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Shill IJ, West SW, Sick S, Schneider KJ, Wiley JP, Hagel BE, Black AM, Emery CA. Differences in injury and concussion rates in a cohort of Canadian female and male youth Rugby Union: a step towards targeted prevention strategies. Br J Sports Med 2023:bjsports-2023-106929. [PMID: 37985003 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine differences in match and training musculoskeletal injury and concussion rates and describe mechanisms of concussion while considering previous playing experience in female and male Canadian high school Rugby Union ('rugby') players. METHODS A 2-year prospective cohort study was completed in a high school league (n=361 females, 421 player-seasons; n=429 males, 481 player-seasons) in Calgary, Canada over the 2018 and 2019 rugby playing seasons. Baseline testing was completed at the start of each season and injury surveillance and individual player participation through session attendance was documented to quantify individual-level player exposure hours. Injury incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression, offset by player exposure hours and clustered by team. RESULTS Overall match IR for females was 62% higher than males (overall IRR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.18) and the overall training IR was twice as high for females (overall IRR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.40 to 3.32). The female match concussion IR was 70% higher than the males (concussion IRR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.69). Females had a 75% greater tackle-related IR compared with males (IRR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.56). Additionally, female tacklers had a twofold greater rate of injury compared with male tacklers (IRR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.14 to 4.14). Previous playing experience was not associated with tackle-related injury or concussion IRs. CONCLUSION The rate of injury and concussion was significantly higher in females within this Canadian high school cohort. These results emphasise the need for development, implementation and evaluation of female-specific injury and concussion prevention strategies to reduce injury and concussion in female youth rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen W West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Stacy Sick
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Schneider
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- Sport Medicine Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda M Black
- Centre for Healthy Youth Development through Sport, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Shill IJ, West SW, Brown J, Wilson F, Palmer D, Pike I, Hendricks S, Stokes KA, Hagel BE, Emery CA. How to harness and improve on video analysis for youth rugby player safety: a narrative review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001645. [PMID: 37780130 PMCID: PMC10537827 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Video analysis is a useful tool for injury surveillance in rugby union. There are few video analysis studies in the professional female game, with most studies published in the male elite/professional settings. Moreover, there is a sparsity of literature in youth rugby settings. The following narrative review outlines the strengths and limitations of the current video analysis literature for injury surveillance in youth rugby union, highlights the importance of video analysis for youth rugby player safety and welfare, and discusses recommendations for using video analysis to inform player safety in youth rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen W West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James Brown
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fiona Wilson
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Debbie Palmer
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Pike
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Centre for Health, and Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Davidow D, Smith M, Ross T, Laura James G, Paul L, Lambert M, Jones B, Hendricks S. Mental Fatigue Impairs Tackling Technique in Amateur Rugby Union Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:960-967. [PMID: 37463669 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the effects of mental fatigue (MF) on tackling technique on the dominant and nondominant shoulders in rugby union. METHODS Twenty male amateur rugby union players and a total of 953 tackles were analyzed. A randomized crossover counterbalanced design was used across a non-MF (control) and an MF condition. During each condition, each player performed 24 tackles, divided into 4 sets of 6 tackles (3 tackles on each shoulder). In the MF condition, players performed the Stroop Task between each set of tackles. A video recording of each tackle was used to evaluate each player's technical proficiency. A score of 1 point was awarded if a specific technique was performed correctly, and 0 point was given if not. The total score, measured in arbitrary units (AU) out of 11, represents the player's overall tackling proficiency. RESULTS Overall, players displayed a significantly lower technical proficiency score in the MF condition compared to control (set 2: control 7.30 [7.04-7.57] AU vs MF 6.91 [6.70-7.12] AU, P = .009, effect size (ES) = 0.30 small and set 3: control 7.34 [7.11-7.57] AU vs MF 6.88 [6.66-7.11] AU, P = .002, ES = 0.37 small). For the nondominant shoulder, players had a significantly lower technical proficiency score during the MF condition at set 2 (control 7.05 [6.68-7.41] AU vs MF 6.69 [6.42-6.96] AU, P = .047, ES = 0.29 small) and set 3 (control 7.14 [6.83-7.45] AU vs MF 6.61 [6.35-6.87] AU, P = .007, ES = 0.49 small). CONCLUSIONS MF can diminish a player's overall tackling proficiency, especially when tackling on the nondominant shoulder. The physiological mechanism for this finding may be impaired executive function and suboptimal functioning of neural signals and pathways, which result in less skillful coordination of movement. To further understand and explain MF-induced physiological changes in tackling, the feasibility of monitoring brain activity (such as electroencephalogram) and neuromuscular function (such as electromyogram) needs to be investigated. The findings from this study may also contribute to the development of more effective tackle training programs for injury prevention and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Davidow
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Mitchell Smith
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW,Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Ourimbah, NSW,Australia
| | - Tayla Ross
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Gwyneth Laura James
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Lara Paul
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Michael Lambert
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds,United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds,United Kingdom
- Premiership Rugby, London,United Kingdom
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Physiological Sciences and Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town,South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,United Kingdom
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West SW, Shill IJ, Bailey S, Syrydiuk RA, Hayden KA, Palmer D, Black AM, Hagel BE, Stokes KA, Emery CA. Injury Rates, Mechanisms, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies in Youth Rugby Union: What's All the Ruck-Us About? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1375-1393. [PMID: 37191819 PMCID: PMC10290028 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby Union is a collision team sport played globally. Despite this, significant concerns have been raised regarding the sport's safety, particularly in youth players. Given this, a review of injury rates, risk factors and prevention strategies is required across different youth age groups as well as in males and females. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis was to investigate injury and concussion rates, risk factors and primary prevention strategies in youth rugby. METHODS To be included, studies were required to report either rates, risk factors or prevention strategies in youth rugby and to have a randomised controlled trial, quasi-experimental, cohort, case control, or ecological study design. Exclusion criteria included non-peer-reviewed grey literature, conference abstracts, case studies, previous systematic reviews and studies not written in English. Nine databases were searched. The full search strategy and list of sources are available and pre-registered on PROSPERO (Ref: CRD42020208343). Each study was assessed for risk of bias using the Downs and Black quality assessment tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using a DerSimonian Laird random effect model for each age group and sex. RESULTS Sixty-nine studies were included in this SR. The match injury rates (using a 24-h time-loss definition) were 40.2/1000 match hours (95% CI 13.9-66.5) in males and 69.0/1000 match hours (95% CI 46.8-91.2) in females. Concussion rates were 6.2/1000 player-hours (95% CI 5.0-7.4) for males and 33.9/1000 player-hours (95% CI: 24.1-43.7) for females. The most common injury site was lower extremity (males) and the head/neck (females). The most common injury type was ligament sprain (males) and concussion (females). The tackle was the most common event associated with injury in matches (55% male, 71% females). Median time loss was 21 days for males and 17 days for females. Twenty-three risk factors were reported. The risk factors with the strongest evidence were higher levels of play and increasing age. Primary injury prevention strategies were the focus of only eight studies and included law changes (n = 2), equipment (n = 4), education (n = 1) and training (n = 1). The prevention strategy with the most promising evidence was neuromuscular training. The primary limitations included a broad range of injury definitions (n = 9) and rate denominators (n = 11) used, as well as a limited number of studies which could be included in the meta-analysis for females (n = 2). CONCLUSION A focus on high-quality risk factor and primary prevention evaluation should be considered in future studies. Targeting primary prevention and stakeholder education remain key strategies in the prevention, recognition and management of injuries and concussions in youth rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W West
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK.
