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Miedema SS, Cheong YF, Naved RT, Yount KM. Development and validation of the Economic Coercion Scale-20 (ECS-20): A short-form of the ECS-36. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287963. [PMID: 37856439 PMCID: PMC10586689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) is a validated scale measuring women's exposure to economic coercion for low-income countries. A valid short form is needed to facilitate parsimonious measurement of economic coercion in general surveys or program evaluations. We used data from a probability sample of 930 married women 15-49 years in Matlab, Bangladesh. We selected 21 items from the ECS-36 based on theory, content coverage, and item and dimensional information. We evaluated external validity with measures of non-economic intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms. We tested measurement invariance of the short-form scale across participants and non-participants of microfinance programs. A final, 20-item scale captured husband's interference with wife's (1) acquisition of economic resources and (2) use or maintenance of economic resources. IRT results of the ECS-20 demonstrated precision over the higher range of the economic coercion trait. Tests of external validity confirmed expected correlations of the ECS-20 with measures of IPV and depressive symptoms. The ECS-20 was measurement invariant across groups of women who did and did not participate in microfinance programs. The ECS-20, a valid short-form of the ECS-36, is suitable for general surveys and monitoring potential adverse impacts of microfinance programs targeting women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Bahati C, Izabayo J, Munezero P, Niyonsenga J, Mutesa L. Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in Rwanda: results from the 2015 and 2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey (RDHS 2015 and 2020). BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:368. [PMID: 36068627 PMCID: PMC9447352 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is reported to be a public health issue given its magnitude and long-lasting consequences. Men are generally thought to be perpetrators of IPV, but they can also be victims. In Rwanda, the experience of men as victims has not yet been described and characterized. The aim of this study is to examine the trends and correlates of IPV victimization for men and women in Rwanda. Methods The data for this study were extracted from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) in 2014/15 (female: n = 8292, male: n = 3470) and 2019/2020 (female = 8574, male: n = 3590). The survey had used a structured measure of IPV (i.e. physical, sexual, or emotional) and its related demographic characteristics to collect data in a nationally representative sample of ever-married women aged 15–49 years and men aged 15–59 years. Multiple logistic regression was applied to examine the association between demographic characteristics and IPV in both women and men. Result The prevalence of IPV among women increased from 40% in 2015 to 46% in 2020, while it decreased from 21 to 18% in men during the same time period. The associated factors for women IPV victimization in 2015 were: uneducated husband (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) = 5.570, 95% CI 1.29–24.02), woman from the poorest household (AOR = 2.834, 95% CI 1.9–93.12), husband aged from 30 to 39 years (AOR = 2.797, 95% CI 1.517–5.158), husband consuming alcohol (AOR = 3.021, 95% CI 1.517–5.158); women involved in decisions about their own earnings (AOR = 0.576, 95% CI 0.37–0.88); and purchases (AOR = 0.472, 95% CI 0.27–0.82). However, the factors such as uneducated husbands (AOR = 3.032, 95% CI 1.117–8.24); husbands consuming alcohol (AOR = 1.712, 95% CI 2.408–4.486); a woman's involvement in decisions on her personal health (AOR = 0.443, 95% CI 0.30–0.63) and visits from her family or relatives (AOR = 0.405, 95% = 0.41–0.22) were factors of IPV in 2020. On the other hand, the associated factors for men IPV victimization in 2015 were being from richer wealth index (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.04–1.04), frequency of being hit in last 12 months by other than partner (AOR = 5.49, 95% CI 1.65–18.25), woman often consuming alcohol (AOR = 13.30, 95% CI 1.9–93.12); whereas its associated factor in 2020 were women consuming alcohol (3.91, 95% CI 0.55–9.87). Conclusion The present study revealed a significant increase in IPV against women, and slight decrease of IPV against men in Rwanda from 2015 to 2020, as well as its associated risks and protective factors over time. This increase needs further exploration given that government and partners have invested in policies and strategies to mitigate the IPV with limited impact. Since there is a relationship between IPV prevalence and education, the existing laws on domestic violence need to be known by the citizens. Findings from this study evidenced also visits from extended families to be a protective factor and therefore suggesting the necessity of a family and community-based approach in managing IPV in Rwanda. Future studies to assess the effectiveness of community-based approach in preventing IPV.
