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Lacroix E, Smith AJ, Husain IA, Orth U, von Ranson KM. Normative body image development: A longitudinal meta-analysis of mean-level change. Body Image 2023; 45:238-264. [PMID: 36965235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis synthesized longitudinal data on mean-level change in body image, focusing on the constructs of body satisfaction and dissatisfaction, body esteem, perceived attractiveness, valuation, self-objectification, and body shame. We searched five databases and accessed unpublished data to identify studies that assessed body image at two or more time points over six months or longer. Analyses were based on data from 142 samples representing a total of 128,254 participants. The age associated with the midpoint of measurement intervals ranged from 6 to 54 years. Multilevel metaregression models examined standardized yearly mean change, and the potential moderators of body image construct, gender, birth cohort, attrition rate, age, and time lag. Boys and men showed fluctuations in overall body image with net-improvements between ages 10 and 24. Girls and women showed worsening body image between ages 10 and 16, but improvements between ages 16 and 24. Change was greatest between ages 10 and 14, and stabilized around age 24. We found no effect of construct, birth cohort, or attrition rate. Results suggest a need to revise understandings of normative body image development: sensitive periods may occur somewhat earlier than previously believed, and body image may show mean-level improvements during certain age ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lacroix
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Alyssa J Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Incé A Husain
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 38 Dineen Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristin M von Ranson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Roberts SR, Hay P, Bussey K, Trompeter N, Lonergan A, Mitchison D. Associations among relationship status, gender, and sexual attraction in Australian adolescents' eating pathology. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:551-561. [PMID: 36420932 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Engaging in romantic relationships in adolescence may inadvertently increase participation in appearance culture and the risk for eating pathology. Little research has considered this effect, particularly as it relates to adolescents' gender identity and sexual attraction. Therefore, this study examined the associations among relationship status, gender, and sexual attraction in adolescents' eating pathology. METHODS Data from the first wave of the EveryBODY study, a large sample of Australian adolescents aged 11-19 years (n = 3262, Mage = 15.00, 53.80% girls), were used. Participants reported their relationship status and eating pathology (fasting, purging, binge eating, driven exercise, steroid use, and shape/weight concerns) using an online survey. RESULTS Logistic regressions adjusting for age and BMI percentile revealed that romantic relationships were associated with higher adjusted odds (AORs) for reporting clinical frequency/severity threshold of fasting, purging, steroid use, and shape and weight concerns (AORs: 1.34-3.68). Relative to boys, girls had higher adjusted odds of reporting clinical frequency/severity threshold of all eating disorder features (AORs: 1.47-7.40), except for steroid use for muscle gain. Adolescents who reported same-sex attraction, were unsure of their sexual attraction, or did not endorse any sexual attraction had greater adjusted odds of reporting clinical frequency/severity threshold of fasting, purging, and shape and weight concerns (AORs: 1.35-1.83) than those with only other-sex sexual attraction. Interactions among relationship status, gender, and sexual attraction were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Romantic experience emerged as a novel correlate for adolescents' eating pathology. Future research should uncover the contextual factors within relationships that may contribute to this association. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE The initiation of romantic relationships is normative during adolescence. However, adolescents' romantic desirability is often determined by their physical appearance, increasing the risk for eating pathology. Among a large sample of Australian adolescents, romantic involvement was associated with greater likelihood of clinical threshold eating pathology for adolescent boys and girls, regardless of sexual attraction. It is urgent to identify the factors within romantic relationships that are associated with eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Eating and Body Image Group, Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | - Kay Bussey
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nora Trompeter
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra Lonergan
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Australia
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Davis AC, Arnocky S. An Evolutionary Perspective on Appearance Enhancement Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3-37. [PMID: 33025291 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have highlighted numerous sociocultural factors that have been shown to underpin human appearance enhancement practices, including the influence of peers, family, the media, and sexual objectification. Fewer scholars have approached appearance enhancement from an evolutionary perspective or considered how sociocultural factors interact with evolved psychology to produce appearance enhancement behavior. Following others, we argue that evidence from the field of evolutionary psychology can complement existing sociocultural models by yielding unique insight into the historical and cross-cultural ubiquity of competition over aspects of physical appearance to embody what is desired by potential mates. An evolutionary lens can help to make sense of reliable sex and individual differences that impact appearance enhancement, as well as the context-dependent nature of putative adaptations that function to increase physical attractiveness. In the current review, appearance enhancement is described as a self-promotion strategy used to enhance reproductive success by rendering oneself more attractive than rivals to mates, thereby increasing one's mate value. The varied ways in which humans enhance their appearance are described, as well as the divergent tactics used by women and men to augment their appearance, which correspond to the preferences of opposite-sex mates in a heterosexual context. Evolutionarily relevant individual differences and contextual factors that vary predictably with appearance enhancement behavior are also discussed. The complementarity of sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives is emphasized and recommended avenues for future interdisciplinary research are provided for scholars interested in studying appearance enhancement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Davis
