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Park J, Kang GH, Kim Y, Lee JY, Song JA, Hwang JH. Formaldehyde exposure induces differentiation of regulatory T cells via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway in Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8149. [PMID: 35581361 PMCID: PMC9114421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minipigs (Sus scrofa) as a platform for toxicological and pharmacological research is well established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on helper T cell-mediated splenic immune responses in Yucatan minipigs. The minipigs were exposed to different inhaled concentrations of FA (0, 2.16, 4.62, or 10.48 mg/m3) for a period of 2 weeks. Immune responses elicited by exposure to FA were determined by assessing physiological parameters, mRNA expression, and cytokine production. Additionally, the distribution of helper T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and expression of NFAT families, which are well-known T cell receptor signalling proteins associated with regulatory T cell development, were evaluated. Exposure to FA suppressed the expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in minipigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The subsequent production of cytokines also declined post-FA exposure. Furthermore, exposure to FA induced the differentiation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells with divergent expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2. These results indicated that exposure to FA increased the Treg cell population via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity with a decline in T cell-related cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul-si, 27447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Pabst R. The bronchus-associated-lymphoid tissue (BALT) an unique lymphoid organ in man and animals. Ann Anat 2021; 240:151833. [PMID: 34670121 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development structure and number of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) will be described in many different animals (like chicken, rabbit, mouse, rat, farm animals and particular the pig, monkey) and these data compared to healthy man and in human diseases. The term induced BALT should not be used because it is a tertiary lymphoid structure, which lacks the contact to a bronchus and does not consist of the important area (dome area) which is essential for antigen uptake of microbial stimuli, which are essential in the development of BALT. Mycoplasma seems to play a critical role as shown in pigs but there not been documented in other species like rabbits. More studies have to be performed in health and disease (e.g. in apes) to document the structural and functional basis to use BALT as an entry site for vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pabst
- Immunomorphology, Centre of Anatomy, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
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Park J, Yang HS, Song MK, Kim DI, Lee K. Formaldehyde exposure induces regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression via calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17023. [PMID: 33046725 PMCID: PMC7550593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Formaldehyde (FA) exposure on splenic immune responses wherein helper T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T and regulatory T cells. BALB/c mice were exposed to two FA concentrations (1.38 mg/m3 and 5.36 mg/m3) for 4 h/day and 5 days/week for 2 weeks. FA-induced immune responses were examined by the production of cytokines, expression of mRNAs, and distributions of helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Moreover, expression of calcineurin and NFATs, regulatory T cell-related signalling proteins, were evaluated. FA exposure suppressed Th2-, Th1-, and Th17-related splenic cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA expression of splenic cytokines was also decreased by FA exposure, which correlated with decreased cytokine expression. In parallel, FA exposure promoted T cell differentiation into regulatory T cells in a dose-dependent manner supported by the expression of calcineurin and NFAT1. Taken together, our results indicated that FA exposure increases the number of regulatory T cells via calcineurin-NFAT signalling, thereby leading to effector T cell activity suppression with decreased T cell-related cytokine secretion and mRNA expression. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of FA and accordingly have general implications for human health, particularly in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Yang
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Im Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of inhalation Research, National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Products, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Mai W, Liu X, Su G, Zhou W, Wen Z, Lu D. Elevation of Circulating Th17/Th22 Cells Exposed to Low-Level Formaldehyde and Its Relevance to Formaldehyde-Induced Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:817-821. [PMID: 28697061 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of formaldehyde exposure on Th17 and Th22 cells and its relevance to human occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD). METHODS Circulating IL17-/IL22-secreting cells and serum IL17/IL22 levels in formaldehyde-exposed workers at Occupational Exposure Limit and nonexposed controls were assessed. RESULTS The IL17 and IL22 cell population were detected in both CD3CD8 and CD3CD8 cells. The percentages of circulating IL17 and IL22 T cells in the workers with and without ACD history were all elevated, which were more remarkable in the ones with ACD history. Serum levels of IL17 and IL22 between the workers and controls were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Low-level formaldehyde exposure may increase circulating IL17-/IL22-producing T cells (CD8 and CD8), possibly involved in the development of human OACD. But it may not alter serum levels of IL17/IL22 before the appearance of OACD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Mai
- Department of Prevention and Healthcare, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Dr Mai, Su); Department of General Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Mr Liu); Department of Laboratory Science, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Ms Zhou); and Department of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China (Mr Wen, Mr Lu)