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Jubayer Biswas MAA, Kafi MA, Hemel MMM, Ahmed MMM, Khan SI. Women empowerment and sexually transmitted infections: Evidence from Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263958. [PMID: 35171939 PMCID: PMC8849524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women have led to substantial public health and economic burdens in several low-middle-income countries. However, there is a paucity of scientific knowledge about the relationship between empowerment and symptoms of STIs among married Bangladeshi women. This article aimed to examine the association between women empowerment and symptoms of STIs among currently married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age. MATERIALS AND METHODS We extracted data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), conducted from June 28, 2014, to November 9, 2014. We utilised cross-tabulation, the conceptual framework and multivariable multilevel mixed-effect logistics regression to explore the association between women's empowerment indicators and women's self-reported symptoms of genital sore and abnormal genital discharge. All of the analysis was adjusted using cluster weight. RESULTS We found that among 16,858 currently married women, 5.59% and 10.84% experienced genital sores and abnormal genital discharge during the past 12 months, respectively. Women who depended on husbands to make decisions regarding their health care (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.67-0.84), significant household purchases (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71-0.88), and visiting family or relatives (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.64-0.80) were less likely to report signs of abnormal genital discharge. Women who could make joint healthcare decisions with their husbands were also less likely to report genital sores (AOR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67-0.90). CONCLUSION Genital sores and abnormal genital discharge were prevalent across all parameters of women empowerment among currently married women in Bangladesh. Our estimates show that the husband plays a significant role in decision-making about sexual and reproductive health. Efforts need to be invested in establishing culturally relevant gender policies which facilitate the involvement of women in joint decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Kafi
- Program for Emerging Infection, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mondar Maruf Moin Ahmed
- Maternal and Child Nutrition, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharful Islam Khan
- Program for HIV and AIDS, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bou Malhab S, Sacre H, Malaeb D, Lahoud N, Khachman D, Azzi J, Haddad C, Salameh P. Factors related to autonomy among Lebanese women: a web-based cross-sectional study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:369. [PMID: 34670539 PMCID: PMC8527961 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Autonomy involves making independent decisions and creating lasting and equitable power relationships within families. Many factors, dependent on both the woman and her partner, can influence self-dependence, and subsequent decision-making, exerting a protective or triggering effect on its development. Therefore, the primary objective of the study was to assess autonomy in a sample of Lebanese women. The secondary objective was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status, psychological factors, and autonomy. Methods A web based cross-sectional online study was conducted between June 8 and August 1, 2020. The questionnaire developed on Google Forms was distributed through social media and WhatsApp groups, using the snowball technique. The Women’s Autonomy Index (WAI) was created using three items adapted from a previous study. In addition, the Composite Abuse Scale Revised—Short Form (CASR-SF) was used to assess three domains of abuse: physical, sexual, and psychological. The Perceived stress scale short version to measure stress perception, the Lebanese Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depression. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25 was used for data analysis. Linear regressions were performed, taking the Women’s Autonomy Index as the dependent variable. Results The sample consisted of 369 Lebanese women. University education level (beta = 1.263), alcohol consumption (beta = 0.586), intermediate income level (beta = 0.702), high income (beta = 0.911), employment (beta = 0.559), and older age (beta = 0.033) were significantly associated with higher WAI. Living in South Lebanon (beta = − 0.668) and being Druze (beta = − 323) were associated with lower WAI. Significantly higher mean scores of anxiety and perceived stress were found among women with low autonomy. Conclusion In Lebanon, the autonomy of women depends on several personal and partner-related characteristics (education, socioeconomic status, age), in addition to the cultural (geographic and religious) environment. Furthermore, low autonomy is associated with higher perceived stress and anxiety and probable depression and domestic abuse. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01501-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrella Bou Malhab
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculté de santé, Université Sainte Famille, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dalia Khachman
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Azzi