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
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Apostolou M, Wang Y, Gavriilidou A. How People Become Attractive to Prospective Mates: Strategies of Self-Promotion in the Greek Cultural Context. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211045271. [PMID: 34605287 PMCID: PMC10358399 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211045271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of human mating is to appeal to prospective mates. Accordingly, the current research attempted to identify the strategies that people use in order to become more attractive as prospective intimate partners. More specifically, using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 326 Greek-speaking participants, we identified 87 acts that people performed in order to become more attractive as mates. By using quantitative research methods in a sample of 2,197 Greek-speaking participants, we classified these acts into 16 different strategies. We found that, enhancing one's looks and becoming more pleasant, were among the most preferred strategies. Women were more likely than men to adopt strategies that involved looks, while men were more likely than women to adopt strategies that involved resource acquisition capacity. Moreover, age effects were found for most strategies. The identified strategies were classified into two broader domains, one aiming to develop and demonstrate fitness-increasing qualities, and the other to deceive about fitness-impairing traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ramos P, Moreno-Maldonado C, Moreno C, Rivera F. The Role of Body Image in Internalizing Mental Health Problems in Spanish Adolescents: An Analysis According to Sex, Age, and Socioeconomic Status. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1952. [PMID: 31507499 PMCID: PMC6714592 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During adolescence there is a relatively high prevalence of weight problems and eating disorders. Furthermore, body image plays an important role in weight control and eating behaviors as well as in mental health. This study analyses the influence of body mass index, perception of being overweight, and body image satisfaction (BIS) on internalizing symptoms related to mental health in adolescents. In addition, sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), dieting, and physical activity are taken into consideration. This research is based on the international study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). The sample consists of 4531 Spanish adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Participants were selected through random multi-stage sampling stratified by conglomerates. Two instruments were employed: the HBSC questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, ASEBA). Results demonstrated that BIS –the emotional component related to body image– was the main predictor of adolescent internalizing symptoms. In addition, results show double-inequalities according to the interaction effects of sex, age, and SES. Likewise, interesting results are shown regarding how dieting behaviors to lose or gain weight/volume and physical activity relate to body image perception and satisfaction, as well as with internalizing symptoms. This study highlights important body image aspects relevant to intervention and prevention of internalized mental health problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción Moreno-Maldonado
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivera
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Suelter CS, Schvey N, Kelly NR, Shanks M, Thompson KA, Mehari R, Brady S, Yanovski SZ, Melby CL, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA, Shomaker LB. Relationship of pressure to be thin with gains in body weight and fat mass in adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:14-22. [PMID: 27860465 PMCID: PMC5433928 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sociocultural pressure to be thin is commonly reported by adolescents; yet, to what extent such pressure is associated with weight gain has not been evaluated longitudinally. OBJECTIVE Examine whether pressure to be thin was positively associated with weight and fat gain in adolescents. METHODS Participants were 196 healthy adolescent (age 15 ± 1 years old) girls (65%) and boys of varying weights (BMI 25 ± 7 kg/m2 ) studied at baseline and 1-year follow-up. At baseline, adolescents and their mothers reported pressure to be thin by questionnaire. At baseline and follow-up, BMI was calculated, and fat mass was assessed with air displacement plethysmography. Multiple regression was used to examine associations between baseline pressure to be thin and 1-year changes in BMI and fat mass. RESULTS Accounting for multiple covariates, including baseline BMI or fat, adolescent-reported pressure from parents and peers and mother-reported pressure toward their teen were associated with greater gains in either adolescent BMI or fat (ps < .05). Adolescent weight status was a moderator of multiple effects (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Parental and peer pressure to be thin were associated with increases in BMI and fat mass during adolescence, particularly in heavier adolescents. Further research is necessary to clarify how this association operates reciprocally and to identify underlying explanatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn S. Suelter
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 234 Gifford Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Natasha Schvey
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nichole R. Kelly
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Myra Shanks
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Sage Hall, Campus Delivery 1879, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katherine A. Thompson
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rim Mehari
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheila Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Office of Obesity Research, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Christopher L. Melby
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 234 Gifford Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Sage Hall, Campus Delivery 1879, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B. Shomaker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 234 Gifford Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Sage Hall, Campus Delivery 1879, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Correspondence to: Lauren B. Shomaker, PhD, 303A Behavioral Sciences Building, 1570 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1570. Phone: 970-491-3217. Fax: 970-491-7975.