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Isla J Shill
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stuart Bailey
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reid A Syrydiuk
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Michigan Concussion Center, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - K Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Debbie Palmer
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Network, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda M Black
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brent E Hagel
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith A Stokes
- Centre for Health, and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- UK Collaborating Centre on Injury & Illness Prevention in Sport (UKCCIIS), Edinburgh & Bath, UK
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Daly E, Esser P, Griffin A, Costello D, Servis J, Gallagher D, Ryan L. Development of a Novel Coaching Platform to Improve Tackle Technique in Youth Rugby Players: A Proof of Concept. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3315. [PMID: 35591003 PMCID: PMC9105744 DOI: 10.3390/s22093315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rugby union is a field sport that is played at amateur and professional levels by male and female players globally. One of the most prevalent injury risks associated with the sport involves tackle collisions with opposition players. This suggests that a targeted injury reduction strategy could focus on the tackle area in the game. In amateur rugby union, injuries to the head, face and shoulder are the most common injury sites in youth rugby playing populations. A suboptimal tackle technique may contribute to an increased injury risk in these populations. One proposed mitigation strategy to reduce tackle-related injuries in youth populations may be to increase tackle proficiency by coaching an effective tackle technique. The present study aimed to demonstrate a proof of concept for a tackle technique coaching platform using inertial measurement units (IMUs) and a bespoke mobile application developed for a mobile device (i.e., a mobile phone). The test battery provided a proof of concept for the primary objective of modelling the motion of a player in a tackle event. The prototype (bespoke mobile application) modelled the IMU in a 3D space and demonstrated the orientation during a tackle event. The participants simulated ten tackle events that were ten degrees above and ten degrees below the zero degree of approach, and these (unsafe tackles) were indicated by a red light on the mobile display unit. The parameters of ten degrees above and below the zero angle of approach were measured using an inclinometer mobile application. These tackle event simulations provided a real-time stream of data that displayed the angle of tackles on a mobile device. The novel coaching platform could therefore constitute part of an injury reduction strategy for amateur or novice coaches to instruct safer tackle practice in youth rugby playing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Daly
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Patrick Esser
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
| | - Alan Griffin
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Damien Costello
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Justin Servis
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - David Gallagher
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland; (E.D.); (A.G.); (D.C.); (J.S.); (D.G.)
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6
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Leahy TM, Kenny IC, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD, Purtill H, Cahalan R, Comyns TM, Harrison AJ, Lyons M, Glynn LG, O’Sullivan K. Injury Trends for School Rugby Union in Ireland: The Need for Position-specific Injury-prevention Programs. Sports Health 2022; 15:131-141. [PMID: 35354389 PMCID: PMC9808841 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221078531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern has been raised over the injury risk to school Rugby union (Rugby) players and the potential long-term health consequences. Despite the increase in studies for this cohort, the influence of playing position on injury incidence and presentation is unclear. PURPOSE To describe the incidence, nature and severity of match injuries for school Rugby in Ireland overall, and as a function of playing position. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Data were collected from 15 male (aged 16-19 years) school Senior Cup teams across 2 seasons. In total, 339 players participated in season 1, whereas 326 players participated in season 2. Injury data were recorded onto a bespoke online platform. Match exposure was also recorded. RESULTS The incidence rate of match injuries (24-hour time loss) was 53.6 per 1000 hours. Across both seasons, 6810 days were lost from play due to injury. Forwards (65.4 per 1000 hours) sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) injuries than backs (40.5 per 1000 hours). The head, shoulder, knee, and ankle were the most common injured body regions; however, forwards sustained significantly more (P < 0.05) head and shoulder injuries than backs. The tackle was responsible for the majority of injuries in both groups. The highest proportion of injuries occurred during the third quarter. CONCLUSION Clear differences in injury presentation and incidence were evident when comparing forwards versus backs. The high rate of head and shoulder injuries in the forwards suggest the need for more targeted injury-prevention strategies and further research on education and laws around the tackle event. The spike of injuries in the third quarter suggests that fatigue or inadequate half-time warm-up may be a contributing factor warranting further exploration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates clear differences in injury presentation according to playing position in school Rugby and highlights the need for a more tailored approach to the design and implementation of injury-prevention strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M. Leahy
- Therese M. Leahy MSc, PhD,
Researcher IRFU IRIS Project, Department of Physical Activity & Sports
Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Clooneen, Headford, h91V06k, Ireland
() (Twitter: @ThereseMLeahy)
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7
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Knapik DM, Mack CD, Lee R, Heersink W, Tanenbaum JE, Wetzel RJ, Voos JE. Epidemiology of Tibial Fractures in Professional American Football Athletes From 2013 to 2019. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211040878. [PMID: 34790831 PMCID: PMC8591654 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lower extremity injuries occur with high frequency in National Football League (NFL) athletes and cause high burden to players and teams. Tibial fractures are among the most severe lower extremity injuries sustained in athletes and are associated with prolonged time loss from sport. Purpose: To determine the number of tibial fractures in NFL athletes from the 2013 to 2019 NFL seasons and describe athlete demographics, fracture characteristics, and details of injury onset. