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Jones BS, Harcourt-Brown T. Comparison of serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in dogs with Neospora meningoencephalitis and noninfectious meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:141-145. [PMID: 34859908 PMCID: PMC8783338 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity can be increased with myositis associated with Toxoplasma and Neospora infection in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Serum activity of CK and AST can be used as a rapid screen for predicting positive serology in meningoencephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum in dogs compared to dogs with noninfectious meningoencephalitis. Animals Eighty dogs with meningoencephalitis based on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Methods Retrospective case‐control study. Serological cutoffs (≥1:800 immunofluorescence for Neospora and ≥1:400 IgG or ≥1:64 IgM or both for Toxoplasma) categorized dogs as infected (n = 21, all neosporosis) or noninfected (n = 59). Activities of CK and AST between infected and noninfected groups were compared using a Mann‐Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results No dogs were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Serum CK and AST activities were significantly increased (P < .001) in dogs with positive serology for Neospora (CK: median, 1334 U/L; range, 281‐3633 U/L and AST: median, 124 U/L; range, 59‐333 U/L) compared to noninfectious cases (CK: median, 215 U/L; range, 69‐683 U/L and AST: median, 36 U/L; range, 19‐139 U/L). A CK cutoff of 485 U/L had 95.24% sensitivity and 96.61% specificity with a negative predicative value of >99%. An AST cutoff of 57 U/L had 94.44% sensitivity and 85.71% specificity with an estimated negative predicative value of 99%. Conclusions and Clinical Importance High serum CK and AST activity can increase suspicion for neosporosis while awaiting serological tests for dogs with meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan S Jones
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Harcourt-Brown
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs from greater Sydney, Australia unchanged from 1997 to 2019 and worldwide review of adult-onset of canine neosporosis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021. [PMCID: PMC8906069 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2020.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum causes disease of the muscle and nervous systems in canine pups and is known for producing disease in older dogs. We aimed to determine anti-N. caninum seroprevalence in healthy adult dogs from greater Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and summarise published reports of adult-onset of canine neosporosis. Indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) were used to detect anti-N. caninum IgG and compared to the value from an equivalent 1997 study. The N. caninum seroprevalence (anti-IgG, 1:50 serum dilution) was 14.1% (27/192; 95% CI: 9.1–19.0%) demonstrating no significant change compared to 1997 (12%; 18/150; 95% CI: 7.7–18.2%) (P = 0.58). A literature search identified 56 published cases of adult-onset canine neosporosis, most associated with neurological or myopathic signs (66.1%, 37/56) or cutaneous lesions (25.0%, 14/56). We confirm that a single IFAT N. caninum IgG titre has limited diagnostic value regardless of the cut-off because healthy adult dogs exhibit a range of titres. In healthy dogs positive anti-Neospora caninum IgG IFAT results occur over a range of titres. Review of 56 published cases reporting adult-onset of canine neosporosis. Neurological or myopathic disease was overrepresented (37/56) in the published cases. Cutaneous disease frequently reported (14/56).
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3
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Lakhdhir S, Viall A, Alloway E, Keene B, Baumgartner K, Ward J. Clinical presentation, cardiovascular findings, etiology, and outcome of myocarditis in dogs: 64 cases with presumptive antemortem diagnosis (26 confirmed postmortem) and 137 cases with postmortem diagnosis only (2004-2017). J Vet Cardiol 2020; 30:44-56. [PMID: 32668360 PMCID: PMC7256493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study describes presentation, cardiovascular abnormalities, etiology, and outcome of canine myocarditis in geographic areas not endemic for Trypanosoma or Leishmania. ANIMALS Sixty-four (presumed antemortem diagnosis) and 137 (postmortem diagnosis only) client-owned dogs at two tertiary care facilities were included. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs with clinical or histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Common examination findings in dogs with a presumed antemortem diagnosis included fever (21%) and heart murmur (19%). Median cardiac troponin I was 12.2 ng/mL (range: 0.2-808.0 ng/mL), and troponin exceeded 1.0 ng/mL in 26 of 29 (90%) dogs. Ventricular ectopy was the most common arrhythmia (54%), whereas decreased left ventricular systolic function was the most common echocardiographic abnormality (56%). An infectious etiology was diagnosed in 35 of 64 (55%) dogs. Confirmed infectious etiologies included bacterial sepsis (n = 9) or extension of endocarditis (3), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis (3), parvovirus (2), and one case each of bartonellosis, trypanosomiasis, leptospirosis, and dirofilariasis. Median survival time was 4 days (range: 0-828 days) for all dogs vs. 82 days for dogs who survived at least 2 weeks after diagnosis. Presence of pericardial effusion or azotemia was a significant predictor of non-survival. The most common inflammatory infiltrate on histopathology was neutrophilic (47%), and 20 of 137 (14.5%) dogs had concurrent bacterial endocarditis on postmortem. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infection was the most common confirmed etiology of myocarditis in this study. Prognosis for canine myocarditis is guarded and similar to that reported for infective endocarditis. Criteria for the antemortem diagnosis of canine myocarditis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhdhir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - E Alloway
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - B Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - K Baumgartner
- VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado, 201 W. 67th Court, Loveland, CO 80538, USA