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, JalEddib, Lebanon. .,INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CH Esquirol, IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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MacGregor JCD, Oliver CL, MacQuarrie BJ, Wathen CN. Intimate Partner Violence and Work: A Scoping Review of Published Research. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:717-727. [PMID: 31615345 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019881746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as having important impacts on work. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the nature and extent of research on IPV and workers, the workplace, and/or employment. Using multiple search strategies, including searches conducted by a professional librarian from database inception to May 2018, 2,306 unique articles were retrieved and independently screened for eligibility by two team members. A total of 235 articles met predefined inclusion criteria, which were that articles must: (1) report findings of a research study, (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and (3) be focused on IPV and the workplace, workers, and/or employment. The most common topics examined were the relationship between IPV and employment, IPV- and work-related factors, and the impacts of IPV on work. Most articles were quantitative and cross-sectional and focused on the abuse of women by men. Major research gaps include evaluations of interventions to address IPV and work and research focused on the experiences and needs of perpetrators and gender and sexual minorities. Further evidence synthesis is recommended in several areas and implications for policy and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C D MacGregor
- 151155Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- 141667Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Casey L Oliver
- 141667Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara J MacQuarrie
- 141667Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Nadine Wathen
- 151155Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- 141667Centre for Research and Education on Violence Against Women and Children, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Amegbor PM, Pascoe L. Variations in Emotional, Sexual, and Physical Intimate Partner Violence Among Women in Uganda: A Multilevel Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP7868-NP7898. [PMID: 30924708 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519839429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that a significant proportion of ever-partnered women suffer some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetuated by male partners. The prevalence of IPV in sub-Saharan African countries is considerably higher than global estimates. Although existing studies show the effect of women's and intimate male partner's characteristics on IPV, knowledge on how these factors increase or reduce women's risk to specific types of IPV is limited. Using the 2016 Ugandan Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), we examine regional variations in women's and intimate male partner's characteristics and their effect on emotional, sexual, and physical violence perpetuated by men and experienced by women in Uganda. The result shows that women's educational status is a significant predictor of all forms of IPV, whereas other characteristics, such as employment and housing ownership, have differential effects on specific types of IPV. Less educated women were more likely to experience emotional, sexual, and physical violence. Alcohol abuse was a significant determinant of men perpetuating all types of IPV; other male characteristics had differential effects on specific types of IPV. Male partners who abuse alcohol "often" and "sometimes" were more likely to commit acts of emotional, sexual, and physical violence against their female intimate partners. The findings also show that ~5%, ~8%, and ~2% of the variance in emotional, sexual, and physical violence (respectively; in the final models) are attributable to regional differences. The findings suggest the need for interventions aimed at increasing women's access to higher education, working with men and boys to reduce the occurrence of alcohol abuse and address harmful constructions of masculinity, and promoting gender equality among men as well as women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Pascoe
- Bedroom Feminist Birth Doula Services, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Wei W, Sarker T, Żukiewicz-Sobczak W, Roy R, Alam GMM, Rabbany MG, Hossain MS, Aziz N. The Influence of Women's Empowerment on Poverty Reduction in the Rural Areas of Bangladesh: Focus on Health, Education and Living Standard. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136909. [PMID: 34199117 PMCID: PMC8293807 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Women’s empowerment has a great influence on health, nutrition, education, and the overall well-being of societies as well as of the children and households. This study investigates the effect of women’s empowerment on poverty reduction and focuses on household deprivation, in terms of education, health, and standard of living. Primary data was collected from 914 married women from rural areas of Bangladesh using a well-structured questionnaire and a random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and ordinary least squares models were used in this study. The results indicate that increased women’s access to education, asset ownership, decision-making power on children’s health and education, and access to medical facilities, have caused a significant decline in income poverty and multidimensional poverty. However, gender violence, taking resources against women’s will, and preventing women from working outside, have caused a considerable decline in per capita income and an increase in income poverty and multidimensional poverty. Overall, it is found that women’s empowerment has a great impact on the reduction of income poverty and multidimensional poverty in society. The findings of the study can assist and guide policymakers to initiate appropriate strategies for women’s empowerment to reducing poverty in Bangladesh while making progress towards other social and developmental goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Tanwne Sarker
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
- Correspondence: or (T.S.); (W.Ż.-S.)
| | - Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
- Correspondence: or (T.S.); (W.Ż.-S.)
| | - Rana Roy
- Department of Agroforestry & Environmental Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - G. M. Monirul Alam
- Department of Agribusiness, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Ghulam Rabbany
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.G.R.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.G.R.); (M.S.H.)