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective review of the NFL injury database was performed to identify all NFL athletes sustaining tibial fractures over the 2013 to 2019 NFL seasons. Athlete characteristics, injury characteristics, days missed, and treatment (operative vs nonoperative) were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate means, standard deviations, ranges, and percentages. Results: A total of 64 tibial fractures were identified in 60 athletes, resulting in a median loss of 74 days. Defensive secondary athletes had the highest number of injuries (n = 10; 16%), followed by running backs (n = 9; 14%), while 61% of these injuries occurred during NFL regular-season games, primarily between weeks 13 and 17. The most commonly reported activity during injury was athletes being tackled, with a direct impact to the tibia being the most common mechanism of injury. Lateral tibial plateau fractures were the most frequently reported, while distal tibial fractures resulted in the greatest number of days lost. The median time lost for injuries requiring surgery was 232 days compared with 56 days for injuries treated using conservative management. Conclusion: The highest proportion of tibial fractures were injuries to defensive secondary athletes and athletes being tackled while sustaining a direct impact to the leg, primarily to the lateral tibial plateau. Tibial fracture injuries were commonly sustained during NFL regular-season games, primarily during the final 4 weeks of the NFL regular season. Further investigations examining performance and career longevity in athletes sustaining tibial fractures are warranted to help improve the health and safety of NFL athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick M Knapik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - William Heersink
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph E Tanenbaum
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Wetzel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James E Voos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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8
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Hopkinson M, Bissas A, Nicholson G, Beggs C, Scantlebury S, Hendricks S, Jones B. A video analysis framework for the rugby league tackle. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:15-28. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1898667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hopkinson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
| | | | - Gareth Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
| | - Clive Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
| | - Sean Scantlebury
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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9
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Suzuki K, Nagai S, Iwai K, Furukawa T, Takemura M. How does the situation before a tackle influence a tackler's head placement in rugby union?: application of the decision tree analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000949. [PMID: 33791104 PMCID: PMC7978105 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tacklers need to decide where to place their head based on the evasive manoeuvres of the ball-carrier and positional relationship with the ball-carrier before tackle. Therefore, it is difficult for tacklers to improve incorrect head placement at the moment of contact. Moreover, the characteristics prior to tackle have a relationship with the tackler's head placement. However, how situations lead to incorrect head placement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify pre-contact situations that lead to incorrect head placement by using decision tree analysis. Methods Tackles leading to concussions were used to identify events that provoked injury using the video recordings of matches. Injury-free tackle was used as a control. All tackles were classified according to head placements and coded from seven pre-contact factors configured aspect of both tacklers and ball-carriers. Results Three situations that led to incorrect head placement were identified. Evasive manoeuvres implemented by the ball-carrier significantly contributed to the head placement at the time of contact. Conclusion Our findings suggest that tacklers should keep their heads up to identify the movements of the ball-carrier, which might lead to tackling the head on the correct side at the moment of tackling and decrease the risk of tackler-related concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Sports Research and Development Core, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwai
- Center of Humanities and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuo Furukawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takemura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Yeomans C, Kenny IC, Cahalan R, Warrington GD, Harrison AJ, Purtill H, Lyons M, Campbell MJ, Glynn LG, Comyns TM. Injury Trends in Irish Amateur Rugby: An Epidemiological Comparison of Men and Women. Sports Health 2021; 13:540-547. [PMID: 33655802 PMCID: PMC8558996 DOI: 10.1177/1941738121997145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rugby union is a physically demanding sport that carries an inherent risk of
injury. Despite being a popular and widely played team sport, little is
known about injuries occurring across the male and female amateur game. Purpose: To establish and compare injury incidence, nature, and severity in male and
female Irish amateur rugby union. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Data were collected prospectively from 25 male teams (959 players) and 8
female teams (234 players) over 2 full seasons. Both time-loss (24-hour
time-loss injury definition) and non-time-loss match injury reports were
collected, alongside match exposure data. Results: Time-loss match injury incidence rates were 49.1/1000 and 35.6/1000
player-hours for male and female players, respectively. Concussion and ankle
ligament sprains were the most common diagnoses for male (5.6/1000 and
4.4/1000 player-hours, respectively) and female players (5.5/1000 and
3.9/1000 player-hours, respectively). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries
presented the highest injury burden for male and female players with 200.3
and 307.2 days of absence per 1000 player-hours, respectively. In female
players, 83% of noncontact injuries occurred in the fourth quarter of match
play. Conclusion: While female players had a lower overall injury incidence rate compared with
male players, concussion and ankle ligament injuries were the most common
injuries in both cohorts. In female players, a high rate of noncontact
injuries in the second half points to the need for strength and conditioning
training programs to reduce fatigue-related injuries. Clinical Relevance: Establishing the incidence and burden of rugby-related injuries is an
essential step in minimizing injury risk. This epidemiological information
will aid the development of future reduction strategies, including education
and coaching strategies and strength and conditioning programs, informed by
the most common injuries observed and the mechanism of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caithriona Yeomans
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian C Kenny
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Roisin Cahalan
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles D Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Helen Purtill
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark J Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Lero, The Irish Software Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Liam G Glynn
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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11
