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Ruby MB, Graça J, Olli E. Vegetarian, vegan, or plant-based? Comparing how different labels influence consumer evaluations of plant-based foods. Appetite 2024; 197:107288. [PMID: 38467193 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Market actors have a role to play in enabling sustainable food transitions. One challenge for these actors is how to promote plant-based foods in ways that appeal to a growing number of consumers. Here we test how different plant-based related labels affect consumer appraisals of a range of foods (cookies, sausages, cheese, chocolate, pasta). In two studies (pre-registered; NUSA = 1148, NGermany = 491), we examined the effects of a 'vegetarian', 'vegan', or 'plant-based' label (compared to no label) on five attributes (healthy, tasty, ethical, pure, environmentally friendly) related to the products. We also measured self-reported likelihood to purchase the products. Overall, the results indicated that the 'plant-based' label was slightly more appealing to participants than the 'vegetarian' and 'vegan' labels. However, contrary to our expectations, neither consumers' information-seeking tendencies nor their pre-existing attitudes toward plant-based foods influenced (i.e., moderated) the effects of the labels. Anticipated taste was a strong and consistent predictor of purchase likelihood for all labeled products, but the ethical and pure attributes also accounted for unique variance in this outcome variable. Taken together, our findings and discussion provide insights into the role of labels and label terminology on consumer appraisals of plant-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - João Graça
- University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa (ICS-ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
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Smillie LD, Ruby MB, Tan NP, Stollard L, Bastian B. Differential responses to ethical vegetarian appeals: Exploring the role of traits, beliefs, and motives. J Pers 2024; 92:800-819. [PMID: 37551847 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research examines differential responses to ethical vegetarian appeals as a fuction of individuals' personalities. BACKGROUND Ethical vegetarian appeals are persuasive messages promoting the adoption of a plant-based diet on moral grounds. Individuals may vary in their receptivity to such appeals, depending on their morally relevant traits (e.g., agreeableness), beliefs (e.g., speciesism), and motives (e.g., concerns about animal welfare). METHODS We explored (Study 1, N = 907) and then attempted to confirm (Study 2, N = 980) differential responses to three vegetarian appeals-two highlighting moral concerns (animal welfare, the environment) and a third focusing on individual health (control condition). RESULTS Both studies revealed several differential effects of our vegetarian appeals on the perceived effectiveness of the appeal and resultant intentions to reduce meat consumption. These mostly consisted of differences in receptivity to appeals focused on animal welfare. However, only one such effect observed in Study 1 was clearly replicated in Study 2: People who more strongly believed that eating meat was "normal" rated the vegetarian appeals focused on animal welfare as less effective. CONCLUSION Ethical vegetarian appeals may elicit different responses from different people, particularly those focused on animal welfare, depending on how normative one believes meat-eating to be. Such insights can inform behavior change efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Smillie
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Tan
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liora Stollard
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ruby MB, Alvarenga MS, Rozin P. Differences in Portion Sizes in Brazil, France, and the USA. Foods 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38338589 PMCID: PMC10855354 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Portion size is recognized as a major determinant of food intake, at least over the short term, and could be related to overconsumption and obesity. In this study, we developed and evaluated a new visual measure of portion size (PS), examined whether the PS of chicken, ice cream, and soda varied among people in Brazil, France, and the USA, and tested whether PS was related to gender, body mass index, body weight, and socioeconomic status. We conducted a cross-sectional study using online convenience samples of university students (total N = 1391). Across all three foods, French personal and country PSs were significantly smaller than the other three countries. Estimated country PS was reliably larger than personal PS. Women's personal PSs were smaller than men's, but women's and men's estimates for country PS were similar. French personal and country PSs were the lowest. Some PSs had a weak but significant correlation with SES but were not significantly related to either weight or BMI. The study confirms French-American differences in personal PS and demonstrates that perceived norms correspond to individual PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Ruby
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC 3690, Australia
| | - Marle S. Alvarenga
- Program of Post Graduation in Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil;
