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Camaioni M, Scarpelli S, Alfonsi V, Gorgoni M, Calzolari R, De Bartolo M, Mangiaruga A, Couyoumdjian A, De Gennaro L. How COVID-19 Affected Sleep Talking Episodes, Sleep and Dreams? Brain Sci 2024; 14:486. [PMID: 38790464 PMCID: PMC11119596 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic increased symptoms of stress and anxiety and induced changes in sleep quality, dream activity, and parasomnia episodes. It has been shown that stressful factors and/or bad sleep habits can affect parasomnia behaviors. However, investigations on how COVID-19 has affected sleep, dreams, and episode frequency in parasomnias are rare. The current study focuses on the impact of the pandemic on a specific parasomnia characterized by speech production (sleep talking, ST). METHODS We selected 27 participants with frequent ST episodes (STs) during the pandemic and compared them with 27 participants with frequent STs from a previous study conducted during a pre-pandemic period. All participants performed home monitoring through sleep logs and recorded their nocturnal STs for one week. RESULTS We observed a higher frequency of STs in the pandemic group. Moreover, STs were related to the emotional intensity of dreams, independent of the pandemic condition. The pandemic was associated with lower bizarreness of dreams in the pandemic group. There were no differences in sleep variables between the two groups. CONCLUSION Overall, these results suggest a stressful effect of COVID-19 on the frequency of STs. Both the pandemic and the frequency of STs affect qualitative characteristics of dreams in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Camaioni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Serena Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Calzolari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mina De Bartolo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Anastasia Mangiaruga
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Couyoumdjian
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.); (V.A.); (M.G.); (M.D.B.); (A.C.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Yu BYM, Lam CS, Tam KYY, Cheung DST, Chen SC, Yeung WF. The Role of Insomnia and Exercise in COVID-19 Worries for Psychological Distress in Hong Kong Chinese: A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sleep Med 2024; 22:378-392. [PMID: 37842738 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2270095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of insomnia as a mediator between worrying and mental health and whether the association between worrying and insomnia is moderated by the levels of exercise frequency. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the fourth wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong (n = 988). Participants' insomnia, psychological distress, and exercise frequency were evaluated. A mediation analysis was performed to examine the direct effect of COVID-19 worries and their indirect effect through insomnia on psychological distress. RESULTS A significant indirect effect of COVID-19 worries through insomnia was found on psychological distress (beta = 0.18, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.14-0.22, p < .001). The significant index of moderated mediation supported the moderating effect of exercise frequency on the indirect effect of COVID-19 worries on psychological distress (IMM = 0.06, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.02-0.10, p = .006). The conditional indirect effects of insomnia on psychological distress were significant in individuals with mean and higher exercise frequency but not in those with lower exercise frequency. CONCLUSION COVID-19 worries increased psychological distress through the worsening of sleep, and such an array of COVID-19 worries on insomnia was moderated by exercise frequency. Engaging more frequent exercise could reduce insomnia in people with less COVID-19 worries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branda Yee-Man Yu
- Department of Psychology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chun Sing Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Katy Yuen Yan Tam
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise Shuk Ting Cheung
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu Cheng Chen
- School of Nursing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Fai Yeung
- School of Nursing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Sobotka M, Kern T, Haider K, Dale R, Wöhrer V, Pieh C, Probst T, Humer E, Jesser A. School students' burdens and resources after 2 years of COVID-19 in Austria: a qualitative study using content analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1327999. [PMID: 38406498 PMCID: PMC10884163 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1327999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mental health of young people has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures associated with it. Mental health symptoms increased across various domains during the pandemic and subjective wellbeing decreased. Methods This study examined the burdens and resources of Austrian school students (M = 16.63 years old) in the third year of the pandemic and compared them descriptively with the burdens and resources identified in a comparative study in 2021. A cross-sectional online survey with open-ended questions from April to May 2022 provided data that was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. A sub-sample of N = 214 was selected from the larger sample. This sub-sample is representative for the Austrian population aged 15-19 in terms of gender and migrant background. Results Analysis of the open-ended questions showed that concerns about the pandemic and the burdens of the measures were no longer on young people's minds at the time of the survey in 2022. On the other hand, stress at school was increasing and the opening of schools and the resumption of face-to-face teaching were challenging for respondents. While resuming social contacts and leisure activities was mentioned as a resource by many respondents, some also expressed a desire for more time off and a retreat into coping strategies such as sleeping more or avoiding problems. Discussion Our findings suggest that there is a need for low-threshold support from teachers and parents to help students catch up on missed lessons and to empathize with the mas they make the transition back to "old normal".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Sobotka
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Kern
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Katja Haider
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rachel Dale
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Veronika Wöhrer
- Department of Education, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Pieh
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Probst
- Division of Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elke Humer
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Jesser
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Fehkührer S, Humer E, Kaltschik S, Pieh C, Probst T, Diestler G, Jesser A. Young People and the Future: School Students' Concerns and Hopes for the Future after One Year of COVID-19 in Austria-Findings of a Mixed-Methods Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2242. [PMID: 37628439 PMCID: PMC10454506 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in enormous changes in everyday life and numerous burdens for adolescents. This pilot study focused on how young people look to the future in the face of these burdens. Responses to two open-ended questions on concerns and hopes for the future that were part of a larger online survey on the mental health of school students in Austria were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Subsequently, differences in the experiences of boys and girls, young people with and without a migration background and psychologically stressed and non-stressed young people were examined by applying a mixed-methods approach. Data collection took place from 3 February to 28 February 2021. From a total survey sample of 3052 adolescents aged 14-20, a representative sample according to gender and migration background (N = 500) was drawn. Qualitative content analysis revealed several areas of concern about the future, including school-related concerns, concerns about the further development of the pandemic and the associated restrictions, concerns related to a lack of locus of control, health-related concerns and concerns about social relationships. The analysis also indicated young people's greatest hopes for the future, such as hopes related to further pandemic development, hopes regarding major life goals, school, social relationships and health. Young people's experiences differ according to gender, migration background and the extent of psychological distress. This study contributes to research on the psychological well-being of adolescents during the pandemic and provides important insights into the subjective experience of young people. It aims to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the concerns and hopes for the future of young people in a time marked by various challenges. The results of the study should be used to develop ideas for measures, such as the expansion of school psychological services and low-threshold support services for students, such as school social work and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fehkührer
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Elke Humer
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kaltschik
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Christoph Pieh
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Thomas Probst
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
| | - Gertraud Diestler
- Österreichischer Arbeitskreis für Gruppentherapie und Gruppendynamik, Fachsektion Integrative Gestalt Therapy Vienna, 1080 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Andrea Jesser
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.F.); (E.H.); (S.K.); (C.P.); (T.P.)