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Hopkinson M, Nicholson G, Weaving D, Hendricks S, Fitzpatrick A, Naylor A, Robertson C, Beggs C, Jones B. Rugby league ball carrier injuries: The relative importance of tackle characteristics during the European Super League. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:269-278. [PMID: 33210564 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1853817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rugby league carries a high injury incidence with 61% of injuries occurring at tackles. The ball carrier has a higher injury incidence than the defender, therefore understanding mechanisms occurring during injurious tackles are important. Given the dynamic, open nature of tackling, characteristics influencing tackle outcome likely encompass complex networks of dependencies. This study aims to identify important classifying characteristics of the tackle related to ball carrier injurious and non-injurious events in rugby league and identify the characteristics capability to correctly classify those events. Forty-one ball carrier injuries were identified and 205 matched non-injurious tackles were identified as controls. Each case and control were analysed retrospectively through video analysis. Random forest models were built to (1) filter tackle characteristics possessing relative importance for classifying tackles resulting in injurious/non-injurious outcomes and (2) determine sensitivity and specificity of tackle characteristics to classify injurious and non-injurious events. Six characteristics were identified to possess relative importance to classify injurious tackles. This included 'tackler twisted ball carrier's legs when legs were planted on ground', 'the tackler and ball carrier collide heads', 'the tackler used body weight to tackle ball carrier', 'the tackler has obvious control of the ball carrier' 'the tackler was approaching tackle sub-maximally' and 'tackler's arms were below shoulder level, elbows were flexed'. The study identified tackle characteristics that can be modified in attempt to reduce injury. Additional injury data are needed to establish relationship networks of characteristics and analyse specific injuries. Sensitivity and specificity results of the random forest were 0.995 and 0.525.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hopkinson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - G Nicholson
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - D Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - S Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Fitzpatrick
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - A Naylor
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - C Robertson
- Faculty of Health, The University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - C Beggs
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - B Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Davidow D, Redman M, Lambert M, Burger N, Smith M, Jones B, Hendricks S. The effect of physical fatigue on tackling technique in Rugby Union. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1105-1110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has resulted in widespread training disruption in many sports. Some athletes have access to facilities and equipment, while others have limited or no access, severely limiting their training practices. A primary concern is that the maintenance of key physical qualities (e. g. strength, power, high-speed running ability, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction), game-specific contact skills (e. g. tackling) and decision-making ability, are challenged, impacting performance and injury risk on resumption of training and competition. In extended periods of reduced training, without targeted intervention, changes in body composition and function can be profound. However, there are strategies that can dramatically mitigate potential losses, including resistance training to failure with lighter loads, plyometric training, exposure to high-speed running to ensure appropriate hamstring conditioning, and nutritional intervention. Athletes may require psychological support given the challenges associated with isolation and a change in regular training routine. While training restrictions may result in a decrease in some physical and psychological qualities, athletes can return in a positive state following an enforced period of rest and recovery. On return to training, the focus should be on progression of all aspects of training, taking into account the status of individual athletes.
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14
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Burger N, Lambert M, Hendricks S. Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000645. [PMID: 32518671 PMCID: PMC7254146 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this review was to synthesise both injury prevention and performance tackle-related research to provide rugby stakeholders with information on tackle injury epidemiology, including tackle injury risk factors and performance determinants, and to discuss potential preventative measures. Design Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Data sources PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria Limited to peer-reviewed English-only publications between January 1995 and October 2018. Results A total of 317 studies were identified, with 177 in rugby union and 13 were in rugby sevens. The tackle accounted for more than 50% of all injuries in rugby union and rugby sevens, both at the professional level and at the lower levels, with the rate of tackle injuries higher at the professional level (mean 32/1000 player-hours) compared with the lower levels (mean 17/1000 player-hours). A player’s tackle actions and technical ability were identified as major risk factors for injury and a key determinant of performance. Summary/conclusion Evidence-based education, progressive tackle technique training with a high potential to transfer and law changes have been proposed as key modifiers of player tackle actions and technical ability. Conceivably, all three modifiers working in unison (as opposed to separately) will have a higher potential at reducing tackle injury risk while enhancing performance. With the guidance of tackle injury and performance studies, as well as stakeholder engagement, experiential and explorative tackle research has the potential to inspire innovative injury prevention and performance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burger
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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15
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Hendricks S, Till K, den Hollander S, Savage TN, Roberts SP, Tierney G, Burger N, Kerr H, Kemp S, Cross M, Patricios J, McKune AJ, Bennet M, Rock A, Stokes KA, Ross A, Readhead C, Quarrie KL, Tucker R, Jones B. Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:566-572. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using an expert consensus-based approach, a rugby union Video Analysis Consensus (RUVAC) group was formed to develop a framework for video analysis research in rugby union. The aim of the framework is to improve the consistency of video analysis work in rugby union and help enhance the overall quality of future research in the sport. To reach consensus, a systematic review and Delphi method study design was used. After a systematic search of the literature, 17 articles were used to develop the final framework that described and defined key actions and events in rugby union (rugby). Thereafter, a group of researchers and practitioners with experience and expertise in rugby video analysis formed the RUVAC group. Each member of the group examined the framework of descriptors and definitions and rated their level of agreement on a 5-point agreement Likert scale (1:strongly disagree; 2:disagree; 3:neither agree or disagree; 4:agree; 5: strongly agree). The mean rating of agreement on the five-point scale (1:strongly disagree; 5:strongly agree) was 4.6 (4.3–4.9), 4.6 (4.4–4.9), 4.7 (4.5–4.9), 4.8 (4.6–5.0) and 4.8 (4.6–5.0) for the tackle, ruck, scrum, line-out and maul, respectively. The RUVAC group recommends using this consensus as the starting framework when conducting rugby video analysis research. Which variables to use (if not all) depends on the objectives of the study. Furthermore, the intention of this consensus is to help integrate video data with other data (eg, injury surveillance).