| | - Paul Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Northrope K, Howell T, Kashima ES, Buttlar B, Sproesser G, Ruby MB. An Investigation of Meat Eating in Samples from Australia and Germany: The Role of Justifications, Perceptions, and Empathy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:211. [PMID: 38254380 PMCID: PMC10812766 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite concerns about animal welfare, and health and environmental issues associated with eating meat, meat consumption has continued to increase worldwide, including in Australia. One exception to this is Germany, with 2021 meat consumption levels being the lowest in the last 30 years. This pre-registered study investigated socio-cultural variables associated with meat consumption in Germany (n = 399) and Australia (n = 399) in a cross-sectional online survey. Participants reported levels of current and intended meat consumption, and they completed measures of speciesism, motivations to eat meat, empathy, animal farming perceptions, perceived behavioural control (PBC) over meat eating, and avoidance and dissociation regarding the animal origins of meat. In both Australia and Germany, enjoying the taste of meat positively predicted consumption and empathy towards farmed animals negatively predicted consumption. PBC was a strong positive predictor of intentions to reduce meat consumption in both countries. Empathy and liking the taste of meat were among the best predictors of red meat and poultry consumption, suggesting that interventions to reduce meat consumption may work best by targeting these factors while also increasing people's sense of control over their food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Northrope
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo 3552, Australia;
| | - Tiffani Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo 3552, Australia;
| | - Emiko S. Kashima
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia; (E.S.K.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Benjamin Buttlar
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany;
| | - Gudrun Sproesser
- Department of Health Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Matthew B. Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia; (E.S.K.); (M.B.R.)
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Ruby MB, Rothgerber H, Hopwood CJ. The psychology of eating animals and veg*nism. Appetite 2023; 187:106582. [PMID: 37121487 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vegetarian and vegan (Veg*n) diets are increasingly popular in Western societies and an increasingly common topic of psychological research. Animal-free diets hold considerable potential for helping curb the climate crisis and improving interspecies justice. This special issue presents recent contributions from research on the psychology of meat eating and veg*nism. To situate these articles in a broader context, we first establish the importance of studying veg*nism. We then review papers in this special issue, organized into themes of motivations and characteristics of veg*ns, attitudes towards veg*ns, attitudes toward meat and alternative proteins, intentions to eat meat or plant-based foods, consumption of meat or plant-based foods, and meat reduction interventions. We conclude with future directions for this blossoming field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Ruby
- La Trobe University, Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, Wodonga, Australia.
| | - Hank Rothgerber
- Bellarmine University, Department of Psychology, Louisville, United States
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Menzies RE, Ruby MB, Dar-Nimrod I. The vegan dilemma: Do peaceful protests worsen attitudes to veganism? Appetite 2023; 186:106555. [PMID: 37059398 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A body of research has shown that violent protests reduce support for social movements. However, few studies have examined whether the same is true for protests which are peaceful, yet disruptive (e.g., blocking traffic). Across two pre-registered experimental studies, we explored whether pro-vegan protests that are depicted as causing social disruption lead to more negative attitudes towards veganism, compared to non-disruptive protests or a control condition. Study 1 utilised a combined sample of Australian and United Kingdom residents (N = 449; Mage = 24.7 years). Study 2 employed a larger sample of undergraduate Australian students (N = 934; Mage = 19.8 years). In Study 1, disruptive protests were associated with more negative attitudes towards vegans, but only among women. In Study 2, no such effect was found. Instead, a significant main effect was found for the protest's cause (vegan vs. fast fashion), but not protest type (disruptive vs. non-disruptive). That is, reading about a vegan protest, irrespective of how disruptive it was, led to worse attitudes towards vegans, and greater defense of meat consumption (i.e., endorsement of meat eating as natural, necessary, and normal), than reading about a control protest. This effect was mediated by the perceived immorality of the protestors, and, in turn, reduced identification with them. Taking together both studies, the purported location of the protest (i.e., domestic vs. overseas) did not significantly impact attitudes toward the protestors. The current findings suggest that depictions of vegan protests elicit worse attitudes toward this movement, regardless of how peaceful that protest may be. Future research is needed to examine whether other forms of advocacy can ameliorate negative reactions to vegan activism.
