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Lloyd F, Dixon C, Kropf J, Murison P, Bellitto N. Suspected severe post‐anaesthetic myopathy or myelopathy in a Clydesdale horse resulting in euthanasia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Lloyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Claire Dixon
- Glasgow Equine Hospital, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Josephine Kropf
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Pamela Murison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Abstract
There are 5 single-gene mutations that are known to cause muscle disease in horses. These mutations alter the amino acid sequence of proteins involved in cell membrane electrical conduction, muscle energy metabolism, muscle contraction, and immunogenicity. The clinical signs depend on the pathway affected. The likelihood that an animal with a mutation will exhibit clinical signs depends on the mode of inheritance, environmental influences, and interactions with other genes. Selection of a genetic test for use in diagnostic or breeding decisions requires a knowledge of clinical signs, mode of inheritance, breeds affected, and proper scientific test validation.
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7125788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are scarcely reported in donkeys, probably linked to their limited athletic attitude and low frequency of poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular pathologies are anecdotal in donkeys. Respiratory tract anatomy shows important differences between horses and donkeys. Donkeys and mules can act as reservoirs spreading many viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious respiratory diseases. Mosquito and tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in these species in the later years, and even donkeys are being used as sentinels in some areas to detect these emerging diseases. Management and treatment of lithiases can be transferable from horses; however, the same assumption must still be demonstrated for acute and chronic renal diseases. Ocular pathologies are similar to horses, with corneal ulcers frequently observed. Lameness is a common problem in donkeys, with laminitis as the most reported cause followed by pedal abscess. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Druml T, Grilz-Seger G, Neuditschko M, Brem G. Association between population structure and allele frequencies of the glycogen synthase 1 mutation in the Austrian Noriker draft horse. Anim Genet 2016; 48:108-112. [PMID: 27476720 DOI: 10.1111/age.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the allele frequency of the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation associated with polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 in the Austrian Noriker horse. Furthermore, we examined the influence of population substructures on the allele distribution. The study was based upon a comprehensive population sample (208 breeding stallions and 309 mares) and a complete cohort of unselected offspring from the year 2014 (1553 foals). The mean proportion of GYS1 carrier animals in the foal cohort was 33%, ranging from 15% to 50% according to population substructures based on coat colours. In 517 mature breeding horses the mutation carrier frequency reached 34%, ranging on a wider scale from 4% to 62% within genetic substructures. We could show that the occurrence of the mutated GYS1 allele is influenced by coat colour; genetic bottlenecks; and assortative, rotating and random mating strategies. Highest GYS1 carrier frequencies were observed in the chestnut sample comprising 50% in foals, 54% in mares and 62% in breeding stallions. The mean inbreeding of homozygous carrier animals reached 4.10%, whereas non-carrier horses were characterized by an inbreeding coefficient of 3.48%. Lowest GYS1 carrier frequencies were observed in the leopard spotted Noriker subpopulation. Here the mean carrier frequency reached 15% in foals, 17% in mares and 4% in stallions and inbreeding decreased from 3.28% in homozygous non-carrier horses to 2.70% in heterozygous horses and 0.94% in homozygous carriers. This study illustrates that lineage breeding and specified mating strategies result in genetic substructures, which affect the frequencies of the GYS1 gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Druml
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | | | - M Neuditschko
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, Les Longs Prés, CH-1580, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - G Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
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Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Bender JB, Annandale EJ, Hayden DW. Comparison of Histopathologic Criteria and Skeletal Muscle Fixation Techniques for the Diagnosis of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Horses. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:257-69. [PMID: 16672572 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-3-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the effect of three methods of fixation of skeletal muscle biopsy specimens on the histopathologic appearance of muscle sections and to determine criteria that were most consistently associated with a diagnosis of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in horses. Surgically excised semimembranosus muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from nine horses previously diagnosed with PSSM and from 15 control horses. Portions of each specimen were fixed in formalin, frozen immediately, and chilled for 24 hours prior to freezing. Sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and amylase-PAS were scored for histopathologic criteria by three investigators blinded to the sample origin. The presence of amylase-resistant, abnormal polysaccharide was found to be the most sensitive and specific diagnostic indicator for PSSM, and was readily detected regardless of the fixation technique or investigator. Other less-specific features associated with PSSM included atrophy and cytoplasmic and subsarcolemmal vacuoles; however, their histologic scores varied among fixation technique and investigators. Scores for subsarcolemmal and cytoplasmic amylase-sensitive glycogen in horses with PSSM were similar to those for control horses and varied among fixation techniques. In conclusion, PSSM is most accurately diagnosed in muscle biopsy specimens on the basis of appearance of amylase-resistant, abnormal polysaccharide, not amylase-sensitive glycogen, regardless of fixation technique. In general, frozen sections appeared to be better suited for studying myopathies because many histopathologic features of skeletal muscle were obscured by formalin fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Valentine BA, Flint TH, Fischer KA. Ubiquitin Expression in Muscle from Horses with Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:270-5. [PMID: 16672573 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-3-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded muscle biopsy specimens from 28 Quarter Horse, Paint, and draft-related breeds, aged 0.5-23 years, were treated with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for glycogen and were immunostained to detect ubiquitin expression. On the basis of findings in PAS-stained sections, a diagnosis of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSSM) was made in 22 horses aged 2-23 years (mean, 9.4 years); samples from 6 horses aged 0.5-15 years (mean, 7.3 years) had a normal PAS staining pattern, with no relevant lesions. Ubiquitin expression was detected in all but a 2-year-old EPSSM-affected horse and was not detected in the non-EPSSM-affected horses. Ubiquitin expression was greater than the degree of PAS-positive, amylase-resistant material, and ubiquitin was detected in aggregates of amylase-sensitive glycogen as well as in aggregates of amylase-resistant material. Results suggest that glycogen aggregates develop and are ubiquitinated prior to development of amylase-resistant inclusions. Ubiquitin immunostaining may be most useful for confirming the diagnosis of EPSSM in horses with only amylase-sensitive glycogen aggregates and in horses with early amylase-resistant inclusions. However, ubiquitin immunostaining is no more sensitive than is PAS staining for diagnosis of EPSSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Magruder 142, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Naylor
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Naylor RJ, Luis-Fuentes V, Livesey L, Mobley CB, Henke N, Brock K, Fernandez-Fuente M, Piercy RJ. Evaluation of cardiac phenotype in horses with type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1464-9. [PMID: 22978303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), an equine glycogen storage disorder caused by a gain of function mutation (R309H) in the gene encoding glycogen synthase (GYS1), is associated with the accumulation of amylase-resistant alpha-crystalline polysaccharide inclusions within skeletal muscle. Several glycogenoses in humans have a cardiac phenotype, and reports exist of horses with PSSM and polysaccharide inclusions in cardiac muscle. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate the hypothesis that horses with PSSM1 display a cardiac phenotype. Our objectives were to compare plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration and the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in PSSM1 homozygotes, heterozygotes, and control horses. METHODS One hundred and twenty-five Belgian and Percheron horses under the same management were genotyped for the R309H GYS1 mutation. From these, 8 age-, breed-, and sex-matched cohorts of each genotype were identified. Plasma cTnI concentration and incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (determined by 24-hour Holter ECG) were compared between the groups. RESULTS Although some PSSM1-affected horses had mildly increased plasma cTnI concentrations, there was no significant difference in cTnI concentrations between groups. There were no significant differences in the incidence of ectopic beats, cardiac conduction intervals or mean heart rate between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We found no evidence of clinically relevant cardiac myocyte injury or arrhythmias in horses with PSSM1. Additional study is required to determine whether myocardial function may be compromised in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Naylor