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Layman HM, Mann MJ, Smith ML, Kogan SM, Kristjansson AL. Social Support and Perceptions of COVID-19-related Emotional Impact on Mental Health Among Early Adolescents in Appalachia. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2023; 93:370-377. [PMID: 36815486 PMCID: PMC10163875 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people who experience higher levels of social support from their schools and families have been shown to be less likely to develop symptoms of negative mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety.1-4 This raises questions concerning how young people's stress and psychological changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as social support during this time have affected their overall mental health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between sources of parental- and school-level social support and youth perceptions of COVID-19-related emotional impact on mental health among early adolescent girls and boys in Appalachia. METHODS Using linear regression, we analyzed the first and third wave of survey data from the larger parent study (Young Mountaineer Health Study) cohort, collected in 20 middle schools throughout West Virginia in the fall of 2020 and fall of 2021 (N = 1349, mean age: 11.5, response rate: 80.7%). RESULTS Approximately half of participants reported knowing someone that had been sick with COVID-19. Those experiencing higher levels of perceived COVID-19-related emotional impact reported greater levels of depression, anxiety, and anger. Both parental and school-level social support were associated with better mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Early adolescent perceptions of COVID-19-related emotional impact were associated with depression, anxiety, and anger and moderated by social support at home and in school among 11-12-year-old youth in Appalachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Layman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University School of Public Health, PO Box 9190, 3314 HSC South, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505
| | - Michael J. Mann
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State College of Health Sciences, Health Science Riverside Building (HSRV), 950 S Lusk Street, Boise, ID, 83725
| | - Megan L. Smith
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State College of Health Sciences, Health Science Riverside Building (HSRV), 950 S Lusk Street, Boise, ID, 83725
| | - Steven M. Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia College of Family and Consumer Sciences, 204 Family Science Center II (House D), 405 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University School of Public Health, PO Box 9190, 3314 HSC South, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505
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Yoo N, Jang SH. Perceived household financial decline and physical/mental health among adolescents during the COVID-19 crisis: Focusing on gender differences. Prev Med Rep 2023; 32:102119. [PMID: 36718194 PMCID: PMC9872569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has worsened adolescents' mental and physical health. Several studies have reported that the effect may be greater in girls; however, relevant socio-ecological factors have not been examined. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with physical and mental health status among adolescents and the moderating role of gender on the relationship between physical and mental health status and perceived household financial decline. We analyzed the cross-sectional 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) collected between August and November 2020 in South Korea. It included 54,809 adolescents (28,269 males and 26,540 females), on average aged 15.1. We conducted ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions to examine the factors associated with physical and mental health outcomes. Gender differences were observed in associated factors. Then, we tested the moderating effect of gender by including an interaction term between gender and perceived household financial decline due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Perceived household financial decline due to COVID-19 negatively affected both groups. Perceiving moderate and severe financial decline due to COVID-19 is negatively associated with self-rated health among female adolescents than male counterparts. Female adolescents were also more vulnerable to mental health outcomes (i.e., distress, anxiety, and loneliness) when they perceived severe or moderate household financial decline due to COVID-19 compared to their male peers. Our findings suggest that female adolescents are more vulnerable to household financial shocks due to COVID-19, especially in households that have experienced a severe decline. We suggest the need for gender-sensitive policy interventions for adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Yoo
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington Square N, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sou Hyun Jang
- Department of Sociology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Uccella S, Cordani R, Salfi F, Gorgoni M, Scarpelli S, Gemignani A, Geoffroy PA, De Gennaro L, Palagini L, Ferrara M, Nobili L. Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia in Adolescence: Implications for Mental Health. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040569. [PMID: 37190534 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep changes significantly throughout the human lifespan. Physiological modifications in sleep regulation, in common with many mammals (especially in the circadian rhythms), predispose adolescents to sleep loss until early adulthood. Adolescents are one-sixth of all human beings and are at high risk for mental diseases (particularly mood disorders) and self-injury. This has been attributed to the incredible number of changes occurring in a limited time window that encompasses rapid biological and psychosocial modifications, which predispose teens to at-risk behaviors. Adolescents’ sleep patterns have been investigated as a biunivocal cause for potential damaging conditions, in which insufficient sleep may be both a cause and a consequence of mental health problems. The recent COVID-19 pandemic in particular has made a detrimental contribution to many adolescents’ mental health and sleep quality. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge in the field and to explore implications for adolescents’ (and future adults’) mental and physical health, as well as to outline potential strategies of prevention.