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7
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Thompson KA, Kelly NR, Schvey NA, Brady SM, Courville AB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA, Shomaker LB. Internalization of appearance ideals mediates the relationship between appearance-related pressures from peers and emotional eating among adolescent boys and girls. Eat Behav 2017; 24:66-73. [PMID: 28038437 PMCID: PMC5258845 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Appearance-related pressures have been associated with binge eating in previous studies. Yet, it is unclear if these pressures are associated with emotional eating or if specific sources of pressure are differentially associated with emotional eating. We studied the associations between multiple sources of appearance-related pressures, including pressure to be thin and pressure to increase muscularity, and emotional eating in 300 adolescents (Mage=15.3, SD=1.4, 60% female). Controlling for age, race, puberty, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and sex, both pressure to be thin and pressure to be more muscular from same-sex peers were positively associated with emotional eating in response to feeling angry/frustrated and unsettled (ps<0.05). Pressure from same-sex peers to be more muscular also was associated with eating when depressed (p<0.05), and muscularity pressure from opposite-sex peers related to eating in response to anger/frustration (p<0.05). All associations were fully mediated by internalization of appearance ideals according to Western cultural standards (ps<0.001). Associations of pressures from mothers and fathers with emotional eating were non-significant. Results considering sex as a moderator of the associations between appearance-related pressures and emotional eating were non-significant. Findings illustrate that both pressure to be thin and muscular from peers are related to more frequent emotional eating among both boys and girls, and these associations are explained through internalization of appearance-related ideals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Thompson
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, 5207 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Natasha A Schvey
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amber B Courville
- Nutrition Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Susan Z Yanovski
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, DHHS, 6707 Democracy Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, 1570 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Schvey NA, Shomaker LB, Kelly NR, Pickworth CK, Cassidy O, Galescu O, Demidowich AP, Brady SM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA. Pressure To Be Thin and Insulin Sensitivity Among Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:104-10. [PMID: 26707232 PMCID: PMC4693297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extant research indicates that some of the comorbidities associated with adult obesity may be adversely affected by the stress resulting from negative body image and weight-related stigma. This study examined the association between weight-related pressure and insulin sensitivity in adolescents, who are vulnerable to both weight-based teasing and the onset of metabolic dysregulation. METHODS Participants were 215 adolescent healthy volunteers (55% female; 59% white; 35% overweight/obese; mean ± standard deviation age = 15.4 ± 1.4 year), who completed a self-report measure of pressure to be thin from parents, friends, and romantic partners. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess serum insulin and glucose, which were used to calculate insulin sensitivity; fat mass (kg) and fat-free mass (%) were measured with air-displacement plethysmography. Pubertal stage was determined by physical examination. RESULTS Pressure to be thin was positively associated with fasting insulin (p = .01) and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity (p = .02), after controlling for pubertal stage, sex, race, height, fat-free mass, and adiposity. Pressure to be thin was associated with a greater odds of having hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin ≥ 15 μIU/mL; odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.65 [1.08-2.50], p = .02), adjusting for the same covariates. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that adolescents perceiving more pressure to be thin have greater elevations of fasting insulin and poorer insulin sensitivity above and beyond the effect of fat mass. Future research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A. Schvey
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Lauren B. Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nichole R. Kelly
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Courtney K. Pickworth
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA,Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, 303 Behavioral Sciences Building, 410 Pitkin Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ovidiu Galescu
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Andrew P. Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
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Arnocky S, Perilloux C, Cloud JM, Bird BM, Thomas K. Envy Mediates the Link Between Social Comparison and Appearance Enhancement in Women. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-015-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Dakanalis A, Favagrossa L, Clerici M, Prunas A, Colmegna F, Zanetti MA, Riva G. Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptomatology: A Latent Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Moderating Variables in 18-to-28-Year-Old Males. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 149:85-112. [PMID: 25495164 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2013.842141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although body dissatisfaction is recognized as the strongest risk factor for eating disturbances, a majority of young males are body dissatisfied, but do not concomitantly report severe levels of eating disorder symptomatology. The present investigation was designed to examine five theoretically relevant variables (i.e., body checking, emotional dysregulation, perfectionism, insecure-anxious attachment, and self-esteem) as potential moderators of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and two critical components of male eating disorder symptomatology: drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Data collected from 551 Italian males between 18 and 28 years old were analyzed using latent structural equation modeling. The authors found that emotional dysregulation, body checking, insecure-anxious attachment and perfectionism intensified the relationship between body dissatisfaction and each criterion variable representing male eating disorder symptomatology; the interactions accounted respectively for an additional 2%, 7%, 4% and 5% of variance in drive for muscularity and for an additional 6%, 4%, 5%, and 2% of the variance in bulimic behaviors. By contrast self-esteem weakened this relationship and the interactions accounted for an additional 3% of the variance in both drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Implications of these findings for prevention and treatment of male eating disturbances are discussed.