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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Sierra E, Fernández A, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Jaber J, Andrada M, Herráez P. Complex polysaccharide inclusions in the skeletal muscle of stranded cetaceans. Vet J 2012; 193:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McCue ME, Ribeiro WP, Valberg SJ. Prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in horses with neuromuscular disorders. Equine Vet J 2010:340-4. [PMID: 17402444 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Controversy exists as to the prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in breeds of horses and its impact on performance. OBJECTIVES To determine 1) the prevalence of PSSM in horses that presented with a neuromuscular disorder, as well as breed, sex and age distributions and clinical signs 2) effect of diagnostic criteria on prevalence, breed distribution and age of horses diagnosed with PSSM. METHODS Fresh frozen biopsies (n = 1426) submitted to the Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Minnesota were searched to identify horses diagnosed with PSSM. Horses with and without histological evidence of PSSM were compared. Biopsies were classified as Grade 1, containing aggregates of granular glycogen or Grade 2, containing periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) positive inclusions, traditionally resistant to amylase digestion. RESULTS Horses (n = 572 : 40.1%) were identified with PSSM, of which 62.9% were Quarter Horse related breeds (QHR), 11.5% Draught breeds (DB) and 8.9% Warmblood breeds (WB). Exertional rhabdomyolysis was more prevalent in QHR than DB and WB, whereas QHR were less likely to have muscle atrophy compared to DB. QHR were less likely to have gait abnormalities than DB and WB. The highest within breed prevalence of PSSM was in DB at 63/116, WB 58/111 and QHR 360/753. Exclusion of Grade 1 criteria decreased the overall prevalence of PSSM to 21.7% of biopsy submissions, and decreased the within breed prevalence in each breed category. The within breed prevalence decreased most substantially in the breeds less commonly diagnosed with PSSM, Thoroughbreds (4.5%) and Arabians (2.5%). CONCLUSION PSSM is a common cause of neuromuscular disease in QHR, DB and WB related breeds. Inclusion of granular glycogen as the sole diagnostic criterion may increase the sensitivity of this diagnostic test, but conversely it may decrease the specificity of the diagnosis resulting in the inclusion of horses of Thoroughbred, Arabian and other breeds. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE PSSM is an important differential diagnosis for QHR, WB and DB presenting with signs of rhabdomyolysis, gait abnormalities and muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Valentine BA. Serum CK and AST in equine neuromuscular disease: searching for diagnostic approaches. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McCue ME, Armién AG, Lucio M, Mickelson JR, Valberg SJ. Comparative Skeletal Muscle Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Features in Two Forms of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Horses. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1281-91. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0177-m-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) has been found in more than 35 different horse breeds through identification of abnormal storage of polysaccharide in muscle biopsies. A dominant mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 gene ( GYS1) accounts for a substantial proportion of PSSM cases in at least 17 breeds, including Quarter Horses, but some horses diagnosed with PSSM by muscle histopathologic analysis are negative for the mutation. We hypothesized that a second distinct form of glycogen storage disease exists in GYS1 -negative horses with PSSM. The objectives of this study were to compare the histopathologic features, ultrastructure of polysaccharide, signalment, history, and presenting complaints of GYS1 -negative Quarter Horses and related breeds with PSSM to those of GYS1 -positive horses with PSSM. The total histopathologic score in frozen sections of skeletal muscle stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and amylase-PAS stains from 53 GYS1-negative horses did not differ from that of 52 GYS1 -positive horses. Abnormal polysaccharide was fine granular or homogenous in appearance (49/53; 92%), often amylase-sensitive (28/53; 53%), more commonly located under the sarcolemma, and consisting of β glycogen particles in GYS1 -negative horses. However, in GYS1 -positive horses, abnormal polysaccharide was usually coarse granular (50/52; 96%), amylase-resistant (51/52; 98%), more commonly cytoplasmic, and consisting of β glycogen particles or, in some myofibers, filamentous material surrounded by β glycogen particles. Retrospective analysis found that GYS1 -negative horses ( n = 43) were younger at presentation (4.9 ± 0.6 years vs. 6.7 ± 0.3 years for GYS1 -positive horses) and were more likely to be intact males than GYS1 -positive horses ( n = 160). We concluded that 2 forms of PSSM exist and often have distinctive abnormal polysaccharide. However, because evaluation of the histologic appearance of polysaccharide can be subjective and affected by age, the gold standard for diagnosis of PSSM at present would appear to be testing for the GYS1 mutation followed by evaluating muscle biopsy for characteristic abnormal polysaccharide in those horses that are negative for the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - A. G. Armién
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M. Lucio
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - J. R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine