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Sproesser G, Bhangaokar R, Ruby MB, Fischler C, Rozin P, Schupp HT, Renner B. Traditional and modern eating in older adults: a comparison between an urban and rural sample from Gujarat, Western India. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:818-836. [PMID: 36081812 PMCID: PMC9448369 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Sproesser
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rachana Bhangaokar
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Matthew B. Ruby
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, Australia
| | - Claude Fischler
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Politique, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
| | - Paul Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Harald T. Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Howell TJ, Nieforth L, Thomas-Pino C, Samet L, Agbonika S, Cuevas-Pavincich F, Fry NE, Hill K, Jegatheesan B, Kakinuma M, MacNamara M, Mattila-Rautiainen S, Perry A, Tardif-Williams CY, Walsh EA, Winkle M, Yamamoto M, Yerbury R, Rawat V, Alm K, Avci A, Bailey T, Baker H, Benton P, Binney C, Boyle S, Brandes H, Carr AM, Coombe W, Coulter K, Darby A, Davies L, Delisle E, Enders-Slegers MJ, Fournier A, Fox M, Gee N, Graham TM, Hamilton-Bruce A, Hansen TGB, Hart L, Heirs M, Hooper J, Howe R, Johnson E, Jones M, Karagiannis C, Kieson E, Kim SA, Kivlen C, Lanning B, Lewis H, Linder D, Mai DL, Mariti C, Mead R, Ferreira GM, Ngai D, O’Keeffe S, O’Connor G, Olsen C, Ormerod E, Power ER, Pritchard PA, Rodriguez K, Rook D, Ruby MB, Schofield L, Signal T, Steel J, Stone W, Symonds M, van Rooy D, Warda T, Wilson M, Young J, Bennett P. Defining Terms Used for Animals Working in Support Roles for People with Support Needs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151975. [PMID: 35953965 PMCID: PMC9367407 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although animals are being employed for a growing number of roles to support people, the terms used to describe those animals (e.g., “therapy animal” and “emotional support animal”) can be confusing. The same term may be used to describe different types of work, or the same role can be described with different terms. This paper presents the results of a collaboration between over 100 researchers, practitioners, and end users of animal-based supports from all over the world. We created working definitions for the following nine terms: “assistance animal”, “companion animal”, “educational/school support animal”, “emotional support animal”, “facility animal”, “service animal”, “skilled companion animal”, “therapy animal”, and “visiting/visitation animal”. In this paper, we describe the defining characteristics of each animal type and how it is different from the other types. We recommend phasing out the terms “skilled companion animal” and “service animal”, because they are similar to other terms. We discuss how our definitions may be received in different parts of the world. Abstract The nomenclature used to describe animals working in roles supporting people can be confusing. The same term may be used to describe different roles, or two terms may mean the same thing. This confusion is evident among researchers, practitioners, and end users. Because certain animal roles are provided with legal protections and/or government-funding support in some jurisdictions, it is necessary to clearly define the existing terms to avoid confusion. The aim of this paper is to provide operationalized definitions for nine terms, which would be useful in many world regions: “assistance animal”, “companion animal”, “educational/school support animal”, “emotional support animal”, “facility animal”, “service animal”, “skilled companion animal”, “therapy animal”, and “visiting/visitation animal”. At the International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ) conferences in 2018 and 2020, over 100 delegates participated in workshops to define these terms, many of whom co-authored this paper. Through an iterative process, we have defined the nine terms and explained how they differ from each other. We recommend phasing out two terms (i.e., “skilled companion animal” and “service animal”) due to overlap with other terms that could potentially exacerbate confusion. The implications for several regions of the world are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffani J. Howell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Leanne Nieforth
- OHAIRE, Comparative Pathobiology, Center for the Human Animal Bond, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Clare Thomas-Pino
- Human-Animal Interaction, Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | | | | | - Francisca Cuevas-Pavincich
- Centro de Estudios en Bienestar y Convivencia Social, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Nina Ekholm Fry
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Kristine Hill
- EASE Working Group, College of Social Sciences and International Studies, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | | | - Miki Kakinuma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Maureen MacNamara
