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Turaga AH. Vegetarianism and Its Implications for Body Mass Index, Health, and Dietary Awareness in a Metropolitan City in India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e42187. [PMID: 37602009 PMCID: PMC10439670 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This cross-sectional study aimed to assess and analyze the awareness of vegetarianism and its prevalence as a lifestyle practice in an urban population of Hyderabad, India. Methodology A predesigned, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from consenting study participants. The questionnaire was administered, and the response data were extracted and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Open Epi. The chi-square test was employed, and an appropriate p-value was set for each parametrical calculation and analysis. Results The study revealed that 43.7% of the study group followed a vegetarian diet, while the remaining population consumed a mixed diet. Most vegetarians were born into vegetarian families and adhered to it due to religious beliefs. Additionally, some individuals converted to vegetarianism for perceived health benefits, such as efficient weight management and decreased cholesterol levels. However, many vegetarians reported deficiencies in certain micro and macronutrients, necessitating additional supplementation. Lacto-ovo vegetarians were found to experience the most health benefits from this practice, exhibiting desirable body mass index rates and higher rates of satisfaction. Conclusions Vegetarianism is prevalent in the urban population of Hyderabad, India. The decision to follow a vegetarian lifestyle is influenced by various factors, including religious beliefs and perceived health benefits. However, it is important to address the potential nutrient deficiencies associated with vegetarian diets. Lacto-ovo vegetarians, in particular, seem to derive significant health benefits from their dietary choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani H Turaga
- Medicine and Surgery, Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad, IND
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Deng X, Si J, Qu Y, Jie L, He Y, Wang C, Zhang Y. Vegetarian diet duration's influence on women's gut environment. GENES & NUTRITION 2021; 16:16. [PMID: 34600491 PMCID: PMC8487541 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-021-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrient composition of vegetarian diets is greatly different from that of omnivore diets, which may fundamentally influence the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. The interactions between diet pattern and gut environment need further illustration. This study aims to compare the difference in the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites between vegetarian and omnivore female adults and explore associations between dietary choices/duration and gut environment changes. METHODS In this study, investigations on the fecal metabolome together with the gut microbiome were performed to describe potential interactions with quantitative functional annotation. In order to eliminate the differences brought by factors of gender and living environment, 80 female adults aged 20 to 48 were recruited in the universities in Beijing, China. Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were applied to screen differential data between groups from gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. Furthermore, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was employed as the bioinformatics analysis tool for describing the correlations between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. Moreover, participants were further subdivided by the vegetarian diet duration for analysis. RESULTS GPCR-mediated integration of enteroendocrine signaling was predicted to be one of the regulatory mechanisms of the vegetarian diet. Intriguingly, changes in the gut environment which occurred along with the vegetarian diet showed attenuated trend as the duration increased. A similar trend of returning to "baseline" after a 10-year vegetarian diet was detected in both gut microbiota and fecal metabolome. CONCLUSIONS The vegetarian diet is beneficial more than harmful to women. Gut microbiota play roles in the ability of the human body to adapt to external changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Si
- Special Treatment Center, Wang Jing Hospital of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglong Qu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuansong He
- Sichuan Vocational College of Nursing, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Khara T, Riedy C, Ruby MB. "We have to keep it a secret" - The dynamics of front and backstage behaviours surrounding meat consumption in India. Appetite 2020; 149:104615. [PMID: 31996317 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meat consumption is on the rise in India. However, most studies on meat consumption have been conducted among Western audiences and there are relatively few insights into meat consumption in emerging markets, especially India, which tends to be stereotyped as a vegetarian nation. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore meat consumption practices among urban Indians aged 23-45 years. The sample comprised mainly Mumbai residents. The research methodology used constructivist grounded theory. Semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews was the main mode of data collection and the research used an iterative study design along with an inductive analysis approach. A key finding was that while meat consumption is on the rise, there are social stigmas still associated with it. This has led to discrepancies between consumption behaviours occurring in public (frontstage behaviours) and those carried out in private (backstage behaviours). Using Goffman's theory of self-presentation, the study provides insights into various ways in which backstage meat consumption occurs in collectivist Indian society today. The backstage setting can comprise places outside the home, such as restaurants, and in some instances, segregated 'safe' spaces within the home itself. Within these spaces, the study explores how certain consumption taboos are quietly broken while actions are taken to present appropriate frontstage appearances before various audiences. This study contributes to the relatively sparse literature on meat consumption in India while also using Goffman's theory to highlight the discrepancies between public and private consumption behaviours within the collectivist Indian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tani Khara