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Dakanalis A, Timko A, Madeddu F, Volpato C, Clerici M, Riva G, Zanetti AM. Are the Male Body Dissatisfaction and Drive for Muscularity Scales reliable and valid instruments? J Health Psychol 2013; 20:48-59. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105313498108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drive for Muscularity Scale and Male Body Dissatisfaction Scale were developed for use with men and correspond to measures of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction in women. The psychometric properties of these measures were evaluated in a sample of 655 Italian men, who completed other 11 measures also. Both scales demonstrated excellent internal consistency and temporal stability as well as criterion-related and concurrent validity. Both measures distinguished between men with high and low levels of disordered eating. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the unidimensional factor structure of both scales. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Massimo Clerici
- University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
- San Gerardo Hospital, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Catholic University of Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
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12
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Brooke L, Mussap AJ. Brief report: maltreatment in childhood and body concerns in adulthood. J Health Psychol 2012; 18:620-6. [PMID: 22904152 DOI: 10.1177/1359105312454036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the relationship between maltreatment in childhood and body concerns in adulthood. METHOD A community sample of 156 women and 143 men completed measures of maltreatment - frequency of sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse and emotional neglect - in childhood. They also reported current dissatisfaction with body weight and shape and drive for thinness and drive for muscle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment was associated with drive for muscle in women and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness in men. The results provide some evidence that adverse conditions in childhood can be associated with gender-atypical body concerns in adulthood.
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Juarez L, Soto E, Pritchard ME. Drive for muscularity and drive for thinness: the impact of pro-anorexia websites. Eat Disord 2012; 20:99-112. [PMID: 22364342 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2012.653944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, websites that stress the message of thinness as the ideal and only choice have surfaced on the internet. The possibility that pro-anorexia websites may reinforce restrictive eating and exercise behaviors is an area of concern. In addition, friends may be influencing one another to view these websites, further contributing to drive for thinness in women and drive for muscularity in men. Three hundred male and female undergraduate psychology students responded to questionnaires assessing: internalization of pro-anorexia website content, internalization of general media content, influence of friends to view pro-anorexia websites, peer influence, drive for muscularity, and drive for thinness. Results showed internalization of pro-anorexia website content was positively correlated with drive for thinness in women, and negatively correlated with drive for muscularity in men. Internalization of pro-anorexia website content was found to be related to both drive for thinness in women and drive for muscularity in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Juarez
- Psychology Department, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725-1715, USA
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14
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Penelo E, Espinoza P, Portell M, Raich RM. Assessment of body image: Psychometric properties of the Body Image Questionnaire. J Health Psychol 2011; 17:556-66. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105311417913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Body Image Questionnaire (QÜIC) in Spanish adolescents. The sample comprised 254 girls and 189 boys, aged 12–15. Principal component analyses showed that the 18 satisfaction items could be summarized using two moderately interrelated dimensions, torso and head/limbs, with satisfaction with chest/breast and genitals loading on a different factor for boys (torso) and girls (head/limbs). The QÜIC measures of body satisfaction, body problems, general physical appearance and conformity with weight and height presented satisfactory test-retest reliability, internal consistency and convergent validity. Our findings support the use of the QÜIC when assessing body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Penelo
- Laboratori d’Estadística Aplicada, Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Espinoza
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Portell
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Raich
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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