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Parental Perceptions of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sleep of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Pediatr Health Care 2023; 37:179-184. [PMID: 36283892 PMCID: PMC9510090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep in schoolaged children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aimed to (1) determine and describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) identify and describe contributing factors. METHOD Parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and insomnia symptoms (n = 100) were surveyed to determine if their child's sleep had changed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents who reported changes were asked to describe how the pandemic influenced their child's sleep. RESULTS Most parents (66%) reported the pandemic did not worsen their child's sleep, 30% stated their child's sleep had worsened, and 4% reported an improvement. Stress and anxiety about the pandemic, disrupted routines, and increased screen time were common parent-identified contributing factors. DISCUSSION Health care providers should explore strategies to mitigate contributing factors, such as anxiety about the pandemic, disrupted routines, and increased screen time.
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Hartz C, Dragolov G, Arant R, Delhey J, Unzicker K, Boehnke K. Youth and social cohesion in times of the COVID pandemic: Most negatively affected? Most resilient? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1036516. [PMID: 36968760 PMCID: PMC10038128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1036516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe current article reports findings from three large representative survey studies in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. The studies are part of the Social Cohesion Radar research initiative of Bertelsmann Stiftung.MethodsThe article explores the role of social cohesion in the relationship between COVID-based objective and subjective strain, on the one hand, and future optimism for the youth, citizens of active age, and the elderly. In particular, it focuses on the question whether the degree of social cohesion perceived by respondents moderates the relationship between strain and optimism in the different age groups.Results and discussionFindings show that the impact of perceived social cohesion in people’s life context has only modest effects on the relationship between strain and future optimism. Yet, the results show that having been affected by COVID in one way or the other leads to a small but persistent bounce-back effect. People affected by COVID tend to look more optimistic into the future than those who were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hartz
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Carina Hartz,
| | - Georgi Dragolov
- School of Business, Social and Decision Sciences, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Regina Arant
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- School of Business, Social and Decision Sciences, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan Delhey
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Boehnke
- Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
- School of Business, Social and Decision Sciences, Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
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Lundström M. Young in pandemic times: a scoping review of COVID-19 social impacts on youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2022.2117637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Bjørknes R, Skogen JC, Nærde A, Sandal GM, Haug E, Mæland S, Fadnes LT, Lehmann S. Parental stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A one-year follow-up. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276190. [PMID: 36472999 PMCID: PMC9725124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This two-wave longitudinal study aimed at increasing knowledge about levels of parental stressors and rewards among mothers and fathers of children aged 1-18 during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic and infection-control measures have caused changes to family life. Managing homeschooling or caring for younger children while working from home may have posed significant strain on parental stress, negatively impacting the quality of parent-child relationships and parents' sensitivity to their children's needs. METHOD We employed data collected in April 2020 and April 2021 from the longitudinal population-based survey in Bergen/Norway (Bergen in ChangE-study). 7424 parents participated (58.6% mothers and 41.5% fathers). RESULTS The overall levels of parental stressors and rewards did not change significantly. Over the two time points, the factors associated with decreased parental stressors were being male, aged 40-49 years, having a relatively high income, and reporting initial difficulties with closed kindergartens or schools. For parents aged 18-29 years, the level of parental stressors increased. CONCLUSION The study suggests that the overall levels of parental stress remained unchanged during the first year of the pandemic. Even so, the study also uncovered that younger parents represented a vulnerable subgroup. IMPLICATIONS To prevent detrimental consequences in the wake of the pandemic, it could be important to increase awareness and competence among professional staff in kindergartens, primary schools, and child health clinics targeting young parents and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Bjørknes
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Alcohol & Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Nærde
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Mjeldheim Sandal
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Unit for General Practice in Bergen, The Norwegian Research Centre, NORCE, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T. Fadnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stine Lehmann
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Margherita G, Caffieri A. An observatory on changes in dreaming during a pandemic: a living systematic review (part 1). J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13742. [PMID: 36320190 PMCID: PMC9877779 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A 'new' way of dreaming has emerged during the pandemic, enhancing the interest of psychological literature. Indeed, during the years of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many studies have investigated dream-related phenomena and dreaming functions. Considering the constant and rapid emergence of new results on this topic, the main aim of this study was to create an 'observatory' on the short- and long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on dreaming, by means of a living systematic review. The baseline results are presented, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines, to identify and discuss existing studies about dreams and dreaming during the COVID-19 pandemic published until February 2022. Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and PubMed were used for the search strategy, yielding 71 eligible papers included in the review. Our results show: (a) a more intense oneiric activity during lockdown; (b) changes in dreaming components (especially dream-recall and nightmare frequency); (c) a particular dreaming scenario ('pandemic dreams'); (d) an alteration of the dreaming-waking-life continuum and a specific function of dreaming as emotional regulator. Findings suggest that monitoring changes in dreaming provides important information about psychological health and could also contribute to the debate on the difficulties of dreaming, as well as sleeping, in particular during and after a period of 'collective trauma'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Margherita
- Department of Humanistic StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Alessia Caffieri