- Economic Development and Value Chain Specialist, World Vision Bangladesh, BleNGS Project, Jamalpur 2000, Bangladesh
| | - Noshaba Aziz
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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Miedema SS, Hennink M, Naved RT, Talukder A, Dore EC, Yount KM. Women’s Income-generating Activity and Experiences of Economic Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Bangladesh. SEX ROLES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-021-01225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Castro Lopes S, Constant D, Fraga S, Bique Osman N, Correia D, Harries J. Socio-economic, demographic, and behavioural determinants of women's empowerment in Mozambique. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252294. [PMID: 34048468 PMCID: PMC8162630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Empowerment is considered pivotal for how women access and use health care services and experience their sexual and reproductive rights. In Mozambique, women’s empowerment requires a better understanding and contextualization, including looking at factors that could drive empowerment in that context. This study aims to identify socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural determinants of different domains of women’s empowerment in Mozambique. Methods Using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2015 for Mozambique, a sample of 2072 women aged between 15 and 49 years old were included in this study. The DHS’s indicators of women’s empowerment were used in a principal component analysis and the obtained components were identified as the domains of empowerment. Logistic regressions were run to estimate the association of socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural characteristics with each domain of empowerment. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results Three domains of women’s empowerment were identified, namely (1) Beliefs about violence against women, (2) Decision-making, and (3) Control over sexuality and safe sex. Region, rurality, the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) and partner’s controlling behaviours were associated with Beliefs about violence against women, while Decision-making and Control over sexuality and safe sex were also associated with education, age and wealth. Employment, polygamous marriage and religion was positively associated with Decision-making, and access to media increased the odds of Control over sexuality and safe sex. Conclusion Women’s empowerment seems to be determined by different socio-economic, demographic, and behavioural factors and this seems to be closely related to different domains of empowerment identified. This finding affirms the multi-dimensionality of empowerment as well as the importance of considering the context- and community-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Castro Lopes
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Deborah Constant
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sílvia Fraga
- EPIUnit–Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nafissa Bique Osman
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Daniela Correia
- EPIUnit–Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jane Harries
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jabbi A, Ndow B, Senghore T, Sanyang E, Kargbo JC, Bass P. Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence against women in The Gambia: a population-based analysis. Women Health 2020; 60:912-928. [PMID: 32419660 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1767264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, studies that investigated factors associated with IPV among Gambian women are limited. In this study, we examined the prevalence and factors associated with the different forms of IPV against Gambian women. We used a sample of 3,116 currently married women age (15 ~ 49 years) from The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with Physical Violence (PV), Sexual Violence (SV), and Emotional Violence (EV). Over 40% (n = 1,248) of women reported at least one form of IPV. The prevalence of PV, SV and EV was 20.6%, 4.3%, and 15.1% respectively. Women married at age 18 ~ 24 (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]SV = 1.55), lived with 3 ~ 4 (aORPV = 1.69; aOREV = 2.10) and ≥5 (aORPV = 1.77; aOREV = 2.64) children, witnessed parental violence (aORPV = 1.66; aORSV = 2.75; aOREV = 2.25), partner's primary education (aORPV = 1.76), accused of unfaithfulness (aORPV = 2.42; aORSV = 3.62; aOREV4.10), and partner's alcohol consumption (aORPV = 2.56; ORSV = 3.91; aOREV = 2.82) are more likely to report IPV. Conversely, women who lived in Kerewan area (aORPV = 0.43; aORSV = 0.38; aOREV = 0.50), had high income (aORPV = 0.65), Wolof (aORPV = 0.68) and Jola (aORPV = 0.65) ethnicity and unemployed (aORPV = 0.59; aORSV = 0.56) were less likely to report IPV. Interventions to prevent IPV should focus on education on its effects, and programs that reject sociocultural practices as determinants of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Jabbi
- Department of Public and Environmental Health School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The University of the Gambia , Brikama, The Gambia
| | - Bakary Ndow
- Department of Public and Environmental Health School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The University of the Gambia , Brikama, The Gambia
| | - Thomas Senghore