- Department of Social Work, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28607, USA
| | - Sanna Mattila-Rautiainen
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70600 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andy Perry
- Department of Anthrozoology, University of Exeter (alumnus), Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
| | | | | | - Melissa Winkle
- Dogwood Therapy Services, Albuquerque, NM 87120, USA
- Animal Assisted Interventions International, 6537 HN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariko Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Yamanashi 409-0193, Japan
| | - Rachel Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Vijay Rawat
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathy Alm
- Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International, Denver, CO 80233, USA
| | - Ashley Avci
- Risk Frontiers, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Law, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia
| | - Tanya Bailey
- Boynton Health, Office of Student Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hannah Baker
- University Centre Sparsholt, University of Winchester, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK
| | - Pree Benton
- Dogs for Life, Caulfield South, VIC 3162, Australia
| | | | - Sara Boyle
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hagit Brandes
- The Program for Animal-Assisted-Psychotherapy, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Alexa M. Carr
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Wendy Coombe
- Animal Therapies Ltd., Gold Coast, QLD 4209, Australia
| | - Kendra Coulter
- Management and Organizational Studies, Huron University College at Western University, London, ON N6G 1H3, Canada
| | - Audrey Darby
- Equine Therapy Unit, ChildVision National Education Centre for Blind Children, D09 WKOH Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Esther Delisle
- The Canadian Institute of Animal-Assisted Interventions, Montréal, QC H3V 1C7, Canada
| | - Marie-Jose Enders-Slegers
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, MN 56601, USA
| | - Marie Fox
- School of Law & Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Nancy Gee
- Center for Human-Animal Interaction, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | - Anne Hamilton-Bruce
- Stroke Research Programme, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital & Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Tia G. B. Hansen
- Center for Human Animal Psychology, Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lynette Hart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Morag Heirs
- Clinical Animal Behaviour, Well Connected Canine, York YO24 3HG, UK
| | - Jade Hooper
- Faculty of Social Science, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rachel Howe
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Johnson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas 89183, NV, USA
| | - Melanie Jones
- Orygen Centre for Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Lead The Way Institute Ferntree Gully, Boronia, VIC 3156, Australia
| | | | | | - Sun-A Kim
- Clinical Animal Behavior Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Christine Kivlen
- Occupational Therapy, Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Beth Lanning
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Helen Lewis
- Department of Education and Childhood Studies, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Deborah Linder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Institute for Human-Animal Interaction, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Dac Loc Mai
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Chiara Mariti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gilly Mendes Ferreira
- Scottish SPCA (Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), Dunfermline KY11 8RY, UK
| | - Debbie Ngai
- Hong Kong Animal Assisted Therapy Association (HKAATA), Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Ormerod
- Society for Companion Animal Studies, Godmachester, Cambridgeshire PE29 2BQ, UK
| | - Emma R. Power
- Institute for Culture and Society, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Peggy A. Pritchard
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kerri Rodriguez
- Human-Animal Bond in Colorado, School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Deborah Rook
- Northumbria Law School, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Matthew B. Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - Leah Schofield
- Solihull College and University Centre, Solihull B91 1SB, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tania Signal
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, College of Psychology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Jill Steel
- Moray House School of Education and Sports Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK
| | - Wendy Stone
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa Symonds
- Faculty of Health, Education and Society, The University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
| | | | - Tiamat Warda
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Monica Wilson