- Department of Humanistic StudiesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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13
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Mónaco E, Schoeps K, Valero-Moreno S, Castro-Calvo J, Montoya-Castilla I, Del Rosario C, Coello F, Herrera S, Trujillo Á, Munevar FR, Esparza NAA. Cross-cultural validation of the Worries about COVID-19 and its consequences Scale (W-COV) in adolescents and young people. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2022; 40:158-166. [PMID: 36064240 PMCID: PMC9278999 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic context presents remarkable psychological challenges for adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present work was to construct and study the psychometric properties of a scale in Spanish language (W-COV) to measure their worries related to the pandemic. Participants were 5559 people aged between 14 and 25 years old (M = 19.05; SD = 3.28). Self-report data were collected using a cross-sectional and cross-cultural design. Participants were from 5 Spanish-speaking countries. Instruments were W-COV to assess worries about COVID-19 and its consequences; DASS-21 for anxiety, depression and stress; and SWLS for life satisfaction. Exploratory, confirmatory and multi-group factor analyses were conducted to determine the factorial structure of the W-COV and its measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar and error variance). Correlational and regression analyses were also performed to study convergent and predictive validity. The results suggest that W-COV presents a bifactorial structure: (1) a general factor of worries about COVID-19; and (2) three different factors: worries about health, economic and psychosocial consequences from COVID-19. The internal reliability indices Cronbach's α and Omega were adequate. With respect to the invariance results, the instrument can be used interchangeably in the five countries considered, in both genders and in two different age groups (12-17 and 18-25). Regarding validity, W-COV factors were positively associated with anxiety, depression and stress, and negatively predicted life satisfaction. In conclusion, W-COV is a reliable and valid instrument for researchers and health care professionals to assess the psychological impact of the pandemic on mental health of young Ibero-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Mónaco
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Universitat de València (Valencia, Spain)
| | - Konstanze Schoeps
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Universitat de València (Valencia, Spain)
| | - Selene Valero-Moreno
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València (Valencia, Spain)
| | - Jesús Castro-Calvo
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Universitat de València (Valencia, Spain)
| | - Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Universitat de València (Valencia, Spain).
| | | | - Fernanda Coello
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad de Azuay (Cuenca, Ecuador)
| | - Sebastián Herrera
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad de Azuay (Cuenca, Ecuador)
| | - Ángela Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de la Sabana (Chía, Colombia)
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14
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A Large-Scale Dataset of Twitter Chatter about Online Learning during the Current COVID-19 Omicron Wave. DATA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/data7080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 Omicron variant, reported to be the most immune-evasive variant of COVID-19, is resulting in a surge of COVID-19 cases globally. This has caused schools, colleges, and universities in different parts of the world to transition to online learning. As a result, social media platforms such as Twitter are seeing an increase in conversations related to online learning in the form of tweets. Mining such tweets to develop a dataset can serve as a data resource for different applications and use-cases related to the analysis of interest, views, opinions, perspectives, attitudes, and feedback towards online learning during the current surge of COVID-19 cases caused by the Omicron variant. Therefore, this work presents a large-scale, open-access Twitter dataset of conversations about online learning from different parts of the world since the first detected case of the COVID-19 Omicron variant in November 2021. The dataset is compliant with the privacy policy, developer agreement, and guidelines for content redistribution of Twitter, as well as with the FAIR principles (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles for scientific data management. The paper also briefly outlines some potential applications in the fields of Big Data, Data Mining, Natural Language Processing, and their related disciplines, with a specific focus on online learning during this Omicron wave that may be studied, explored, and investigated by using this dataset.
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15
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Mikkelsen HT, Skarstein S, Helseth S, Småstuen MC, Haraldstad K, Rohde G. Health-related quality of life, health literacy and COVID-19-related worries of 16- to 17-year-old adolescents and parents one year into the pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1321. [PMID: 35810314 PMCID: PMC9271239 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The uncertain and challenging situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic affects adolescents and their parents in an exceptional way. More knowledge of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health literacy (HL) and COVID-19-related worries in adolescents and parents 1 year into the pandemic is needed. The present study aimed to describe HRQoL, HL and COVID-19-related worries of 16- to 17-year-old adolescents and parents of adolescents. Further, to assess the strength of associations between gender, HL, COVID-19-related worries and HRQoL. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 215 adolescents and 320 parents was conducted, exploring HRQoL, HL, COVID-19-related worries and sociodemographic variables. KIDSCREEN-10 and RAND-36 were used to measure HRQoL. Data were analyzed using bivariate methods, multiple linear regression and robust regression. Results Adolescents’ HRQoL was notably lower compared to previous Norwegian studies and European norms. Parents’ HRQoL was comparable to Norwegian norms. Adolescents and parents reported moderate-to-high HL and high degrees of COVID-19-related worries. Females reported significantly lower HRQoL and more worries compared to males. In adolescents, higher HL was significantly associated with higher HRQoL. COVID-19-related worries were not significantly associated with HRQoL. In parents, higher HL in the “understand health information” domain was significantly associated with higher HRQoL for mental well-being (mental component sum scores [MCS]) and with lower HRQoL for physical well-being (physical component sum scores [PCS]). Being worried a lot about infecting others and about family/friends becoming sick was significantly associated with higher MCS and lower MCS, respectively. COVID-19-related worries were not significantly associated with PCS. Conclusions Our results indicate that the pandemic has a major negative impact on adolescents’ HRQoL. Parents’ HRQoL remained unchanged and comparable to previous studies. Our study demonstrates that HL, gender and COVID-19-related worries are significantly associated with adolescents’ and parents’ HRQoL, indicating that efforts aimed at increasing their HL might indirectly affect their HRQoL as well and that gender-specific interventions or strategies could be beneficial. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13737-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Timenes Mikkelsen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Siv Skarstein
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sølvi Helseth
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Haraldstad