- Department of Nursing and Reproductive Health School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The University of the Gambia , Banjul, The Gambia.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edrisa Sanyang
- Department of Public Health College of Health and Human Services, Western Kentucky University , Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jainaba Catherina Kargbo
- Department of Public and Environmental Health School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The University of the Gambia , Brikama, The Gambia
| | - Paul Bass
- Department of Public and Environmental Health School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, The University of the Gambia , Brikama, The Gambia.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Prevalence and correlates of partner violence among adolescent girls and young women: Evidence from baseline data of a cluster randomised trial in Tanzania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222950. [PMID: 31593577 PMCID: PMC6782098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little has been documented about partner violence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) who are out of school, a factor associated with HIV acquisition. To understand areas for prioritising HIV prevention intervention efforts, we explored the prevalence and correlates of partner violence among out of school AGYW in Shinyanga, Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of data from AGYW aged 15–23 years recruited in a cluster randomised trial conducted between October and December 2017 was used to examine correlates of partner violence. Data were collected through an Audio Computer-Assisted Self-interview. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association. Results 2276 (75.5%) AGYW were sexually active. Of these, 816 (35.9%) reported having experienced violence from partners in the last six months. After adjusting for other covariates, being formerly married (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI:1.02, 2.37), having children (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI:1.47, 2.16), anxiety and depression symptoms (AOR = 3.27, 95%CI: 2.15, 4.96), having engaged in sex work in the past six months (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.53) and economic deprivation (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34,1.92) were significantly associated with partner violence. Conclusions Almost one in three sexually active AGYW had experienced partner violence in the 6 months preceding the survey. The findings underscore the need for future research to focus on understanding the reasons and dynamics underlying high level of partner violence among AGYW. Furthermore, there is a need for implementing intervention programs that aim to reduce economic deprivation among AGYWs and address social norms and structures perpetuating violence against AGYW. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov—IDNCT03597243.
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Yitbarek K, Woldie M, Abraham G. Time for action: Intimate partner violence troubles one third of Ethiopian women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216962. [PMID: 31095629 PMCID: PMC6522024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intimate partner violence is a major challenges faced by women especially in developing world. Its consequences range from personal health problems up to countrywide loss of productivity and poverty. There is limited empirical evidence documenting intimate partner violence and underlying reasons in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of intimate partner violence and associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods We analyzed the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. About 2,750 women aged 15–49 years were included in the survey. Intimate partner violence was measured in three dimensions: physical, emotional and sexual violence. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify independent predictors. Variables with p-value less than 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with dimensions of violence. All analysis were adjusted for clusters and sample weights. Results Overall 32.5% of Ethiopian women experienced at least one type of intimate partner violence. Physical and emotional violence were each experienced by 22.5% of the women, while 9.6% of the study participants encountered sexual violence. The age difference between a woman and her intimate partner has a positive effect on emotional and sexual violence while the opposite is true for physical violence. Moreover, physical violence was significantly associated with place of residence, and husband education. Both emotional and sexual violence were predicted by wealth of the household and husband’s employment status. In addition to these, lower educational status of the partner affects emotional violence positively. Conclusion Substantial proportion of women in Ethiopia continue to suffer from intimate partner violence. Physical and emotional violence were much more common than sexual violence. In the light of determinants, we have reported in here, we recommend empowering women in all realm of life by improving their socio-economic status with focus to their educational and economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiddus Yitbarek
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mirkuzie Woldie
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gelila Abraham