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Christopher Riedy
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Australia
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Abraham G, Mathew M, Gopalakrishnan P, Sankarasubbaiyan S, Shroff S. Are Three Exchanges Suitable for Asian Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis? Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080302302s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenomenal growth in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has occurred in the developing countries of Asia. In many regions in Asia, neither governments nor insurance companies fully cover treatment expenses for dialysis. Hence, patients in developing countries such as India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal use just three 2-L exchanges daily. Typical practice in many centers is to do daytime CAPD with a dry night. Most of our Indian patients who are on three exchanges per day showed a Kt/V of 1.67 and 2-year survival rate of 60% with a normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance of 0.73 – 0.80 g/kg daily. Vegetarians had a lower protein consumption rate and lower serum albumin levels. Peritoneal membrane characteristics vary among high, high average, and low average in various regions of Asia. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy, with its associated comorbid conditions, as a major cause of end-stage renal disease in the Indian subcontinent explains the differences in the CAPD mortality rates between India and various Asian countries. Given the financial constraints in countries in Asia, small-volume dialysis of 6 L daily may be an acceptable compromise in some patient populations with a smaller body size and significant residual renal function; however, dialysis dose should be individualized according to the needs of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Abraham
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sundaram Medical Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Milly Mathew
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sundaram Medical Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Padma Gopalakrishnan
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sundaram Medical Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Sankarasubbaiyan
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sundaram Medical Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil Shroff
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sundaram Medical Foundation, Chennai, India
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Abraham G, Pratap B, Sankarasubbaiyan S, Govindan P, Nayak KS, Sheriff R, Naqvi SJ. Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis in South Asia — Challenges and Future. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080802800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD), especially continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD), is being increasingly utilized in South Asian countries (population of 1.4 billion). There are divergent geopolitical and socioeconomic factors that influence the growth and expansion of CAPD in this region. The majority of the countries in South Asia are lacking in government healthcare system for reimbursing renal replacement therapy. The largest utilization of chronic PD is in India, with nearly 6500 patients on this treatment by the end of 2006. A large majority of patients are doing 2 L exchanges 3 times per day, using glucose-based dialysis solution manufactured in India. Chronic PD is not being utilized in Myanmar, Bhutan, or Seychelles. Affirmative action by the manufacturing industry, medical professionals, government policy makers, and nongovernmental organizations for reducing the cost of chronic PD will enable the growth and utilization of this life-saving therapy.
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The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030557. [PMID: 30845641 PMCID: PMC6470702 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetarian and vegan diets have increased worldwide in the last decades, according to the knowledge that they might prevent coronary heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Althought plant-based diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies such as proteins, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, omega-3, and vitamin B12, the available evidence shows that well planned vegetarian and vegan diets may be considered safe during pregnancy and lactation, but they require a strong awareness for a balanced intake of key nutrients. A review of the scientific literature in this field was performed, focusing specifically on observational studies in humans, in order to investigate protective effects elicited by maternal diets enriched in plant-derived foods and possible unfavorable outcomes related to micronutrients deficiencies and their impact on fetal development. A design of pregestational nutrition intervention is required in order to avoid maternal undernutrition and consequent impaired fetal growth.