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16
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Hendricks S, Sin DW, van Niekerk T, den Hollander S, Brown J, Maree W, Treu P, Lambert M. Technical determinants of tackle and ruck performance in International Rugby Sevens. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:868-879. [PMID: 31665980 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1675764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Rugby Sevens ('Sevens') is one of the fastest growing sports in the world. This growth was marked by the inclusion of the sport in the Olympic Games in 2016. The most frequently occurring contact events in Sevens are the tackle and ruck. Performing specific techniques during these contact events can reduce the risk of injury and increase the likelihood of success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the technical determinants associated with tackle and ruck performance outcomes in Sevens. A total of 4799 tackles and 1405 rucks from the 2014/2015 HSBC Sevens World Series were coded for contact, post-contact, ruck, match contextual variables and outcomes. Relative risk ratio (RR), the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring when a variable was observed, was determined using multinomial logistic regression. A moderate ball-carrier leg drive reduced the probability of losing possession by 25% (RR 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58-0.97, p < .05). Conversely, ball-carriers had a 53% higher likelihood of losing possession when the tackler executed a moderate leg drive (RR 1.53, 95% CI, 1.09-2.14, p ≤ .05). Maintaining possession at the ruck was more likely to occur when committing one attacker compared to two (RR 0.31, 95% CI, 0.19-0.49, p < .001). Active ball-carrier placement also increased the likelihood of maintaining possession at the ruck (RR 14.67, 95% CI, 9.55-22.56, p < .001). Sevens coaches and trainers can now positively design evidence-based technical training programmes and emphasise specific tackle techniques in training using data from Sevens video analysis. Also, given that this is the first study to relate tackle technical determinants to an outcome (i.e. the first 'how' study) in Sevens, this work provides the foundation for similar Sevens video analysis studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Drew Wade Sin
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiffany van Niekerk
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Brown
- Institute for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willie Maree
- The South African Rugby Union, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Treu
- Western Province Rugby Union/Stormers, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Suzuki K, Nagai S, Iwai K, Furukawa T, Mukai N, Miyakawa S, Takemura M. Characteristics and factors of concussion events for tacklers in collegiate rugby union. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:185-192. [PMID: 31494968 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to the occurrence of concussion in rugby tacklers. Match video records showing tackles leading to concussion were used to identify injury-inciting events. Additionally, noninjury tackles by concussed tacklers (prior to concussion) and position-matched tacklers from the same matches were used as a control cohort. All tackles were coded according to the tackling characteristics. The odds ratio (OR) was reported by logistic regression. The results demonstrated that a side step of the ball-carrier reduced the risk of concussion for tacklers (OR = 0.13 [95% CI, 0.03-0.58]; P = .008). Conversely, the tackler's head/neck contacting the ball-carrier (OR = 18.62 [95% CI, 4.59-75.49]; P < .001) and not remaining bound to the ball-carrier since making initial contact (OR = 4.38 [95% CI, 1.69-11.34]; P = .002) were identified as risk factors for the concussion of tacklers. These results suggest that avoidance movements of the ball-carrier prior to tackling reduced the risk of concussion and that incorrect tackling techniques contributed to an increased occurrence of concussion. Furthermore, the probability of concussion for tacklers increased when their head was in front or to one side of the ball-carrier, and the direction of the tackle also affected the risk of concussion, especially from the side. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the tackler's head position in conjunction with the direction of tackle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Center of Humanities and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwai
- Center of Humanities and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuo Furukawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Mukai
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shumpei Miyakawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takemura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Sartori S, Whiteley R. Pectoralis major ruptures during rugby league tackling - Case series with implications for tackling technique instruction. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1298-1303. [PMID: 31542338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Document the mechanism and incidence of pectoralis major ruptures in a professional rugby league cohort, and compare to any existing data. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Case series which documents 3 such injuries incurred while effecting a tackle in 3 rugby league players from the same squad (of 36) in the same season. RESULTS At the initial point of contact, all three players were in a similar shoulder position of outer-range abduction and horizontal abduction and subsequently it appeared their pectoralis major was torn while attempting to effect the tackle. CONCLUSIONS Complete tears of the pectoralis major muscle are rare but significant injuries often requiring surgical intervention to restore full function in collision sport athletes. In this same season, the organisation changed their defensive approach which may have contributed to these injuries. Each player was managed with acute surgical repair and returned to play at the same level. Suggestions are made to consider the possible training injury implications of changing tackle technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar.
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19
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den Hollander S, Lambert M, Jones B, Hendricks S. Tackle and ruck technique proficiency within academy and senior club rugby union. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2578-2587. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1648121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
- England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Western Province Rugby Academy, Cape Town, South Africa
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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20
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Hendricks S, den Hollander S, Lambert M. Coaching behaviours and learning resources; influence on rugby players’ attitudes towards injury prevention and performance in the tackle. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2019.1633470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Health, Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Cervical range of motion in school age rugby union players: A cross sectional study. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 38:123-131. [PMID: 31102997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Provide normative values for cervical range of motion and describe trends in school age rugby union players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING National 3 level club. PARTICIPANTS 59 school age rugby union players across under 8 (n = 8), under 9 (n = 9), under 10 (n = 15), under 13 (n = 13) and under 15 (n = 15) categories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cervical range of motion using a cervical range of motion device (CROM) to determine values for active range of motion. RESULTS This study established mean ranges of motion for each age group. Pooled mean ranges with standard deviations for each direction were, flexion 66° (±11), extension 73° (±17), left rotation 69° (±9), right rotation 74° (±10), left lateral flexion 53° (±10) and right lateral flexion 49° (±12). No statistically significant differences were observed between the age groups, however, downward trends in lateral flexion were observed as age increased. School age rugby players had greater range of motion than senior playing counterparts. CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant differences in ranges of motion were observed between the age groups of under 8 through to under 15. However, downward trends in some ranges of motion highlight the need for age specific monitoring for potential adaptations to continued playing and comparison to age matched non-rugby players. Inclusion of other risk factors such as head re-positioning sense should also be evaluated to help guide injury risk reduction strategies.