- School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Janette Young
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Pauleen Bennett
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
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Sproesser G, Ruby MB, Arbit N, Akotia CS, Alvarenga MDS, Bhangaokar R, Furumitsu I, Hu X, Imada S, Kaptan G, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Menon U, Fischler C, Rozin P, Schupp HT, Renner B. Similar or different? Comparing food cultures with regard to traditional and modern eating across ten countries. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
This qualitative study used social practice theory to explore how meat-eating practices are changing in contemporary urban Australia, drawing on a sample of Sydney residents aged 23–45 years. The research used an iterative study design and an inductive analysis approach. Semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews were the main mode of data collection, supplemented by observations in places such as markets and local neighborhoods. Research participants explained that the role of meat in their diet has changed in response to shifting conventions and social infrastructures. They have reduced consumption of red meat in favor of meats considered healthier or more ethical. Key factors driving the change include exposure to alternative eating practices brought about through changes in political policy and the advent of globalization. Changing discourses of masculinity and the move toward embracing more fluid representations of gender have, in turn, changed meanings in relation to the meat-eating man and a meat-heavy diet. Rising environmental and health consciousness, and concerns for animal welfare have also contributed to dietary changes. While several participants claimed to have increased their consumption of plant-based foods, meat still continues to maintain a significant presence within their diets. Many participants expressed interest in cutting back further on meat consumption and adopting more plant-based foods but they also identified several challenges—e.g., limited access to plant-based ingredients and recipes, negative meanings associated with vegetarian and vegan diets, and a lack of competence in relation to preparing and consuming appetizing meals using plant-based foods.
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Higa JE, Ruby MB, Rozin P. Americans’ acceptance of black soldier fly larvae as food for themselves, their dogs, and farmed animals. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Khara T, Riedy C, Ruby MB. A cross cultural meat paradox: A qualitative study of Australia and India. Appetite 2021; 164:105227. [PMID: 33812938 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 'meat paradox' is the psychological conflict between people's enjoyment of meat and their moral discomfort in relation to animal suffering. To date, most studies on the meat paradox have been in Western contexts where meat-eating is a cultural norm. In comparison, little is known about how the meat paradox is experienced in emerging economies such as India, where the longstanding cultural commitment to vegetarianism is under challenge. Further, most studies to date have been quantitative. This study bridges the knowledge gap by providing a qualitative comparison of the meat paradox in urban Australia and India, using cognitive dissonance theory as its main framework. We conducted in-depth interviews with twenty-two Sydney residents and thirty-three Mumbai residents, aged 23-45 years. The interviews were analysed using a grounded theory approach. In both countries, common strategies to reduce dissonance included distancing, belief in a human-animal hierarchy, carnism and criticisms of alternative dietary practices. Despite these commonalities, the manner in which these strategies manifested was different in each country, reflecting key socio-cultural and institutional differences. Australian participants became aware of the ethical challenges of meat consumption primarily via the media, whereas many Indian participants had direct experience of animal slaughter in wet markets. Thus, while Australian participants had reduced their meat consumption or turned to 'kinder' alternatives, Indian participants resorted to distancing and emotional numbing to reduce dissonance. Further, participants in both countries highlighted instances of moral hypocrisy in relation to vegetarian/vegan practices. While Australian participants discussed self-proclaimed vegetarians who might succumb to a dietary lapse, Indian participants discussed inconsistencies in relation to religious and caste-based norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tani Khara
- Institute for Sustainable Futures University of Technology Sydney Building 10, 235 Jones Street, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007 Australia.
| | - Christopher Riedy
- Institute for Sustainable Futures University of Technology Sydney Building 10, 235 Jones Street, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007 Australia.
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University 133 McKoy Street, Wodonga, Victoria, 3690, Australia.