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gudrun Rohde
- Department of Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Postbox 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,Department of Clinical Research, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway
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16
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Tishelman C, Degen JL, Weiss Goitiandía S, Kleijberg M, Kleeberg-Niepage A. A Qualitative Serial Analysis of Drawings by Thirteen-to Fifteen-Year-Old Adolescents in Sweden About the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1370-1385. [PMID: 35599585 PMCID: PMC9350847 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we explore the perspectives of 13-15-year-olds living in Sweden about the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, through inductive analysis of 187 of their drawings. Through reconstructive serial picture analysis, three types of meaning were derived: (1) A new normal in dystopian scenery points to the disruption of daily life and development of new praxis and meaning in a context of threat and restriction; (2) Disrupted relationships refers to these adolescents' self-portrayal as solitary, without adult guidance or friends prominent; and (3) Negative emotions and compliant behaviors addresses a range of negative emotions and expressions of loss with few proactive strategies illustrated. General existential distress appears in these drawings, seemingly compounded by both developmental stage and other factors in addition to the pandemic context. Drawings suggest a restricted repertoire of ways of dealing with challenges confronting these adolescents, who seemed to feel left to their own resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Tishelman
- Department of Learning, Informatics,
Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Health Economics,
Informatics and Health Care Research (CHIS), Stockholm Health Care Services
(SLSO), Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna L. Degen
- Department of Psychology, European University of Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | | | - Max Kleijberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences
and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Sanmiguel-Rodríguez A, Zagalaz-Sánchez ML, Arufe-Giráldez V, Cachón-Zagalaz J, González-Valero G. On What Tasks Did Children between the Ages of 3 and 12 Years Spend Their Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic? An International Comparative Study between Ibero-America and Europe. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9070971. [PMID: 35883955 PMCID: PMC9320679 DOI: 10.3390/children9070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by COVID-19 meant, in many countries, the establishment of a period of confinement in which families were forced to restrict movement and social contacts with the consequent risk of inactivity. Our objective as to analyze the degree of psychosocial well-being, sociodemographic aspects and use of technological means depending on the educational level of the parents. The sample consisted of 2316 children aged between 3 and 12 years (M = 7.70; SD = 2.86). For the analysis and treatment of the data, the statistical software SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. We found that the European participants used more video consoles (M = 0.89 ± 1.33) and tablets (M = 1.30 ± 0.95), while the Ibero-Americans obtained higher values in the use of TV (M = 2.28 ± 1.10) and levels higher in a negative state of psychosocial well-being (M = 7.29 ± 1.07) and in tiredness/fatigue (M = 4.34 ± 2.44). We concluded that, during the period of confinement in European areas, higher values were obtained in the time dedicated to Physical Activity (PA), use of tablets, school task performance, artistic activities, family games, reading, free play and hours of sleep; while in Ibero-America, there were longer times in the use of technological devices and performing domestic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mª Luisa Zagalaz-Sánchez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.L.Z.-S.); (J.C.-Z.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Víctor Arufe-Giráldez
- Specific Didactics Department, Research and Diagnostic Methods in Education, Education Faculty, University of a Coruña, 15001 Coruña, Spain;
| | - Javier Cachón-Zagalaz
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.L.Z.-S.); (J.C.-Z.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Gabriel González-Valero
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.L.Z.-S.); (J.C.-Z.); (G.G.-V.)
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18
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Almendingen K, Skotheim T, Ervik B, Magnus EM. Multidisciplinary Student Groups Support Digital Education as a Public Health Precautional Action to Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Infection: A Mixed Methods Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:1369-1382. [PMID: 35761843 PMCID: PMC9233540 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s362365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health personnel had greater odds of contracting COVID-19 during its first wave in Norway, compared with all working-age individuals. Students in health care, but also in social care and teacher education programs may be exposed to the risk of being infected themselves and to infect others through their mandatory practical training. Online education may reduce their risk of becoming patients and spreaders both in their private lives and during their mandatory training. Aim To explore the extent to which unvaccinated professional students fear transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from fellow students and from public transportation during the third wave. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 3148 students in health care, social care, and teacher education programs and 32 supervisors completed online questionnaires consisting of open and closed questions (mixed methods) after participating in digital interprofessional learning (IPL) small-group seminars (49.6% and 65% response rates, respectively). On a 6-point Likert scale (0–5), all means concerning fear were around 3, with overlapping confidence intervals. Fear of infecting high-risk individuals seemed higher than fear of contracting the virus themselves. High levels of loyalty to and trust in state and health authorities were expressed. Medical-related terminology was frequently used, such as the one-meter distance rule, infection tracking, national guidelines, and hand sanitizer, which implies high levels of health literacy. They expressed strong support for online course delivery (mean 4.5) ahead of practical training as a precautionary public health action. Conclusion These students did not have high levels of fear of contracting the virus from other students or public transport. They expressed a higher fear of infecting others than being infected themselves. The major implication for the public and the educational system is that students, even in a country with low death rates, support digital education as a public health precautional action to prevent the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Almendingen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torhild Skotheim
- Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, Faculty of Education and International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Ervik
- Section for Analysis and Quality of Education, Department of Academic Affairs, Division for Education and Library, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Merethe Magnus