| | - J Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Molesan A, Goodman L, Ford J, Lovering SJ, Kelly K. The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing: Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:761-777. [PMID: 31106678 PMCID: PMC10957289 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819839241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage. As epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking, we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived (2007 to 2015) tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions. Heart tissue from pediatric/juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting recognized agents of canine myocarditis based on a literature review and informed by the comparative epidemiology of human myocarditis. The PCR screen, which included canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, Borrelia spp, West Nile virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, pneumovirus, respiratory coronavirus, influenza virus, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, Mycoplasma spp, and Neospora caninum, did not detect agents in 35 of 66 cases (53%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 41%-65%) and was frequently negative in adults (21/26); by comparison, agents were not detected in 27 of 57 controls (47%; 95% CI, 35%-60%). Canine distemper virus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma haemocanis, and N. caninum were occasionally detected in both cases and controls; thus, PCR detection was not considered to indicate causation. We previously reported that CPV-2 continues to be associated with myocarditis in young dogs despite widespread vaccination; in adults, CPV-2 was detected in 2 of 26 cases and 4 of 22 controls. As several agents were similarly detected in cases and controls, it is unclear if these are cardiopathogenic, incidental, or latent. West Nile virus was detected at the analytic limit in 1 adult case. We did not detect Borrelia spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, or influenza A virus in the myocarditis cases. These data demonstrate the limitations of current targeted diagnostic tests and the need for additional research to identify unknown agents and develop testing strategies for canine myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Molesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J. Lovering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Calero-Bernal R, Gennari SM. Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats: An Update. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:54. [PMID: 30863754 PMCID: PMC6399377 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the globally distributed protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (phylum Apicomplexa); the disease can be clinically important for almost all homeothermic animals, including birds and humans. Toxoplasmosis course involves general clinical signs, such as fever, anorexia, or dyspnea, and more specific signs with neural, respiratory, cutaneous, or ocular involvement. Because of the wide range of clinical signs, the diagnosis in domestic and pet animals can be complicated. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of some scarcely discussed aspects of toxoplasmosis, such as ocular and cutaneous manifestations, congenital infections, influence of T. gondii genotype on clinical toxoplasmosis, and recent findings regarding differential diagnosis. This review could be of special interest to clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Saluvet Group, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange M. Gennari
- Program of Master's in Animal Medicine and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Wesselowski S, Cusack K, Gordon SG, Jeffery N, Saunders AB. Artificial cardiac pacemaker placement in dogs with a cohort of myocarditis suspects and association of ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I with survival. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 22:84-95. [PMID: 30573438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artificial cardiac pacemakers (APs) are a common treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in dogs, some of which may be triggered by underlying myocarditis. Severely elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations support a diagnosis of myocarditis. The association of ultrasensitive-cTnI (US-cTnI) concentration with survival in a large cohort of dogs receiving APs is not described. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS The study included 110 dogs receiving APs over a 5-year period. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to characterize the entire population receiving APs, with further analysis in dogs with preprocedural US-cTnI concentrations (n = 64) classified as normal/group 1 (n = 11), mildly to moderately elevated/group 2 (n = 27), and severely elevated/myocarditis suspects/group 3 (n = 26). RESULTS Median survival time was 1079 days for the entire population, 1167 days for group 2, 949 days for group 3, and not met in group 1. There was not a statistically significant difference in survival between group 2 and group 3. Overall, US-cTnI had a mild, negative association with survival. Age had a stronger negative association. Infectious etiologies were identified in a minority of group 3 cases. A possible association between severely elevated US-cTnI and a sudden death outcome was noted. CONCLUSIONS The negative association of US-cTnI with survival outcomes was mild, with age having a larger effect. Although a sudden death outcome may be seen more commonly in myocarditis suspects, group 3 survival time was similar to that of the entire canine population. Plausible infectious causes of myocarditis were infrequently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - K Cusack
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - S G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - N Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Coelho AM, Cherubini G, De Stefani A, Negrin A, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Bersan E, Guevar J. Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in dogs diagnosed with suspected meningoencephalitis in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:44-50. [PMID: 30371939 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in a population of dogs with a diagnosis of suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of three referral centres were reviewed from 2008 to 2016 to identify a cohort of dogs diagnosed and treated for suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis after testing for evidence of exposure to these pathogens. RESULTS In our sample of 400 dogs the prevalence for exposure (IgG>1:50) to Toxoplasma gondii was 8/201 (3∙98%). Active infection (IgG titre >1:400 or/and an IgM titre >1:64 and/or positive PCR in CSF) was suspected in 1/400 (0∙25%). The prevalence for exposure [Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titre >1:50] and active infection (IFA titres ≥⃒1:400 and/or positive PCR in CSF) with Neospora caninum were 14/201 (6∙96%) and 9/400 (2∙25%), respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In view of the low prevalence of protozoan infections, the risk associated with starting immunosuppressive medication in dogs with evidence of inflammatory meningitis or encephalitis in the UK appears low.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Coelho