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22
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Suzuki K, Nagai S, Ogaki R, Iwai K, Furukawa T, Miyakawa S, Takemura M. Video analysis of tackling situations leading to concussion in collegiate rugby union. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Center of Humanities and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University
| | - Ryo Ogaki
- Department of Business Management, Faculty of Modern Life, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Koichi Iwai
- Center of Humanities and Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Takuo Furukawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba
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Chiwaridzo M, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman BCM. High-school adolescents' motivation to rugby participation and selection criteria for inclusion in school rugby teams: coaches' perspective (the SCRuM project). BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:103. [PMID: 30808412 PMCID: PMC6390623 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing rugby popularity among schoolboys' worldwide, specific factors influencing their motivation to participate in rugby remain unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted in two parts with a dual purpose of exploring perceptions of rugby coaches on (i) factors motivating schoolboys to engage in competitive rugby, and (ii) criteria for selecting schoolboy rugby players for possible inclusion in school rugby teams. RESULTS A qualitative study targeting Zimbabwean high school-based rugby coaches purposively-recruited during the 2017 Dairiboard Zimbabwe Rugby School Festival was conducted. Using the conventional approach to content analysis, the 22 recruited male coaches (median age = 45.5 years) felt that playing rugby is a choice largely influenced by either intrinsic or extrinsic motives for schoolboys. Additionally, coaches considered players' characteristics (performance during training, attitude, physical qualities and skills) and match-related factors when selecting schoolboys for possible inclusion in school rugby teams. To effectively promote competitive rugby participation among schoolboys and promote sustainable and effective talent identification programmes in Zimbabwe, more recognition should be paid to factors motivating schoolboys to participate in rugby and also on the factors coaches consider when assembling school rugby teams which indirectly informs on what coaches think should be trained among schoolboy rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chiwaridzo
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G. Ferguson
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B. C. M. Smits-Engelsman
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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Johnston W, O'Reilly M, Duignan C, Liston M, McLoughlin R, Coughlan GF, Caulfield B. Association of Dynamic Balance With Sports-Related Concussion: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:197-205. [PMID: 30501391 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518812820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussion is one of the most common sports-related injuries, with little understood about the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Researchers have yet to evaluate the association between modifiable sensorimotor function variables and concussive injury. PURPOSE To investigate the association between dynamic balance performance, a discrete measure of sensorimotor function, and concussive injuries. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 109 elite male rugby union players were baseline tested in dynamic balance performance while wearing an inertial sensor and prospectively followed during the 2016-2017 rugby union season. The sample entropy of the inertial sensor gyroscope magnitude signal was derived to provide a discrete measure of dynamic balance performance. Logistic regression modeling was then used to investigate the association among the novel digital biomarker of balance performance, known risk factors of concussion (concussion history, age, and playing position), and subsequent concussive injury. RESULTS Participant demographic data (mean ± SD) were as follows: age, 22.6 ± 3.6 years; height, 185 ± 6.5 cm; weight, 98.9 ± 12.5 kg; body mass index, 28.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2; and leg length, 98.8 ± 5.5 cm. Of the 109 players, 44 (40.3%) had a history of concussion, while 21 (19.3%) sustained a concussion during the follow-up period. The receiver operating characteristic analysis for the anterior sample entropy demonstrated a statistically significant area under the curve (0.64; 95% CI, 0.52-0.76; P < .05), with the cutoff score of anterior sample entropy ≥1.2, which maximized the sensitivity (76.2%) and specificity (53.4%) for identifying individuals who subsequently sustained a concussion. Players with suboptimal balance performance at baseline were at a 2.81-greater odds (95% CI, 1.02-7.74) of sustaining a concussion during the rugby union season than were those with optimal balance performance, even when controlling for concussion history. CONCLUSION Rugby union players who possess poorer dynamic balance performance, as measured by a wearable inertial sensor during the Y balance test, have a 3-times-higher relative risk of sustaining a sports-related concussion, even when controlling for history of concussion. These findings have important implications for research and clinical practice, as it identifies a potential modifiable risk factor. Further research is required to investigate this association in a large cohort consisting of males and females across a range of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Johnston
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin O'Reilly
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Duignan
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mairead Liston
- Medical Department, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rod McLoughlin
- Medical Department, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brian Caulfield
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Hendricks S, Till K, Oliver JL, Johnston RD, Attwood M, Brown J, Drake D, MacLeod S, Mellalieu SD, Treu P, Jones B. Technical Skill Training Framework and Skill Load Measurements for the Rugby Union Tackle. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Badenhorst M, Verhagen E, Lambert MI, van Mechelen W, Brown JC. ‘In a blink of an eye your life can change’: experiences of players sustaining a rugby-related acute spinal cord injury. Inj Prev 2018; 25:313-320. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThough rare, rugby union carries a risk for serious injuries such as acute spinal cord injuries (ASCI), which may result in permanent disability. Various studies have investigated injury mechanisms, prevention programmes and immediate medical management of these injuries. However, relatively scant attention has been placed on the player’s experience of such an injury and the importance of context.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the injury experience and its related context, as perceived by the catastrophically injured player.MethodsA qualitative approach was followed to explore the immediate, postevent injury experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 (n=48) players who had sustained a rugby-related ASCI.ResultsFour themes were derived from the data. Participants described the context around the injury incident, which may be valuable to help understand the mechanism of injury and potentially minimise risk. Participants also described certain contributing factors to their injury, which included descriptions of foul play and aggression, unaccustomed playing positions, pressure to perform and unpreparedness. The physical experience included signs and symptoms of ASCI that is important to recognise by first aiders, fellow teammates, coaches and referees. Lastly, participants described the emotional experience which has implications for all ASCI first responders.SignificanceAll rugby stakeholders, including players, first responders, coaches and referees, may gain valuable information from the experiences of players who have sustained these injuries. This information is also relevant for rugby safety initiatives in shaping education and awareness interventions.
