used, should levetiracetam (LEV) or phenytoin/fosphenytoin (PHT/fPHT) be preferentially used? (3) If an ASM is used, should a long versus short (> 7 vs. ≤ 7 days) duration of prophylaxis be used? The main outcomes were early seizure, late seizure, adverse events, mortality, and functional outcomes. We used Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology to generate recommendations. RESULTS The initial literature search yielded 1998 articles, of which 33 formed the basis of the recommendations: PICO 1: We did not detect any significant positive or negative effect of ASM compared to no ASM on the outcomes of early seizure, late seizure, adverse events, or mortality. PICO 2: We did not detect any significant positive or negative effect of PHT/fPHT compared to LEV for early seizures or mortality, though point estimates suggest fewer late seizures and fewer adverse events with LEV. PICO 3: There were no significant differences in early or late seizures with longer versus shorter ASM use, though cognitive outcomes and adverse events appear worse with protracted use. CONCLUSIONS Based on GRADE criteria, we suggest that ASM or no ASM may be used in patients hospitalized with moderate-severe TBI (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). If used, we suggest LEV over PHT/fPHT (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence) for a short duration (≤ 7 days, weak recommendation, low quality of evidence).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Frontera
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, NYU, 150 55th St., Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - DaiWai Olson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Appaji Rayi
- Department of Neurology, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, USA
| | - Eljim Tesoro
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamie Ullman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY, USA
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sahar F Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaun Rowe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pease M, Gupta K, Moshé SL, Correa DJ, Galanopoulou AS, Okonkwo DO, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Shutter L, Diaz-Arrastia R, Castellano JF. Insights into epileptogenesis from post-traumatic epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:298-312. [PMID: 38570704 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) accounts for 5% of all epilepsies. The incidence of PTE after traumatic brain injury (TBI) depends on the severity of injury, approaching one in three in groups with the most severe injuries. The repeated seizures that characterize PTE impair neurological recovery and increase the risk of poor outcomes after TBI. Given this high risk of recurrent seizures and the relatively short latency period for their development after injury, PTE serves as a model disease to understand human epileptogenesis and trial novel anti-epileptogenic therapies. Epileptogenesis is the process whereby previously normal brain tissue becomes prone to recurrent abnormal electrical activity, ultimately resulting in seizures. In this Review, we describe the clinical course of PTE and highlight promising research into epileptogenesis and treatment using animal models of PTE. Clinical, imaging, EEG and fluid biomarkers are being developed to aid the identification of patients at high risk of PTE who might benefit from anti-epileptogenic therapies. Studies in preclinical models of PTE have identified tractable pathways and novel therapeutic strategies that can potentially prevent epilepsy, which remain to be validated in humans. In addition to improving outcomes after TBI, advances in PTE research are likely to provide therapeutic insights that are relevant to all epilepsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pease
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Correa
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David O Okonkwo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lori Shutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahey AAA, Chughtai T, El-Menyar A, Verma V, Strandvik G, Asim M, Consunji R, Younis B, Parchani A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Seizure Prophylaxis in Young Patients Following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2024; 17:25-32. [PMID: 38681877 PMCID: PMC11044991 DOI: 10.4103/jets.jets_93_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phenytoin is one of the commonly used anti.seizure medications in nontraumatic seizures. However, its utility and safety in young patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) for the prevention of early-onset seizures (EOS) are debatable. We sought to explore the use of phenytoin as a seizure prophylaxis following TBI. We hypothesized that administering phenytoin is not effective in preventing EOS after TBI. Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted on adult TBI patients. EOS was defined as a witnessed seizure within a week postinjury. Data were compared as phenytoin versus no-phenytoin use, EOS versus no-EOS, and among TBI severity groups. Results During 1 year, 639 TBI patients were included with a mean age of 32 years; of them, 183 received phenytoin as seizure prophylaxis, and 453 received no prophylaxis medication. EOS was documented in 13 (2.0%) patients who received phenytoin, and none had EOS among the nonphenytoin group. The phenytoin group was more likely to have a higher Marshall Score (P = 0.001), lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (P = 0.001), EOS (P = 0.001), and higher mortality (P = 0.001). Phenytoin was administrated for 15.2%, 43.2%, and 64.5% of mild, moderate, and severe TBI patients, respectively. EOS and no-EOS groups were comparable for age, gender, mechanism of injury, GCS, Marshall Score, serum phenytoin levels, liver function levels, hospital stay, and mortality. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that low serum albumin (odds ratio [OR] 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.676.0.962) and toxic phenytoin level (OR 43; 95% CI 2.420.780.7) were independent predictors of EOS. Conclusions In this study, the prophylactic use of phenytoin in TBI was ineffective in preventing EOS. Large-scale matched studies and well-defined hospital protocols are needed for the proper utility of phenytoin post-TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-Aziz Bahey