- Section for Analysis and Quality of Education, Department of Academic Affairs, Division for Education and Library, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Lehmann S, Haug E, Bjørknes R, Mjeldheim Sandal G, T. Fadnes L, Skogen JC. Quality of life among young people in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 32:1061-1071. [PMID: 35732752 PMCID: PMC9216295 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic among a general sample of young people in Norway aged 11-19 years. More specifically, we examine: (1) Change over 2 time-points in five health-related quality of life dimensions, (2) Whether sociodemographic- and COVID-19-related factors contributed to change in these five dimensions, (3) Whether parental stress and socioeconomic status at T1 interacted with change in health-related quality of life across T1 and T2. Data collection lasted from April 27th to May 11th, 2020 (T1), and from December 16th, 2020, to January 10th, 2021 (T2). Youth aged 11-19 years (N = 2997) completed the KIDSCREEN-27, COVID-19 related and sociodemographic items. Parents (N = 744) of youth aged 15 years and younger completed the parental stress scale and sociodemographic items. Physical and psychological wellbeing declined significantly from March to December 2020. Subscale scores for social support and peers increased. Controlling for a broad number of sociodemographic and COVID-19-related factors did not make an overall impact on the estimates. Those worried about infection, older aged, girls, and youth born outside Norway had a steeper decline in health-related quality of life subdimensions from T1 to T2. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, we warrant special attention to the recovery of youth's physical and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lehmann
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ellen Haug
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020 Bergen, Norway ,grid.458561.b0000 0004 0611 5642NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Bjørknes
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020 Bergen, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Mjeldheim Sandal
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T. Fadnes
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Department of Addiction Medicine, Bergen Addiction Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412835.90000 0004 0627 2891Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ,grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Bjørknes R, Sandal GM, Mæland S, Haug E, Lehmann S. 'We are unlikely to return to the same world, and I do not want it to destroy my future.' Young people's worries through the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. CHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK 2022; 27:246-253. [PMID: 34899030 PMCID: PMC8653047 DOI: 10.1111/cfs.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore what worries youth were having during the seventh to ninth week of the COVID-19 lockdown. Our findings build on the responses to an open-ended survey question from 1314 youths. The worries covered three main themes: 'That my mom dies, then I am left all alone': worries related to COVID-19 virus infection; 'To me, this is lost youth': worries about the consequences of measures for the present life and near future; and 'I will face a very difficult life in the future': worries about the consequences of measures for the outlook on life. Young people worried that the measures would have a huge impact on their present life and outlook on life. The costs of restriction measures were unevenly distributed and indicated that the measures affected their mental health. Listening to youth voices during the pandemic is important for practitioners, educators and policymakers. The results indicate that the threshold for closing schools also including the provision of distance learning should be kept high. Social and health services for youth should offer early intervention and be prepared for an escalation in mental health problems in the imminent future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Bjørknes
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of PsychologyThe University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Gro Mjeldheim Sandal
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of PsychologyThe University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Silje Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of MedicineThe University of BergenBergenNorway
- Research Unit for General Practice in BergenThe Norwegian Research Center, NORCEBergenNorway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of PsychologyThe University of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of EducationNLA University CollegeBergenNorway
| | - Stine Lehmann
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of PsychologyThe University of BergenBergenNorway
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21
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Haug E, Mæland S, Lehmann S, Bjørknes R, Fadnes LT, Sandal GM, Skogen JC. Increased Gaming During COVID-19 Predicts Physical Inactivity Among Youth in Norway—A Two-Wave Longitudinal Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:812932. [PMID: 35237551 PMCID: PMC8884262 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.812932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A concern for the COVID-19 measures and the potential long-term consequences the measures may have on physical inactivity and gaming among youth. Objectives Examine the stability and change in internet and offline gaming and the association with physical inactivity among adolescents in Norway during the pandemic. Methods A total of 2940 youth (58% girls) aged 12–19 years participated in an online longitudinal two-wave survey during the first Norwegian national lockdown in April 2020 (t1) and in December 2020 (t2). Gaming behavior and physical activity status were assessed at both time points. Age, gender, and socioeconomic status were included as covariates. Results Among boys, 41% reported gaming a lot more and 35% a little more at t1 compared to before the national lockdown. The corresponding numbers for girls were 14 and 23%, respectively. In fully adjusted analysis, a pattern of increased gaming at t1 followed by an additional increase in gaming reported at t2 was associated with physical inactivity at t1 (OR = 2.10, p < 0.01) and t2 (OR = 2.45, p < 0.001). Participants gaming more at t1 followed by a reduction at t2 had higher odds of inactivity at t1 (OR = 1.88, p < 0.01). Youth reporting no gaming at t1 had lower odds for inactivity at this time point (OR = 0.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions Increased gaming among many youths and a relationship with physical inactivity was observed during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. To counteract the negative long-term impacts of COVID-19 restrictions, public health initiatives should emphasize the facilitation of physical activity in youth and develop effective strategies to prevent problematic gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ellen Haug
| | - Silje Mæland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stine Lehmann
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Bjørknes
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Thore Fadnes
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro Mjeldheim Sandal