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Seasonal time-loss match injury rates and burden in South African under-16 rugby teams. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:54-58. [PMID: 29958838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Youth rugby union is a popular sport with a high injury incidence density (IID) and burden. This high risk has called for further research into the factors affecting the injuries in youth rugby. The aim of the study was to analyse time-loss IID and burden in multiple schoolboy rugby teams over a season and the potential factors associated with injury. DESIGN Prospective cohort METHODS: All time-loss injuries were recorded from three schools for the whole season. Overall IID and injury burden were calculated, as well as for injury event, type, location and the match quarter in which they occurred and Poisson regression analyses were performed to determine differences. RESULTS IID was 28.8 (18.9-38.6) injuries per 1000 player hours over the season, with an injury burden of 379.2 (343.6-414.9) days lost per 1000 player hours. The ball-carrier had a significantly higher IID (11.3 (5.2-17.5) per 1000 player hours) compared to other events, and the joint (non-bone)/ligament injuries were the most common (IID of 12.2 (5.8-18.6) per 1000 player hours) and severe type of injury (burden of 172.6 (148.5-196.6) days lost per 1000 player hours). CONCLUSIONS The IID was similar to previous youth rugby studies, however the injury burden was much lower. The South African youth cohort showed similar factors associated with injury for inciting event (the tackle) and injury type (joint (non-bone)/ligament) and location (lower limb) as seen in other studies in both youth and senior players.
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Schwellnus MP, Jordaan E, Janse van Rensburg C, Bayne H, Derman W, Readhead C, Collins R, Kourie A, Suter J, Strauss O. Match injury incidence during the Super Rugby tournament is high: a prospective cohort study over five seasons involving 93 641 player-hours. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:620-627. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo determine the incidence and nature of injuries in the Super Rugby tournament over a 5-year period.Methods482 male professional rugby union players from six South African teams participating in the Super Rugby tournament were studied (1020 player-seasons). Medical staff of participating teams (2012–2016 tournaments) recorded all time loss injuries (total injuries and match injuries) and exposure hours (93 641 total playing hours; 8032 match hours). Injury incidence, injured player proportion, severity (time lost), anatomical location, tissue type and activity/phase during which injury occurred are reported.ResultsThe overall incidence of match injuries (per 1000 player-hours; 95% CI) for each year was as follows: 2012 (83.3; 69.4–99.2); 2013 (115.1; 98.7–133.5); 2014 (95.9; 80.8–113.1), 2015 (112.3; 96.6–129.9) and 2016 (93.2; 79.9–107.9). The injured player proportion for each year was as follows: 2012 (54.6%); 2013 (49.4%); 2014 (52.0%); 2015 (50.0%); and 2016 (39.8%). The thigh, knee, head/face and shoulder/clavicle are the most frequently injured locations, and muscle/tendon and joint/ligament injuries account for the majority of injuries. Most injuries (79%) occur in contact situations, in particular during a tackle (54%).ConclusionThe incidence of match injuries and the injured player proportion in South African teams competing in the Super Rugby tournament is high. Match injury incidence is consistently higher than previously reported for senior male rugby players at elite/professional level. Targeted risk management strategies are therefore needed in the Super Rugby tournament to manage risk of injury.
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Burger N, Lambert MI, Hall H, Hendricks S. Assessing tackle performance using a novel collision sport simulator in comparison to a "live" one-on-one tackling drill. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:74-81. [PMID: 29889607 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1482590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to study the rugby tackle as it is associated with successful performance outcomes and is responsible for the majority of contact injuries. A novel collision sport simulator was developed to study tackle performance. The main aim of this validation study was to assess tackle technique performance between two different conditions: simulator versus a standardised one-on-one tackle drill previously used to assess technique. Tackling proficiency was assessed using a list of technical criteria. Mean scores, standard deviations and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated. Mean overall score for dynamic i.e. running simulator tackles was 7.78 (95%CI 7.58-7.99) (out of 9) or 87% (standard deviation or SD±8.94), and mean overall score for dynamic "live" tackles was 7.85 (95%CI 7.57-8.13) (out of 9) or 87% (SD±9.60) (effect size = 0.08; trivial; p > 0.05). Mean overall score for static i.e. standing simulator tackles was 7.45 (95%CI 7.20-7.69) (out of 9) or 83% (SD±10.71), and mean overall score for static "live" tackles was 8.05 (95%CI 7.83-8.27) (out of 9) or 89% (SD±7.53) (effect size = 0.72; moderate; p < 0.001). The simulator replicates dynamic tackle technique comparable to real-life tackle drills. It may be used for research analysing various aspects of the tackle in rugby and other contact sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burger
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Michael Ian Lambert
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b Department of Public & Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hall
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- a Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,c Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , United Kingdom
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30
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Fuller CW, Taylor A, Raftery M. Eight-season epidemiological study of injuries in men’s international Under-20 rugby tournaments. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1776-1783. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1418193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin W. Fuller
- Colin Fuller Consultancy Ltd, Sutton Bonington, UK
- World Rugby, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Brown JC, Boucher SJ, Lambert M, Viljoen W, Readhead C, Hendricks S, Kraak WJ. Non-sanctioning of illegal tackles in South African youth community rugby. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:631-634. [PMID: 29097230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The tackle event in rugby union ('rugby') contributes to the majority of players' injuries. Referees can reduce this risk by sanctioning dangerous tackles. A study in elite adult rugby suggests that referees only sanction a minority of illegal tackles. The aim of this study was to assess if this finding was similar in youth community rugby. DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Using EncodePro, 99 South African Rugby Union U18 Youth Week tournament matches were coded between 2011 and 2015. All tackles were coded by a researcher and an international referee to ensure that laws were interpreted correctly. The inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were 0.97-1.00. A regression analysis compared the non-sanctioned rates over time. RESULTS In total, 12 216 tackles were coded, of which less than 1% (n=113) were 'illegal'. The majority of the 113 illegal tackles were front-on (75%), high tackles (72%) and occurred in the 2nd/4th quarters (29% each). Of the illegal tackles, only 59% were sanctioned. The proportions of illegal tackles and sanctioning of these illegal tackles to all tackles improved by 0.2% per year from 2011-2015 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In these youth community rugby players, 59% of illegal tackles were not sanctioned appropriately. This was better than a previous study in elite adult rugby, where only 7% of illegal tackles were penalised. Moreover, the rates of illegal tackles and non-sanctioned illegal tackles both improved over time. However, it is critical that referees consistently enforce all laws to enhance injury prevention efforts. Further studies should investigate the reasons for non-sanctioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Brown
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, South Africa.