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - G Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - A De Stefani
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - A Negrin
- Dick White Referrals (DWR), Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cambridge CB8 0UH, UK
| | - R Gutierrez-Quintana
- College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - E Bersan
- School of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - J Guevar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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8
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Luethy D, Slack J, Kraus MS, Gelzer AR, Habecker P, Johnson AL. Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Collapse Associated with Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:884-889. [PMID: 28295606 PMCID: PMC5435066 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Third‐degree atrioventricular block (AVB) and primary inflammatory myocarditis are uncommon findings in horses. The horse of this report presented for collapse at rest and was found to have multiple cardiac arrhythmias, most notably 3rd‐degree AVB. The horse was subsequently diagnosed with eosinophilic myocarditis on necropsy, a rare form of myocarditis not previously reported in horses. Despite extensive testing, an etiologic agent could not be identified, illustrating the difficulty in identifying a specific cause of myocarditis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luethy
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - J Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - M S Kraus
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A R Gelzer
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P Habecker
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
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9
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Serrano G, Freeman P. Neosporosis presenting as temporal muscle atrophy in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo Serrano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Paul Freeman
- Department of Veterinary MedicineQueen's Veterinary School HospitalCambridgeUK
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10
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Detmer SE, Bouljihad M, Hayden DW, Schefers JM, Armien A, Wünschmann A. Fatal pyogranulomatous myocarditis in 10 Boxer puppies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:144-9. [PMID: 26965234 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715626486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a period of 5 years, 10 pure-bred Boxer puppies, 9-16 weeks old, were presented with a history of sudden death and were diagnosed with pyogranulomatous myocarditis. The myocarditis was characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed predominantly of neutrophils and macrophages. In our retrospective study, original case records and archived materials were examined. All dogs were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi on immunohistochemistry (IHC). There was no evidence of infectious agents in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) heart tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram, Grocott methenamine silver, Warthin-Starry, Von Kossa, and Steiner-Chapman stains. IHC for Chlamydia sp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, West Nile virus, and canine parvovirus also yielded a negative result in all dogs. Polymerase chain reaction testing for vector-borne pathogens on heart tissue from 9 of the dogs (1 frozen and 8 FFPE samples) yielded positive results for 1 dog with B. burgdorferi as well as Anaplasma phagocytophilum in another dog. Subsequently, 2 additional cases were found in a French Bulldog and a French Bulldog-Beagle mix that had identical morphology, test results, age, and seasonality to these 10 Boxer dogs. The similarities in the seasonality, signalment of the affected dogs, and the gross and microscopic lesions suggest a common etiology. Positive IHC and morphologic similarities to human Lyme carditis indicate that B. burgdorferi is likely the agent involved. An additional consideration for these cases is the possibility of a breed-specific autoimmune myocarditis or potential predisposition for cardiopathogenic agents in young Boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
| | - Mostafa Bouljihad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
| | - David W Hayden
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
| | - Jeremy M Schefers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
| | - Anibal Armien
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
| | - Arno Wünschmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Detmer)Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA (Bouljihad)Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Hayden, Schefers, Armien, Wünschmann)
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Abstract
Neosporosis was diagnosed in an American Staffordshire Terrier with collapse and arrhythmia episodes by serological and cardiovascular examination. Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment ofNeospora caninumare described. The dog did not develop any neurological abnormality, which is the most common manifestation. Furthermore, the dog was also serologically positive for antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiand negative forBartonella henselaeandBorrelia burgdorferi. Serological diagnosis was achieved by indirect immunofluorescence. The arrhythmia, cardiac markers, biochemistry, complete blood count and clinical signs gradually improved following therapy with clindamycin and antiarrhythmic therapy. After 3 months of therapyToxoplasma gondiititres persisted low butNeospora caninumtitres changed to negative values. According to the veterinary literature and to the authors’ knowledge this was one of the few cases successfully treated for this condition. These observations demonstrated that neosporosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myocarditis in dogs and can be successfully treated by supportive therapy and clindamycin.