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ahinkorah BO, Dickson KS, Seidu AA. Women decision-making capacity and intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 76:5. [PMID: 29423218 PMCID: PMC5787915 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-018-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Violence against women is a common form of human rights violation, and intimate partner violence (IPV) appears to be the most significant component of violence. The aim of this study was to examine the association between women decision-making capacity and IPV among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also looked at how socio-demographic factors also influence IPV among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The study made use of pooled data from most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted from January 1, 2010, and December 3, 2016, in 18 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. For the purpose of the study, only women aged 15–49 were used (N = 84,486). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between the explanatory variables and the outcome variable. Results The odds of reporting ever experienced IPV was higher among women with decision-making capacity [AOR = 1.35; CI = 1.35–1.48]. The likelihood of experiencing IPV was low among young women. Women who belong to other religious groups and Christians were more likely to experience IPV compared to those who were Muslims [AOR = 1.73; CI = 1.65–1.82] and [AOR = 1.87; CI = 1.72–2.02] respectively. Women who have partners with no education [AOR = 1.11; CI = 1.03–1.20], those whose partners had primary education [AOR = 1.34; CI = 1.25–1.44] and those whose partners had secondary education [AOR = 1.22; CI = 1.15–1.30] were more likely to IPV compared to those whose partners had higher education. The odds of experiencing IPV were high among women who were employed compared to those who were unemployed [AOR = 1.33; CI = 1.28–1.37]. The likelihood of the occurrence of IPV was also high among women who were cohabiting compared to those who were married [AOR = 1.16; CI = 1.10–1.21]. Women with no education [AOR = 1.37; CI = 1.24–1.51], those with primary education [AOR = 1.65; CI = 1.50–1.82] and those with secondary education [AOR = 1.50; CI = 1.37–1.64] were more likely to experience IPV compared to those with higher education. Finally, women with poorest wealth status [AOR = 1.28; CI = 1.20–1.37], those with poorer wealth status [AOR = 1.24; CI = 1.17–1.32], those with middle wealth status [AOR = 1.27; CI = 1.20–1.34] and those with richer wealth status [AOR = 1.11; CI = 1.06–1.17] were more likely to IPV compared to women with richest wealth status. Conclusion Though related socio-demographic characteristics and women decision-making capacity provided an explanation of IPV among women in sub-Saharan Africa, there were differences in relation to how each socio-demographic variable predisposed women to IPV in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- 1Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- 2Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Naved R, Rahman T, Willan S, Jewkes R, Gibbs A. Female garment workers’ experiences of violence in their homes and workplaces in Bangladesh: A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2018; 196:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schuler SR, Lenzi R, Badal SH, Nazneen S. Men's perspectives on women's empowerment and intimate partner violence in rural Bangladesh. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2018; 20:113-127. [PMID: 28594292 PMCID: PMC5718933 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2017.1332391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) may increase as women in patriarchal societies become empowered, implicitly or explicitly challenging prevailing gender norms. Prior evidence suggests an inverse U-shaped relationship between women's empowerment and IPV, in which violence against women first increases and then decreases as more egalitarian gender norms gradually gain acceptance. By means of focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews with men in 10 Bangladeshi villages, this study explored men's evolving views of women, gender norms and the legitimacy of men's perpetration of IPV in the context of a gender transition. It examines men's often-contradictory narratives about women's empowerment and concomitant changes in norms of masculinity, and identifies aspects of women's empowerment that are most likely to provoke a male backlash. Findings suggest that men's growing acceptance of egalitarian gender norms and their self-reported decreased engagement in IPV are driven largely by pragmatic self-interest: their desire to improve their economic status and fear of negative consequences of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Ruth Schuler
- Social and Behavioral Health Sciences Division, FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Rachel Lenzi
- Behavioral, Epidemiological, and Clinical Sciences Division, FHI 360, 359 Blackwell Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Shamsul Huda Badal
- BRAC Institute for Governance & Development, BRAC University, E-17 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, 19 Floor, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sohela Nazneen
- Professor, Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka, 6 Floor, Social Science Building, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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