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Kim S, Fenech MF, Kim PJ. Nutritionally recommended food for semi- to strict vegetarian diets based on large-scale nutrient composition data. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4344. [PMID: 29531252 PMCID: PMC5847509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet design for vegetarian health is challenging due to the limited food repertoire of vegetarians. This challenge can be partially overcome by quantitative, data-driven approaches that utilise massive nutritional information collected for many different foods. Based on large-scale data of foods' nutrient compositions, the recent concept of nutritional fitness helps quantify a nutrient balance within each food with regard to satisfying daily nutritional requirements. Nutritional fitness offers prioritisation of recommended foods using the foods' occurrence in nutritionally adequate food combinations. Here, we systematically identify nutritionally recommendable foods for semi- to strict vegetarian diets through the computation of nutritional fitness. Along with commonly recommendable foods across different diets, our analysis reveals favourable foods specific to each diet, such as immature lima beans for a vegan diet as an amino acid and choline source, and mushrooms for ovo-lacto vegetarian and vegan diets as a vitamin D source. Furthermore, we find that selenium and other essential micronutrients can be subject to deficiency in plant-based diets, and suggest nutritionally-desirable dietary patterns. We extend our analysis to two hypothetical scenarios of highly personalised, plant-based methionine-restricted diets. Our nutrient-profiling approach may provide a useful guide for designing different types of personalised vegetarian diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael F Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, South Australia, 5048, Australia
| | - Pan-Jun Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food consumption patterns of adolescents aged 14-16 years in Kolkata, India. Nutr J 2017; 16:50. [PMID: 28836982 PMCID: PMC5571590 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nutrition transition has brought about rapid changes in the structure of the Indian diet. The replacement of traditional home-cooked meals with ready-to-eat, processed foods has contributed to an increased risk of chronic diseases in urban Indians. Improving the nutrition of Indians by promoting healthy food consumption in early life and in adolescence would help to reduce these health risks. However, little is known about the quality and quantity of foods and beverages consumed by urban Indian adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the food consumption patterns in a sample of urban Indian adolescents. Methods A self-administered, semi-quantitative, 59-item meal-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess the dietary intake of adolescents over the previous day. A total of 1026 students (aged 14–16 years) attending private, English-speaking schools in Kolkata, India completed the survey. Results Overall, the adolescents reported poor dietary intakes; over one quarter (30%) reported no consumption of vegetables and 70% reported eating three or more servings of energy-dense snacks, on the previous day. Nearly half of the respondents (45%) did not consume any servings of fruits and 47% reported drinking three or more servings of energy-dense beverages. The mean consumption of food groups in serves/day varied from 0.88 (SD = 1.36) for pulses and legumes to 6.25 (SD = 7.22) for energy-dense snacks. In general, girls had more nutritious dietary intakes than boys. Conclusions The Indian adolescents reported poor food consumption patterns, and these findings highlight the need to design effective nutrition promotion strategies to encourage healthy eating in adolescence and targeting food supply and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rathi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Adherence to a Vegetarian Diet and Diabetes Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060603. [PMID: 28613258 PMCID: PMC5490582 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantitatively assessed the association between a vegetarian diet and diabetes risk using pooled estimates from observational studies. Electronic database searches for articles published from January 1980 to May 2016 were independently performed by two investigators, and 13 articles (14 studies) were identified. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for diabetes in vegetarians vs. non-vegetarians was 0.726 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.608, 0.867). In the subgroup analyses, this inverse association was stronger for the studies conducted in the Western Pacific region (OR 0.514, 95% CI: 0.304, 0.871) and Europe/North America (OR 0.756, 95% CI: 0.589, 0.971) than studies conducted in Southeast Asia (OR 0.888, 95% CI: 0.718, 1.099). No study had a substantial effect on the pooled effect size in the influence analysis, and the Egger's (p = 0.465) and Begg's tests (p = 0.584) revealed no publication bias. This meta-analysis indicates that a vegetarian diet is inversely associated with diabetes risk. Our results support the need for further investigations into the effects of the motivations for vegetarianism, the duration of the adherence to a vegetarian diet, and type of vegetarian on diabetes risk.