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Lehmann S, Skogen JC, Sandal GM, Haug E, Bjørknes R. Emerging mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic among presumably resilient youth -a 9-month follow-up. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:67. [PMID: 35086520 PMCID: PMC8793097 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic may have multifarious adverse effects on the mental health of some youth. To our knowledge, no study has followed young people beyond the first 6 months of the pandemic outbreak. The aim of this study was to examine 1) Change in internalizing, externalizing, and total mental health problems over two time-points with a nine-month interval during the COVID-19 outbreak and 2) Whether contextual and COVID-19-related factors contribute to change in mental health problems. METHODS Youth within the municipality of Bergen aged 11-19 years were invited via SMS to participate in an online survey in April and again in December 2020. A total of 2997 (40% response rate) youth participated at baseline in the present study, and 1598 (53.3%) completed the second survey. At baseline, the mean age was 16.0 (standard deviations 1.7) years, about 60% were girls, and 93% were born in Norway. Comparison across time was approached using inferential statistics and mixed linear models with maximum likelihood estimation and mixed-effects logistic regression models. RESULTS There was an overall increase in total mental health problems from the first weeks into lockdown to 9 months after the pandemic outbreak. The overall increase seems to be exclusively driven by internalizing difficulties, i.e., increases in emotional problems and peer problems. The level of externalizing difficulties, i.e., conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention remained stable between the two time-points. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that in the wake of the pandemic, one should be aware of emerging mental health problems among presumably resilient youth, in addition to the more expected and pronounced mental health needs of vulnerable groups. Efforts to reach out to the general youth population with preventive measures in schools may be important actions to normalize the situation for young people, and to identify those in need of more targeted mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lehmann
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412835.90000 0004 0627 2891Alcohol & Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway ,grid.18883.3a0000 0001 2299 9255Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Gro M. Sandal
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020 Bergen, Norway ,grid.458561.b0000 0004 0611 5642Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Bjørknes
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, The University of Bergen, Postboks 7807, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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23
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Han JM, Song H. Effect of Subjective Economic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation Among South Korean Adolescents. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:2035-2043. [PMID: 34934369 PMCID: PMC8684414 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s326660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study identified the relationships between perceived household economic status and household economic downturn due to COVID-19 and adolescent depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Methods Participants for this study were extracted from the 13th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, conducted from August to November 2020. The participants comprised 54,948 middle and high school students selected by stratified random cluster sampling. Results The prevalence rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation were 25.2% and 10.9%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower perceived household economic status significantly predicted higher prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Participants who perceived that their household economic status had declined because of COVID-19 were more likely to have experienced depression and suicidal ideation. These results were similar regardless of the participants’ perceptions of household economic status. Conclusion This study found that in the ongoing pandemic, there is a need for an active mental health promotion program for adolescents from low-income households, especially those who experienced a recent decline in the household economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Han
- Convergence Innovation Support Center, Gangwon Technopark, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjong Song
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
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24
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Chifari A, Allegra M, Benigno V, Caruso G, Fulantelli G, Gentile M, Ferlino L. Distance Learning During the First Lockdown: Impact on the Family and Its Effect on Students' Engagement. Front Psychol 2021; 12:762213. [PMID: 34858288 PMCID: PMC8632369 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribute investigates how Emergency Remote Education (ERE) impacted families during the spring 2020 Covid-19 lockdown, and in particular, the extent to which the impact of ERE on families, measured in terms of space and equipment sharing, moderates the effect of student and family characteristics on students' engagement. The study derived from the administration of an online survey to 19,527 families with children attending schools, from nursery to upper secondary grade. The total number of student records collected amounted to 31,805, since parents had to provide data for each school-age child in the family. The survey contains 58 questions, divided into three sections, with the first two sections designed to get a reading at family level and the third section to gather data for each school-age child in the family. After verifying the validity of the engagement construct through confirmatory factor analysis, two structural equation models were used to analyze the students' engagement. The main findings reveal how the impact of the ERE on the families has had a significant role in predicting students' level of engagement observed by parents with respect to different predictor variables. Finally, we argue that it is necessary to follow a holistic approach to observe the challenges imposed by the switch of the process of deferring teaching from presence to distance, imposed by the pandemic emergency on families. In fact, a holistic approach can promote student engagement and prevent the onset of cognitive-behavioral and affective problems linked to disengagement in ERE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Chifari
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Allegra
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenza Benigno
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caruso
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fulantelli
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuel Gentile
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lucia Ferlino
- Institute for Educational Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Genova, Palermo, Italy
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Solomonova E, Picard-Deland C, Rapoport IL, Pennestri MH, Saad M, Kendzerska T, Veissiere SPL, Godbout R, Edwards JD, Quilty L, Robillard R. Stuck in a lockdown: Dreams, bad dreams, nightmares, and their relationship to stress, depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259040. [PMID: 34818346 PMCID: PMC8612516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An upsurge in dream and nightmare frequency has been noted since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and research shows increases in levels of stress, depression and anxiety during this time. Growing evidence suggests that dream content has a bi-directional relationship with psychopathology, and that dreams react to new, personally significant and emotional experiences. The first lockdown experience was an acute event, characterized by a combination of several unprecedent factors (new pandemic, threat of disease, global uncertainty, the experience of social isolation and exposure to stressful information) that resulted in a large-scale disruption of life routines. This study aimed at investigating changes in dream, bad dream and nightmare recall; most prevalent dream themes; and the relationship between dreams, bad dreams, nightmares and symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety during the first COVID-19 lockdown (April-May 2020) through a national online survey. METHODS 968 participants completed an online survey. Dream themes were measured using the Typical Dreams Questionnaire; stress levels were measured by the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale; symptoms of anxiety were assessed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale; and symptoms of depression were assessed using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. RESULTS 34% (328) of participants reported increased dream recall during the lockdown. The most common dream themes were centered around the topics of 1) inefficacy (e.g., trying again and again, arriving late), 2) human threat (e.g., being chased, attacked); 3) death; and 4) pandemic imagery (e.g., being separated from loved ones, being sick). Dream, bad dream and nightmare frequency was highest in individuals with moderate to severe stress levels. Frequency of bad dreams, nightmares, and dreams about the pandemic, inefficacy, and death were associated with higher levels of stress, as well as with greater symptoms of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Results support theories of dream formation, environmental susceptibility and stress reactivity. Dream content during the lockdown broadly reflected existential concerns and was associated with increased symptoms of mental health indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Solomonova