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Martin-Neuninger R, Ruby MB. What Does Food Retail Research Tell Us About the Implications of Coronavirus (COVID-19) for Grocery Purchasing Habits? Front Psychol 2020; 11:1448. [PMID: 32581987 PMCID: PMC7292029 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
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Khara T, Riedy C, Ruby MB. "We have to keep it a secret" - The dynamics of front and backstage behaviours surrounding meat consumption in India. Appetite 2020; 149:104615. [PMID: 31996317 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meat consumption is on the rise in India. However, most studies on meat consumption have been conducted among Western audiences and there are relatively few insights into meat consumption in emerging markets, especially India, which tends to be stereotyped as a vegetarian nation. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore meat consumption practices among urban Indians aged 23-45 years. The sample comprised mainly Mumbai residents. The research methodology used constructivist grounded theory. Semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews was the main mode of data collection and the research used an iterative study design along with an inductive analysis approach. A key finding was that while meat consumption is on the rise, there are social stigmas still associated with it. This has led to discrepancies between consumption behaviours occurring in public (frontstage behaviours) and those carried out in private (backstage behaviours). Using Goffman's theory of self-presentation, the study provides insights into various ways in which backstage meat consumption occurs in collectivist Indian society today. The backstage setting can comprise places outside the home, such as restaurants, and in some instances, segregated 'safe' spaces within the home itself. Within these spaces, the study explores how certain consumption taboos are quietly broken while actions are taken to present appropriate frontstage appearances before various audiences. This study contributes to the relatively sparse literature on meat consumption in India while also using Goffman's theory to highlight the discrepancies between public and private consumption behaviours within the collectivist Indian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tani Khara
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Christopher Riedy
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Australia
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Sproesser G, Ruby MB, Arbit N, Akotia CS, Alvarenga MDS, Bhangaokar R, Furumitsu I, Hu X, Imada S, Kaptan G, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Menon U, Fischler C, Rozin P, Schupp HT, Renner B. Understanding traditional and modern eating: the TEP10 framework. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1606. [PMID: 31791293 PMCID: PMC6889524 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the world, there has been a movement from traditional to modern eating, including a movement of traditional eating patterns from their origin culture to new cultures, and the emergence of new foods and eating behaviors. This trend toward modern eating is of particular significance because traditional eating has been related to positive health outcomes and sustainability. Yet, there is no consensus on what constitutes traditional and modern eating. The present study provides a comprehensive compilation of the various facets that seem to make up traditional and modern eating. Specifically, 106 facets were mentioned in the previous literature and expert discussions, combining international and interdisciplinary perspectives. The present study provides a framework (the TEP10 framework) systematizing these 106 facets into two major dimensions, what and how people eat, and 12 subdimensions. Hence, focusing only on single facets of traditional and modern eating is an oversimplification of this complex phenomenon. Instead, the multidimensionality and interplay between different facets should be considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of the trends, consequences, and underlying factors of traditional and modern eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Sproesser
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Albury-Wodonga, Australia
| | | | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Rachana Bhangaokar
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Isato Furumitsu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima-Shudo University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sumio Imada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima-Shudo University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Gülbanu Kaptan
- Centre for Decision Research, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martha Kaufer-Horwitz
- Obesity and Eating Disorders Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Usha Menon
- Department of Anthropology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Claude Fischler
- IIAC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Paul Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Harald T Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Dawson JK, Howell TJ, Ruby MB, Bennett PC. Throwing the Baby Out With the Bath Water: Could Widespread Neutering of Companion Dogs Cause Problems at a Population Level? Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:241. [PMID: 31396524 PMCID: PMC6662174 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries where companion dogs are popular, owners are strongly encouraged to neuter their dogs. Consequently, millions of dogs are neutered each year. In recent times considerable attention has been paid to the possible effects of such procedures on canine health and welfare. Less scrutinized are the potential ramifications of widespread neutering on the breeding of dogs and their continued success as human companions. This paper summarizes research investigating factors influencing the breeding and rearing of dogs most suited to companionship roles in contemporary, typically high-density, communities, and briefly reviews current breeder practices. It then argues that a fundamental shift to promote inclusion of “proven” companion dogs in the gene pool, as opposed to dogs meeting conformation or working/sporting standards, is required to successfully meet the needs of modern urban dog owners. A new model is proposed, whereby responsible owners and breeders work together to produce dogs most suited for life as human companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Dawson