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12
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Magaña A, Sánchez F, Villa K, Rivera L, Morales E. Systemic neosporosis in a dog treated for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:592-6. [PMID: 26345698 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old male Toy Poodle was presented to the Small Animal Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Autonomous University of Mexico (FMVZ, UNAM) because of depression, lethargy, and hemorrhages involving several areas of the skin and around the eyes. Hematology data and a bone marrow analysis suggested hemolytic anemia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. The dog was treated with prednisone, and after one month the hematology variables improved. However, the dog's clinical condition inexplicably worsened and it was euthanized. On necropsy, there were no relevant findings. However, in histology, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic meningoencephalitis and necrosis, and a protozoan cyst in the cerebellum were identified. In addition, moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic and necrotizing pancreatitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and diffuse lymphoplasmacytic enteritis were observed. Immunohistochemistry of the cerebellum, liver, pancreas, and intestine with a specific antibody against Neospora caninum confirmed the diagnosis of systemic neosporosis. The systemic neosporosis in this dog was most likely caused by reactivation of latent parasites due to prednisone administration during the one month of treatment. It should be kept in mind that in dogs being treated with immunosuppressants for immune-mediated conditions, opportunistic parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii and N caninum, can be reactivated from a latent state, as it probably happened in the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Magaña
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México, México
| | - Félix Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México, México
| | - Karina Villa
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México, México
| | - Liliana Rivera
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México, México
| | - Elizabeth Morales
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México, México
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Langlois DK, Pelosi A, Kruger JM. Successful Treatment of Intracardiac and Intraocular Blastomycosis in a Dog with Combination Azole Therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:273-80. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever with clinical signs of blindness, cutaneous lesions, coughing, inappetence, and lethargy was diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis based on cytologic (skin and lymph node aspirates) and histopathologic (skin biopsy) examinations of tissue samples. The dog deteriorated clinically during hospitalization and developed sustained ventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, a nodule associated with the left ventricular papillary muscle, and a right atrial mural lesion. Therapy for myocardial performance and glaucoma was initiated. A combination of itraconazole and fluconazole successfully treated the dog. The dog regained vision in the left eye (oculus sinister [OS]) and had no residual cardiac disease detectable by either electrocardiography or echocardiography. This report is unique in documenting survival from intracardiac blastomycosis and in the use of combination azole therapy for treating disseminated disease with intraocular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Augusta Pelosi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Hamidinejat H, Mirmoemen SH, Ghorbanpour M, Borojeni MP, Jafari H, Dashtegol S, Ghasemi S, Chitsaz S. Probable role of Toxoplasma gondii in misdiagnosing of acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:285-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Rahumatullah A, Khoo BY, Noordin R. Triplex PCR using new primers for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:231-8. [PMID: 22561042 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods are used increasingly for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection. This study developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific conventional triplex PCR for the detection of the B1 gene and ITS1 region of T. gondii using newly designed primers and an internal control based on the Vibrio cholerae HemM gene. The annealing temperature and concentrations of the primers, MgCl(2), and dNTPs were optimized. Two sets of primers (set 1 and 2) were tested, which contained different segments of the T. gondii B1 gene, 529 repeat region and ITS1 region. A series of sensitivity tests were performed using parasite DNA, whole parasites, and spiked human body fluids. Specificity tests were performed using DNA from common protozoa and bacteria. The newly developed assay based on set 2 primers was found to be specific and sensitive. The test was capable of detecting as little as 10 pg T. gondii DNA, 10(4) tachyzoites in spiked body fluids, and T. gondii DNA in the organ tissues of experimentally infected mice. The assay developed in this study will be useful for the laboratory detection of T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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16