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talat Chughtai
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Research, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vishwajit Verma
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gustav Strandvik
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Research, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rafael Consunji
- Department of Surgery, Injury Prevention, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Basil Younis
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashok Parchani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farrokh S, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Ritzl EK, Lewin JJ, Mirski MA. Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2018; 22:153. [PMID: 29880020 PMCID: PMC5992651 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of seizures in intensive care units ranges from 3.3% to 34%. It is therefore often necessary to initiate or continue anticonvulsant drugs in this setting. When a new anticonvulsant is initiated, drug factors, such as onset of action and side effects, and patient factors, such as age, renal, and hepatic function, should be taken into account. It is important to note that the altered physiology of critically ill patients as well as pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and target temperature management may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. This may be even more challenging with the availability of newer antiepileptics where the evidence for their use in critically ill patients is limited. MAIN BODY This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptics as well as application of these principles when dosing antiepileptics and monitoring serum levels in critically ill patients. The selection of the most appropriate anticonvulsant to treat seizure and status epileptics as well as the prophylactic use of these agents in this setting are also discussed. Drug-drug interactions and the effect of nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, plasma exchange, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on anticonvulsant removal are also included. CONCLUSION Optimal management of antiepileptic drugs in the intensive care unit is challenging given altered physiology, polypharmacy, and nonpharmacological interventions, and requires a multidisciplinary approach where appropriate and timely assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring plans are in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, INOVA Campus, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Eva K. Ritzl
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John J. Lewin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Marek A. Mirski
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruzas CM, DeWitt PE, Bennett KS, Chapman KE, Harlaar N, Bennett TD. EEG Monitoring and Antiepileptic Drugs in Children with Severe TBI. Neurocrit Care 2017; 26:256-266. [PMID: 27873234 PMCID: PMC5336463 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in US children. Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) occur in 11-42% of children with severe TBI and are associated with unfavorable outcome. Electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring may be used to detect PTS and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may be used to treat PTS, but national rates of EEG and AED use are not known. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and timing of EEG and AED use in children hospitalized after severe TBI. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 2165 children at 30 hospitals in a probabilistically linked dataset from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) database, 2007-2010. We included children (age <18 years old at admission) with linked NTDB and PHIS records, severe (Emergency Department [ED] Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] <8) TBI, hospital length of stay >24 h, and non-missing disposition. The primary outcomes were EEG and AED use. RESULTS Overall, 31.8% of the cohort had EEG monitoring. Of those, 21.8% were monitored on the first hospital day. The median duration of EEG monitoring was 2.0 (IQR 1.0, 4.0) days. AEDs were prescribed to 52.0% of the cohort, of whom 61.8% received an AED on the first hospital day. The median duration of AED use was 8.0 (IQR 4.0, 17.0) days. EEG monitoring and AED use were more frequent in children with known risk factors for PTS. EEG monitoring and AED use were not related to hospital TBI volume. CONCLUSION EEG use is relatively uncommon in children with severe TBI, but AEDs are frequently prescribed. EEG monitoring and AED use are more common in children with known risk factors for PTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Ruzas
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 300, Campus Mail F443, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter E DeWitt
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly S Bennett
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 300, Campus Mail F443, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kevin E Chapman
- Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicole Harlaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tellen D Bennett
- Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 300, Campus Mail F443, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Is There a Need for Early Seizure Prophylaxis After Traumatic Brain Injury? PM R 2016; 8:169-75. [PMID: 26897597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|