- Anthrozoology Research Group, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Tiffani J Howell
- Anthrozoology Research Group, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Pauleen C Bennett
- Anthrozoology Research Group, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
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Rozin P, Ruby MB. Bugs are blech, butterflies are beautiful, but both are bad to bite: Admired animals are disgusting to eat but are themselves neither disgusting nor contaminating. Emotion 2019; 20:854-865. [PMID: 30896204 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed that things that are disgusting to eat are, themselves, disgusting, and that things that are disgusting to eat are also contaminating. We present data that counters both of these assumptions. In adult American and Indian samples, Study 1 provides evidence that, in contrast to many other insects, participants have positive attitudes toward butterflies. Participants are relatively unbothered by touching them or eating food that they have contacted but are very disgusted by the thought of eating them. Study 2 extends these findings with an adult American sample, comparing four pairs of animals, one admired and one disgusting: butterflies and cockroaches, canaries and vultures, koalas and rats, and dogs and hyenas. In all 4 cases, the positive animals themselves are rated as very low in disgustingness but rated as very disgusting to consume-almost as disgusting as the negative animals. However, although contact between the negative animals and a favorite food produces a strong disgust response to the favorite food, this contamination effect is much smaller, and sometimes absent, with the positive animals. We present evidence that the perceived immorality of killing admired animals is related to the disgust at consuming them. Disgust at eating an admired animal may have a moral component because it involves, at least indirectly, killing the animal. An admired animal that has contacted a favored food does not reliably make that food disgusting. In this scenario, as opposed to eating, there is no harm to the animal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University
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Woodhead JK, Feng LC, Howell TJ, Ruby MB, Bennett PC. Perceptions of dog breeding practices, breeding dog welfare and companion dog acquisition in a self-selected sample of Australian adults. Anim Welf 2018. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.27.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JK Woodhead
- PO Box 199, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - LC Feng
- PO Box 199, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - TJ Howell
- PO Box 199, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
| | - MB Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - PC Bennett
- PO Box 199, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3552, Australia
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Sproesser G, Imada S, Furumitsu I, Rozin P, Ruby MB, Arbit N, Fischler C, Schupp HT, Renner B. What Constitutes Traditional and Modern Eating? The Case of Japan. Nutrients 2018; 10:E118. [PMID: 29370081 PMCID: PMC5852694 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Japanese dietary culture might be a factor contributing to the high life expectancy in Japan. As little is known about what constitutes traditional and modern eating in Japan, the aims of the current study were to (1) comprehensively compile and systematize the various facets of traditional and modern eating; and (2) investigate whether these facets also apply to traditional and modern eating in Japan. In Study 1, an extensive international literature review was performed. Forty-five facets of traditional and modern eating were compiled and systematized into the dimensions of what and how people eat, and into eleven separate subdimensions. In Study 2, 340 adults from Japan answered a questionnaire. Results showed that traditional and modern eating in Japan is reflected in both what and how people eat. Within these two dimensions, ten subdimensions were found: the ingredients, processing, temporal origin, spatial origin, and variety of consumed foods, as well as temporal, spatial, and social aspects, appreciation, and concerns when eating. This study provides a broad compilation of facets of traditional and modern eating in Japan. Future research should investigate how these facets are related to life expectancy and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Sproesser
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 47, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Sumio Imada
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima Shudo University, 1-1-1 Ozukahigashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan.
| | - Isato Furumitsu
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima Shudo University, 1-1-1 Ozukahigashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan.
| | - Paul Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St./Solomon Labs Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, P.O. Box 821, 133 McKoy Street, Wodonga, VIC 3690, Australia.