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on Neospora caninum dense granule protein 7 and profilin for estimating the stage of neosporosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:411-7. [PMID: 22258707 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05669-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes bovine and canine neosporosis, characterized by fetal abortion and neonatal mortality and by neuromuscular paralysis, respectively. Although many diagnostic methods to detect parasite-specific antibodies or parasite DNA have been reported, to date no effective serodiagnostic techniques for estimating pathological status have been described. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the parasite-specific antibody response, parasite activation, and neurological symptoms caused by N. caninum infection by using a recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among experimentally infected mice, anti-N. caninum profilin (NcPF) antibody was only detected in neurologically symptomatic animals. Parasite numbers within the brains of the symptomatic mice were significantly higher than those in asymptomatic animals. In addition, anti-NcPF and anti-NcGRA7 antibodies were mainly detected at the acute stage in experimentally infected dogs, while anti-NcSAG1 antibody was produced during both acute and chronic stages. Furthermore, among anti-NcSAG1 antibody-positive clinical dogs, the positive rates of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies in the neurologically symptomatic dogs were significantly higher than those in the non-neurologically symptomatic animals. Our results suggested that the levels of anti-NcGRA7 and anti-NcPF antibodies reflect parasite activation and neurological symptoms in dogs. In conclusion, antibodies against NcGRA7 and NcPF may have potential as suitable indicators for estimating the pathological status of neosporosis.
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Lyon C. Update on the diagnosis and management of Neospora caninum infections in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 25:170-5. [PMID: 20937501 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecily Lyon
- Colorado State University, Clinical Sciences, 300 West Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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18
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Galgut BI, Janardhan KS, Grondin TM, Harkin KR, Wight-Carter MT. CASE REPORT: Detection of Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cerebrospinal fluid of a dog following prednisone and cyclosporine therapy. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:386-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yarim GF, Nisbet C, Oncel T, Cenesiz S, Ciftci G. Serum protein alterations in dogs naturally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1197-202. [PMID: 17659389 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this study to describe the serum electrophoretic pattern in dogs associated with the infection of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The serum protein pattern of 25 dogs with confirmed T. gondii infection and 15 clinically healthy dogs were evaluated using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin bands were seen from the serum electrophoresis of infected and healthy dogs. Compared to the control group, significant decreases in the mean percentages of albumin (from 46.1+/-7.2 to 40.8+/-4.5%, P<0.05), alpha-1 globulin (from 3.9+/-0.4 to 0.8+/-0.2%, P<0.001), alpha-2 globulin (from 9.0+/-0.4 to 8.3+/-0.8%, P<0.01), and beta globulin (from 18.4+/-1.2 to 12.1+/-0.6%, P<0.001) in the infected group were determined. In contrast, gamma globulin fraction was significantly higher in infected dogs (38.1+/-4.6%) than in control dogs (22.7+/-7.2%; P<0.001). Moreover, significant correlations were determined between the percentages of the albumin and gamma globulin fractions and liver enzyme tests including aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in infected dogs; however, no correlation was observed for the other protein fractions. In conclusion, marked alterations in serum protein pattern associated with strong modifications of serum protein concentrations are in accordance with the hepatic injury as affirmed by liver enzyme tests that were demonstrated in the canine toxoplasmosis. These findings showed that serum protein electrophoresis can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of canine toxoplasmosis as a supplementary analysis in combination with serological, clinical, and laboratory findings of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Fatma Yarim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey.
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Dubey JP, Schares G. Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140:1-34. [PMID: 16730126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle. The diagnosis of neosporosis-associated mortality and abortion in cattle is difficult. In the present paper we review histologic, serologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods for dignosis of bovine neosporosis. Although not a routine method of diagnosis, methods to isolate viable N. caninum from bovine tissues are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agricultural, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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