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McGowan C, McGowan T, Patterson-Kane J. Prevalence of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and other myopathies in two equine populations in the United Kingdom. Vet J 2009; 180:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Optimal Diet of Horses with Chronic Exertional Myopathies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:121-35, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Baird JD, Hunt L, DiMauro S. Insulin sensitivity in Belgian horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:818-23. [PMID: 18518664 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine insulin sensitivity, proportions of muscle fiber types, and activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes in Belgians with and without polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). ANIMALS 10 Quarter Horses (QHs) and 103 Belgians in which PSSM status had been determined. PROCEDURES To determine insulin sensitivity, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) technique was used in 5 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Insulin was infused i.v. at 3 mU/min/kg for 3 hours, and concentrations of blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined throughout. An i.v. infusion of glucose was administered to maintain blood glucose concentration at 100 mg/dL. Activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes were assessed in snap-frozen biopsy specimens of gluteus medius muscle obtained from 4 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Percentages of type 1, 2a, and 2b muscle fibers were determined via evaluation of >or= 250 muscle fibers in biopsy specimens obtained from each Belgian used in the aforementioned studies and from 10 QHs (5 with PSSM and 5 without PSSM). RESULTS Belgians with and without PSSM were not significantly different with respect to whole-body insulin sensitivity, muscle activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes, or proportions of muscle fiber types. However, Belgians had an increased proportion of type 2a and decreased proportion of type 2b muscle fibers, compared with proportions in QHs, regardless of PSSM status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PSSM in Belgians may be attributable to excessive glycogen synthesis rather than decreased glycogen utilization or enhanced glucose uptake into muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Lucio M, Mickelson JR. Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1228-33. [PMID: 18691366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A missense mutation in the GYS1 gene was recently described in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). OBJECTIVES The first objective was to determine the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in horses with PSSM from diverse breeds. The second objective was to determine if the prevalence of the GYS1 mutation differed between horses diagnosed with PSSM based on grade 1 (typically amylase-sensitive) or grade 2 (typically amylase-resistant) polysaccharide. ANIMALS Eight hundred and thirty-one PSSM horses from 36 breeds. PROCEDURES Horses with PSSM diagnosed by histopathology of skeletal muscle biopsy samples were identified from the Neuromuscular Disease Laboratory database. Eight hundred and thirty-one cases had blood or tissue that was available for DNA isolation; these 831 cases were genotyped for the GYS1 mutation by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The PSSM mutation was identified in horses from 17 different breeds. The prevalence of the GYS1 mutation in PSSM horses was high in Draft- (87%) and Quarter Horse-related breeds (72%) and lower in Warmbloods (18%) and other light horse breeds (24%), when diagnosis was based on grade 2 diagnostic criteria. Overall, the PSSM mutation was present in 16% of grade 1 and 70% of grade 2 PSSM horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE GYS1 mutation causes PSSM in diverse breeds and is the predominant form of PSSM in Draft- and Quarter Horse-related breeds. False-positive diagnosis, as well as the possibility of a second glycogenosis in horses with neuromuscular disease (type 2 PSSM), might explain the absence of the GYS1 mutation in horses diagnosed with excessive glycogen accumulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E McCue
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA.
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Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis. Genomics 2008; 91:458-66. [PMID: 18358695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a novel glycogenosis in horses characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle and muscle damage with exertion. It is unlike glycogen storage diseases resulting from known defects in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis that have been described in humans and domestic animals. A genome-wide association identified GYS1, encoding skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS), as a candidate gene for PSSM. DNA sequence analysis revealed a mutation resulting in an arginine-to-histidine substitution in a highly conserved region of GS. Functional analysis demonstrated an elevated GS activity in PSSM horses, and haplotype analysis and allele age estimation demonstrated that this mutation is identical by descent among horse breeds. This is the first report of a gain-of-function mutation in GYS1 resulting in a glycogenosis.