| | - Naomi Arbit
- Teachers College, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Claude Fischler
- CNRS, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Harald T Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 36, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 47, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Arbit N, Ruby MB, Sproesser G, Renner B, Schupp H, Rozin P. Spheres of moral concern, moral engagement, and food choice in the USA and Germany. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sproesser G, Klusmann V, Ruby MB, Arbit N, Rozin P, Schupp HT, Renner B. The positive eating scale: relationship with objective health parameters and validity in Germany, the USA and India. Psychol Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1336239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Sproesser
- Psychological Assessment and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Verena Klusmann
- Psychological Assessment and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthew B. Ruby
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naomi Arbit
- Department of Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Rozin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Britta Renner
- Psychological Assessment and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Ruby MB, Alvarenga MS, Rozin P, Kirby TA, Richer E, Rutsztein G. Attitudes toward beef and vegetarians in Argentina, Brazil, France, and the USA. Appetite 2016; 96:546-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Piazza J, Ruby MB, Loughnan S, Luong M, Kulik J, Watkins HM, Seigerman M. Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite 2015; 91:114-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ruby MB, Heine SJ, Kamble S, Cheng TK, Waddar M. Compassion and contamination. Cultural differences in vegetarianism. Appetite 2013; 71:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ruby MB, Heine SJ. Too close to home. Factors predicting meat avoidance. Appetite 2012; 59:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ruby MB, Falk CF, Heine SJ, Villa C, Silberstein O. Not all collectivisms are equal: opposing preferences for ideal affect between East Asians and Mexicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1206-9. [PMID: 22775131 DOI: 10.1037/a0029118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed differences in how people value and pursue positive affect in individualistic and collectivistic cultural contexts. Whereas Euro-Americans place greater value on high activation positive affect (HAP; e.g., excitement, enthusiasm, elation) than do Asian Americans and Hong Kong Chinese, the opposite is true for low activation positive affect (LAP; e.g., calmness, serenity, tranquility). Although the form of collectivism present in East Asia dictates that individuals control and subdue their emotional expressions so as to maintain harmonious relationships, the opposite norm emerges in Mexico and other Latin American countries, in that the cultural script of simpatía promotes harmony through the open and vibrant expression of positive emotion. Across two studies, we found that Mexicans display a pattern of HAP/LAP preference different from those from East Asian collectivistic cultures, endorsing HAP over LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether--and why--people underestimate how much they enjoy exercise. DESIGN Across four studies, 279 adults predicted how much they would enjoy exercising, or reported their actual feelings after exercising. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome measures were predicted and actual enjoyment ratings of exercise routines, as well as intention to exercise. RESULTS Participants significantly underestimated how much they would enjoy exercising; this affective forecasting bias emerged consistently for group and individual exercise, and moderate and challenging workouts spanning a wide range of forms, from yoga and Pilates to aerobic exercise and weight training (Studies 1 and 2). We argue that this bias stems largely from forecasting myopia, whereby people place disproportionate weight on the beginning of a workout, which is typically unpleasant. We demonstrate that forecasting myopia can be harnessed (Study 3) or overcome (Study 4), thereby increasing expected enjoyment of exercise. Finally, Study 4 provides evidence for a mediational model, in which improving people's expected enjoyment of exercise leads to increased intention to exercise. CONCLUSION People underestimate how much they enjoy exercise because of a myopic focus on the unpleasant beginning of exercise, but this tendency can be harnessed or overcome, potentially increasing intention to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Ruby
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC.
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Abstract
Humans are a cultural species, constantly navigating a complex web of culturally bound practices, norms, and worldviews. This article provides a brief overview of the relatively young field of cultural psychology, which investigates the many ways psychology and culture interweave with one another. Highlighting the cultural nature of the human species, it draws upon research on cultural evolution, enculturation, and developmental processes. This review further summarizes a number of cultural differences in how people perceive the self, and the behavioral consequences that follow from these differences, in the domains of internal and external attribution styles, motivations for self-enhancement, approach/avoidance, primary and secondary control, as well as motivations for distinctiveness and conformity. Additionally, the review discusses research on the intersection of culture and emotion, as well as cultural differences in cognition, perception, and reasoning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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