| | - S J Boucher
- Sports Science Department, Faculty of Education, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - M Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W Viljoen
- South African Rugby Union, SARU House, South Africa; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Readhead
- South African Rugby Union, SARU House, South Africa; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Leeds Beckett University, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Health, United Kingdom
| | - W J Kraak
- Sports Science Department, Faculty of Education, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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Sewry N, Verhagen E, Lambert M, van Mechelen W, Brown J. Players' and coaches' knowledge and awareness of the BokSmart Safe Six injury prevention programme: an ecological cross-sectional questionnaire study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018575. [PMID: 29101150 PMCID: PMC5695297 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rugby has a high injury incidence and therefore BokSmart introduced the Safe Six injury prevention programme in 2014 in an attempt to decrease this incidence. In 2015, BokSmart used a 'targeted marketing approach' to increase the awareness and knowledge of the Safe Six. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the change in the knowledge of coaches and players of the Safe Six programme, compared with the launch year, following a 'targeted marketing approach'. DESIGN Ecological cross-sectional questionnaire study SETTING: The 2014-2016 South African rugby union youth week tournaments. PARTICIPANTS Questionnaires were completed by 4502 players and coaches who attended any of the four youth week tournaments during 2014-2016. OUTCOME MEASURES Logistic regression (adjusted OR, 95% CI) was performed in comparison to year prior to targeted marketing, separately for coaches and players, for changes in awareness and knowledge. RESULTS The awareness of the Safe Six increased significantly for players in 2015 (1.74 times (95% CI 1.49 to 2.04)) and in 2016 (1.54 times (95% CI 1.29 to 1.84)). Similarly for coaches, there was a 3.55 times (95% CI 1.23 to 9.99) increase in 2015 and a 10.11 times (95% CI 2.43 to 42.08) increase in 2016 compared with 2014. Furthermore, a player was significantly more likely to be aware of the Safe Six if his coach was aware of the programme (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The knowledge and awareness of the BokSmart Safe Six of both players and coaches increased in 2015 and 2016 (compared with 2014) since the launch of the programme. Coaches, the Unions/the South African Rugby Union and social media were the largest contributors to knowledge in coaches and players. While the 'targeted marketing approach' was associated with an increase in awareness, future studies should determine if this translates into behavioural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sewry
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, Ballarat, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Brown
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Attwood MJ, Roberts SP, Trewartha G, England ME, Stokes KA. Efficacy of a movement control injury prevention programme in adult men's community rugby union: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:368-374. [PMID: 29055883 PMCID: PMC5867421 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise programmes aimed at reducing injury have been shown to be efficacious for some non-collision sports, but evidence in adult men’s collision sports such as rugby union is lacking. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a movement control injury prevention exercise programme for reducing match injuries in adult men’s community rugby union players. Methods 856 clubs were invited to participate in this prospective cluster randomised (single-blind) controlled trial where clubs were the unit of randomisation. 81 volunteered and were randomly assigned (intervention/control). A 42-week exercise programme was followed throughout the season. The control programme reflected ‘normal practice’ exercises, whereas the intervention focused on proprioception, balance, cutting, landing and resistance exercises. Outcome measures were match injury incidence and burden for: (1) all ≥8 days time-loss injuries and (2) targeted (lower limb, shoulder, head and neck, excluding fractures and lacerations) ≥8 days time-loss injuries. Results Poisson regression identified no clear effects on overall injury outcomes. A likely beneficial difference in targeted injury incidence (rate ratio (RR), 90% CI=0.6, 0.4 to 1.0) was identified, with a 40% reduction in lower-limb incidence (RR, 90% CI=0.6, 0.4 to 1.0) and a 60% reduction in concussion incidence (RR, 90% CI=0.4, 0.2 to 0.7) in the intervention group. Comparison between arms for clubs with highest compliance (≥median compliance) demonstrated very likely beneficial 60% reductions in targeted injury incidence (RR, 90% CI=0.4, 0.2 to 0.8) and targeted injury burden (RR, 90% CI=0.4, 0.2 to 0.7). Conclusions The movement control injury prevention programme resulted in likely beneficial reductions in lower-limb injuries and concussion. Higher intervention compliance was associated with reduced targeted injury incidence and burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Attwood
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Hendricks S, van Niekerk T, Sin DW, Lambert M, den Hollander S, Brown J, Maree W, Treu P, Till K, Jones B. Technical determinants of tackle and ruck performance in International rugby union. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:522-528. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1322216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharief Hendricks
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiffany van Niekerk
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Drew Wade Sin
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve den Hollander
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Brown
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willie Maree
- South African Rugby Union, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Treu
- Western Province Rugby Union/Stormers
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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35
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Reider B. Activating the Omega 13. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:275-277. [PMID: 28146400 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517690145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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