- Neurophilosophy Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Culture, Mind and Brain research group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Claudia Picard-Deland
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Pennestri
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Sleep Laboratory and Clinic, Hôpital en Santé Mentale Rivière-des-Prairies, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mysa Saad
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tetyana Kendzerska
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Samuel Paul Louis Veissiere
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Culture, Mind and Brain research group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roger Godbout
- Sleep Laboratory and Clinic, Hôpital en Santé Mentale Rivière-des-Prairies, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jodi D. Edwards
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lena Quilty
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- The Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Pre-pandemic sleep behavior and adolescents' stress during Covid-19: a prospective longitudinal study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:43. [PMID: 34461960 PMCID: PMC8404546 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively document changes in adolescents' sleep before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine their impact on adolescents' perceived stress. METHODS Sixty-two typically developing adolescents participated in the study before (Time 1: January 15 to March 13, 2020) and during (Time 2: May 15 to June 30, 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. At Time 1, each participant's sleep pattern was assessed in the home environment using actigraphy and sleep logs for seven consecutive nights. Adolescents completed a battery of questionnaires in which they reported on their sleep schedule, duration, and quality, as well as their activities at bedtime, their daytime sleepiness, and their social/emotional behavior. The participants' parents provided demographic information. At Time 2, each participant completed a sleep log, the same battery of questionnaires regarding sleep, and the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS (1) Adolescents' reported sleep was of longer duration and on a delayed schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. (2) A larger proportion of adolescents reported meeting or exceeding the recommended amount of sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic sleep. (3) "Social jet lag" disappeared during the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) A shorter reported sleep duration and higher level of arousal at bedtime at Time 1 were significant predictors of adolescents' perceived stress at Time 2-during the COVID-19 pandemic. (5) A higher levels of arousal at bedtime and lower reported sleep quality at Time 2 were concurrently associated with higher levels of perceived stress among adolescents, even when we controlled for the levels of pre-pandemic emotional or behavioral issues, sleep duration, or sleep quality. CONCLUSION Sleep duration and cognitive-emotional arousal, which are both modifiable behaviors, were associated with adolescents' perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. These behaviors could be useful targets for preventive interventions aiming to reduce adolescents' stress in the face of stressogenic situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Burdzovic Andreas J, Brunborg GS. Self-reported Mental and Physical Health Among Norwegian Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2121934. [PMID: 34427678 PMCID: PMC8385591 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting conditions may negatively affect adolescents. Objective To examine aspects of self-reported mental and physical health among adolescents in Norway before and during the pandemic, including the role of pandemic-associated anxiety. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study examined a diverse nationwide sample of grade 11 students from the longitudinal MyLife study in Norway. The original study recruitment of all 8th, 9th, and 10th graders from the same middle schools facilitated identification of 2 sociodemographically comparable cohorts assessed in October to December 2018 and 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, and October to December 2020, during the pandemic. School entry and enrollment in Norway is determined by the birth year, and students usually start high school (11th grade) during the fall of the year of their 16th birthday. Data were analyzed from March to June 2021. Exposures The COVID-19 pandemic and associated conditions in Norway. Main Outcomes and Measures In grades 10 and 11, adolescents reported their depression symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (cutoff scores for moderate/severe depression, ≥15), number of close friends, physical health, and organized sports participation. Cohort differences were examined with a set of nested regression models, incrementally controlling for sociodemographic covariates and grade 10 outcomes. Results A sample of 2536 adolescents (1505 [59.4%] girls) was analyzed, including 1621 adolescents before the pandemic and 915 adolescents during the pandemic, of whom 158 adolescents (17.3%) reported high pandemic anxiety. The only significant difference in outcomes between the COVID-19 cohort and the pre-COVID-19 cohort were lower odds of organized sports participation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56-0.87). However, in subanalyses comparing adolescents with high anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic with adolescents in the pre-COVID-19 cohort, adolescents with high pandemic anxiety were more likely to experience clinical-level depression symptoms (aOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.39-3.37) and poor physical health (aOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01-2.31). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of Norwegian adolescents, adolescents who started high school during the pandemic year had lower odds of organized sports participation in late 2020, but were otherwise comparable in terms of self-reported mental and physical health with their pre-COVID-19 counterparts. However, adolescents in the COVID-19 cohort experiencing high pandemic-related anxiety had significantly greater odds of poorer mental and physical health than adolescents in the pre-COVID-19 cohort. Strategies aiming to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 may benefit from identifying youth disproportionally affected by the pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Burdzovic Andreas
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department. of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Scott Brunborg
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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