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Cheng J, Zhang L, Tang Y, Li Z. The toxicity of continuous long-term low-dose formaldehyde inhalation in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 38:495-501. [PMID: 27819568 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1248844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of high-dose formaldehyde (FA) inhalation has been extensively analyzed in animals, the effect of continuous long-term exposure to low-dose FA has not been well documented. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of continuous long-term low-dose FA inhalation in mice. Forty-eight Kunming male mice were equally randomized to three groups according to the dose of FA inhalation exposure: a control (0 mg/m3) group, a low-dose (0.08 mg/m3) group and a high-dose (0.8 mg/m3) group. The mice have been selected to expose to FA for different consecutive days at 24 h/day. The learning and memory functions, pathological changes in the lung and liver, and the percentage of CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells were observed and analyzed. It was found that continuous long-term inhalation of FA at relatively low doses could impair the learning and memory functions and induce pathological changes in the lung and liver, but did not seem to significantly affect the number of immune (CD4 + T and CD8 + T) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Cheng
- a Department of Building Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Long Zhang
- b Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yufu Tang
- b Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhenhai Li
- c Department of Mechanical Energy , Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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Wang F, Liu F, Liu H, Chen W, Si X, Ma X. Effects of immunological and hematological parameter in mice exposed to mixture of volatile organic compounds. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:164-9. [PMID: 26986951 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1148087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to some kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to immune system disorders, liver and kidney damage, hematological change. However, there is little information about the effect of VOCs mixture on immune system and hematological parameter. In this study, 50 Kunming male mice were exposed in five similar chambers, 0 (control) and four different doses of VOCs mixture (G1-4) for consecutively 10 days at 2 h/day. The concentrations of VOCs mixture were as follows: formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene 1.0 + 1.1 + 2.0 + 2.0, 3.0 + 3.3 + 6.0 + 6.0, 5.0 + 5.5 + 10.0 + 10.0 and 10.0 + 11.0 + 20.0 + 20.0 mg/m(3), respectively, which corresponded to 10, 30, 50 and 100 times of indoor air quality standard in china. One day following VOCs exposure, spleen T lymphocyte subpopulation, serum biochemical markers and peripheral blood cells in mice were analyzed, respectively. VOCs exposure decreased significantly erythrocyte count (RBC), platelet (PLT) in peripheral blood in mice. While aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine (CREA) in serum increased significantly in G4 mice versus controls. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the number of splenic lymphocyte subpopulation cells decreased significantly in G2, 3 and 4 mice in comparison with normal Kunming mice. These results indicate inhalation of VOCs mixture affects CD4/8 subpopulations, liver, kidney function and some hematological parameters in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- a School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang , China
| | - Fei Liu
- a School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang , China
| | - Haifang Liu
- b School of Energy and Environment Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou , China , and
| | - Wanguang Chen
- a School of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University , Luoyang , China
| | - Xianli Si
- c College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Xiuying Ma
- c College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
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Abd-Elhakim YM, Mohamed AAR, Mohamed WA. Hemato-immunologic impact of subchronic exposure to melamine and/or formaldehyde in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:713-22. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1170742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wafaa A. Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Wei H, Tan K, Sun R, Yin L, Zhang J, Pu Y. Aberrant production of Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines in serum of C57BL/6 mice after short-term formaldehyde exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10036-50. [PMID: 25264680 PMCID: PMC4210965 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that formaldehyde (FA) could cause immunotoxicity by changing the number of T lymphocytes and that cytokines play a pivotal role in the regulation of T lymphocytes. However, the previously used cytokine detection methods are difficult to use in the measurement of several cytokines in a small amount of sample for one test. Therefore, the cytometric bead array (CBA) technique was used. CBA showed better analytical efficiency and sensitivity than the previous methods. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to the control (normal saline), low FA concentration (0.5 mg/kg), and high FA concentration (2 mg/kg) for 1 week or 1 month. The contents of cytokines, including Th1-related cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor), Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), and Th17-related cytokines (IL-17A), were measured by using the BD FACS Canto II Flow Cytometer and analyzed by FCAP ArrayTM Software. Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines showed a slightly decreasing trend after low FA exposure. Conversely, a significantly increasing trend was found after high FA exposure. Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines all serve important functions in the immune reactions in mice after FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Kehong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Sandikci M, Seyrek K, Aksit H, Kose H. Inhalation of formaldehyde and xylene induces apoptotic cell death in the lung tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:455-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of newborns, young, and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm) or technical xylene (300 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 27 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Apoptotic cells were mainly localized around the bronchus and bronchioles and relatively less frequently on the walls of alveoli and interalveolar septa both in control and experimental groups. In the BALT, reactive cells were localized in the area under the epithelium and distributed homogenously within the lymphoid follicles. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue including the BALT were significantly higher in young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde and xylene than those detected in control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandikci
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey,
| | - K. Seyrek
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Kose
- Department of Biophisic, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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