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Shridhar K, Dhillon PK, Bowen L, Kinra S, Bharathi AV, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Ebrahim S. Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets--the Indian Migration Study (IMS). Nutr J 2014; 13:55. [PMID: 24899080 PMCID: PMC4055802 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular and other health benefits and potential harms of protein and micronutrient deficiency of vegetarian diets continue to be debated. Methods Study participants included urban migrants, their rural siblings and urban residents (n = 6555, mean age - 40.9 yrs) of the Indian Migration Study from Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Information on diet (validated interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire), tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, medical histories, as well as blood pressure, fasting blood and anthropometric measurements were collected. Nutrient databases were used to calculate nutrient content of regional recipes. Vegetarians ate no eggs, fish, poultry and meat. Using multivariate linear regression with robust standard error model, we compared the macro- and micro-nutrient profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Results Vegetarians, (32.8% of the population), consumed greater amounts of legumes, vegetables, roots and tubers, dairy and sugar, while non-vegetarians had a greater intake of cereals, fruits, spices, salt (p < 0.01), fats and oils. Vegetarians had a higher socioeconomic status, and were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol (p < 0.0001) and engage in less physical activity (p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, vegetarians consumed more carbohydrates (β = 7.0 g/day (95% CI: 9.9 to 4.0), p < 0.0001), vitamin C (β = 8.7 mg/day (95% CI: 4.3 to13.0), p < 0.0001) and folate (β = 8.0 mcg/day (95% CI: 3.3 to 12.7), p = 0.001) and lower levels of fat (β = −1.6 g/day (95% CI: −0.62 to −2.7), p = 0.002), protein (β = −6.4 g/day (95% CI: −5.8 to −7.0), p < 0.0001), vitamin B12 (β = −1.4 mcg/day (95% CI: −1.2 to −1.5), p < 0.0001) and zinc (β = −0.6 mg/day (95% CI: −0.4 to −0.7), p < 0.0001). Conclusion Overall, Indian vegetarian diets were found to be adequate to sustain nutritional demands according to recommended dietary allowances with less fat. Lower vitamin B12 bio-availability remains a concern and requires exploration of acceptable dietary sources for vegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Shridhar
- South Asia Network of Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Building 47, Sector 44 Gurgaon, New Delhi, Haryana 122002, India.
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Khan N, Pande V, Das A. NAT2 sequence polymorphisms and acetylation profiles in Indians. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:289-303. [PMID: 23394391 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAT2, a broad-spectrum drug-metabolizing gene, is of high pharmacogenetic interest. Based on seven different mutations in the NAT2 gene, an individual can either be categorized as a slow or fast acetylator. MATERIALS & METHODS In order to characterize acetylation profiles of Indians, where data are poorly available, we sequenced the 873 bp NAT2 coding region in 250 Indians, covering the whole of India including three tribes. RESULTS Altogether, 35 NAT2 alleles forming two acetylator phenotypes (distributed almost in equal proportion in India) were found; while the alleles determining slow acetylators were highly differentiated, the fast acetylator alleles were less in number but highly frequent. CONCLUSION Interestingly, distribution of two different acetylation phenotypes correlated well with historical dietary pattern in India. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on NAT2 gene polymorphisms in worldwide humans revealed genetic affinities among populations with similar acetylation phenotypes, which also placed Indians and Africans together in a single cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Evolutionary Genomics & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Prasad N, Gupta A, Sinha A, Sharma RK, Kumar A, Kumar R. Changes in Nutritional Status on Follow-Up of an Incident Cohort of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr 2008; 18:195-201. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
The success of a peritoneal dialysis (PD) program depends on a multitude of factors that are interlinked and inseparable from one another. Each program needs to identify its special circumstances, deficiencies, and strong points, and then to strategize accordingly. Ultimately, “teamwork” is the mantra for a successful outcome, the patient being central to all endeavors. A belief and a passion for PD are the fountainhead and cornerstone on which to build a quality PD program.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.S. Nayak
- PD Center, Department of Nephrology, Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abraham G, Varsha P, Mathew M, Sairam VK, Gupta A. Malnutrition and nutritional therapy of chronic kidney disease in developing countries: the asian perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 10:213-21. [PMID: 14708074 DOI: 10.1053/j.arrt.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence and clinical consequences of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in the chronic renal failure, maintenance dialysis, and renal transplant population in developing countries. Malnutrition, which is reported to be present in 42% to 77% of the end-stage renal disease population in developing countries, is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. Many religious practices in developing countries promote abstinence from meat, fish, and eggs. Both a vegetarian dietary pattern, which is being adopted by an increasing number of people, and ingestion of inadequate protein and calories in the diet to arrest the progression of chronic renal failure, may lead to malnutrition. The attendant complications of PEM, malaise, wasting, anemia, and decreased immunity, may predispose these patients to infections. This is commonly seen in both the maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis population and may decrease their survival. There is an urgent need for nutritional counseling by a dietitian to contain the damage of malnutrition and to provide important nutritional information to the patient. Consultation with a dietitian should take place at least 3 times yearly and, in malnourished patients, more often, as needed. Dietetic documentation should include reports of food intake, subjective global assessment, anthropometric measurements, estimation of the nPNA, serum albumin, and prealbumin, the serum lipid profile, sodium and potassium intake, calcium and phosphorus status, and any changes in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Abraham
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai, India.
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