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Larcher T, Herszberg B, Molon-Noblot S, Guigand L, Chaffaux S, Guerin G, Cherel Y. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy in Cob Normand Draft Horses. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:154-8. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-2-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gluteus medius muscle was sampled from 53 Cob Normand horses for histologic evaluation. Twenty horses (38%) exhibited amylase-resistant material in myocytes consistent with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Diameter of affected type II fibers was increased (67.7 ± 21.4 μm) compared with normal ones (57.3 ± 19.7 μm). Two groups were distinguished by quantitative study. The first group (n = 14; 26%) was characterized by a low percentage of fibers (m = 0.98%) containing aggregates occurring singly or in perifascicular clusters without myopathic changes. The second group (n = 6; 11%) was characterized by a high percentage (m = 18.1%) of fibers containing aggregates scattered in biopsy with chronic myopathic changes. Rebiopsy of 4 horses showed an increase with time in the number of aggregate-containing fibers for horses of the first group only. In 1 necropsied horse, aggregates were observed in a wide range of muscles including smooth muscles. Ultrastructurally, granular material was found interspersed among arrays of filamentous material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Larcher
- INRA, UMR703, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Nantes, F-44307 France
| | - B. Herszberg
- INRA, Laboratoire de Genetique biochimique et de Cytogenetique, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350 France
| | - S. Molon-Noblot
- MSD-Chibret, Centre de recherche Mirabel, Riom, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63963 France
| | - L. Guigand
- INRA, UMR703, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Nantes, F-44307 France
| | - S. Chaffaux
- INRA, Laboratoire de Genetique biochimique et de Cytogenetique, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350 France
| | - G. Guerin
- INRA, Laboratoire de Genetique biochimique et de Cytogenetique, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350 France
| | - Y. Cherel
- INRA, UMR703, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Nantes, F-44307 France
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Dranchak PK, Leiper FC, Valberg SJ, Piercy RJ, Carling D, McCue ME, Mickelson JR. Biochemical and genetic evaluation of the role of AMP-activated protein kinase in polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:1079-84. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.10.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Westermann CM, Dorland L, Wijnberg ID, van der Kolk JH. Equine metabolic myopathies with emphasis on the diagnostic approach comparison with human myopathies A review. Vet Q 2007; 29:42-59. [PMID: 17663211 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gives an overview of the presently known human and equine metabolic myopathies with emphasis on the diagnostic approach. Metabolic myopathies are muscle disorders caused by a biochemical defect of the skeletal muscle energy system, which results in inefficient muscle performance. Myopathies can arise in different levels of the metabolic system. In this review the metabolic myopathies are categorized in disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial myopathies (other than those described in lipid metabolism), disorders of purine metabolism, primary disorders involving ion channels and electrolyte flux and secondary or acquired metabolic myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Valentine BA, Cooper BJ. Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy: necropsy study of 225 horses. Vet Pathol 2006; 42:823-7. [PMID: 16301580 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-6-823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle samples were obtained at necropsy from 225 horses and ponies 1 year of age or older. Samples were processed in routine manner and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with periodic acid-Schiff for glycogen. Sections were examined for abnormal glycogen content and amylase-resistant complex polysaccharide and for chronic myopathic change (excessive fiber size variation, increase in number of internal nuclei). A total of 101 horses and ponies with lesions of polysaccharide storage myopathy were identified. Age of affected horses ranged from one to 30 years, with a mean of 14.7 years. Mean age of nonaffected horses was 12 years. Incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy varied depending on breed; Thoroughbreds had the lowest (27%) and draft-related horses had the highest (86%) incidence. Chronic myopathic changes were more severe in polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses than in nonaffected horses. Results of this study indicate that polysaccharide storage myopathy is a common disorder of many breeds of horses and ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Magruder 142, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Firshman AM, Baird JD, Valberg SJ. Prevalences and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1958-64. [PMID: 16379634 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalences of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses (BDHs) and determine whether there was an association between these 2 conditions. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS 103 BDHs > 1 year old. PROCEDURE Owners were questioned regarding clinical signs of PSSM, shivers, and hindquarter weakness, defined as poor hindquarter muscling and lack of propulsion. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum creatine kinase and aspartate transferase activities and serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations. A biopsy sample from the gluteus medius muscle was submitted for histologic, histochemical, and biochemical analysis. A diagnosis of PSSM was made if abnormal amylase-resistant polysaccharide inclusions were seen histologically. RESULTS 37 (36%) horses had PSSM and 19 (18%) had shivers, but only 6 (6%) had both PSSM and shivers, whereas 31 (30%) had PSSM alone, 13 (13%) had shivers alone, and 53 (51%) had neither, and a significant association between PSSM and shivers was not detected. Hindquarter weakness was found in 30 horses. Only 13 of 37 (35%) horses with PSSM and 11 of 19 (58%) horses with shivers had hindquarter weakness. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transferase activities and serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations were not significantly different between horses with and without PSSM or between horses with and without shivers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that PSSM and shivers are common but unrelated disorders in BDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Kraus BM, Parente EJ, Tulleners EP. Laryngoplasty with ventriculectomy or ventriculocordectomy in 104 draft horses (1992-2000). Vet Surg 2003; 32:530-8. [PMID: 14648531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2003.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy and safety of laryngoplasty with vetriculectomy (VE) or ventriculocordectomy (VCE) for treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) in draft horses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION One hundred four draft horses used for competitive hitch competitions. METHODS Medical records and postoperative endoscopy for competitive hitch draft horses diagnosed with left LH and treated with laryngoplasty and VE or VCE between January 1992 and December 2000 were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained from telephone interviews with owners and trainers, and performance scores of 1 to 3 were assigned in which 1 was defined as a horse that was unable to perform (abnormal respiratory noise with or without exercise intolerance), 2 was able to perform but not for its intended use (exercise tolerant but abnormal respiratory noise), and 3 was performing as expected for its intended use (exercise tolerant, no abnormal respiratory noise). RESULTS One hundred four horses that had 111 laryngoplasty procedures were included. All horses had preoperative performance scores of 1. Follow-up information was available for 79 horses. Improvement in postoperative performance (exercise tolerant, with or without abnormal respiratory noise) was reported in 92% of horses. Respiratory noise was eliminated in 72% (57 horses) of horses. Postoperative performance scores were the following: 3 in 57 (72%) horses, 2 in 16 (20%) horses, and 1 in 6 (8%) horses. There was no significant difference in postoperative performance based on preoperative grade of LH. There was a trend for horses with >/=70% of possible maximal abduction postoperatively to have a performance score of 3. Postanesthetic complications included prolonged recovery (4 horses, 4%) and myopathy or neuropathy (7 horses, 7%). One of these horses was killed because it did stand; triceps myopathy and encephalopathy were confirmed on necropsy. CONCLUSIONS Laryngoplasty with VE or VCE is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of LH in the draft horse. Repeat laryngoplasty can be performed successfully, with good performance outcome after laryngoplasty failure. Complications associated with general anesthesia and laryngoplasty in draft horses are higher than reported for light breed horses under similar conditions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE For LH, laryngoplasty with VCE or VE under general anesthesia is recommended to eliminate abnormal respiratory noise and improve performance in most competitive hitch draft horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Kraus
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, McDiarmid AM, Patterson-Kane JC. Four cases of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 2003; 152:109-12. [PMID: 12572940 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.4.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes four cases of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy which were confirmed by histological examination of muscle biopsy specimens. The horses were of mixed breeding, with warmblood and thoroughbred dominating. They all had recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis, indicated by clinical signs and increased plasma levels of muscle enzymes. They were managed conservatively and have continued athletic careers despite their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M McGowan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA
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Valentine BA, Van Saun RJ, Thompson KN, Hintz HF. Role of dietary carbohydrate and fat in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:1537-44. [PMID: 11759989 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B A Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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