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Petrič B, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V, Gregorič Kramberger M, Trošt M, Maraković N, Goličnik M, Bavec A. Investigation of Paraoxonase-1 Genotype and Enzyme-Kinetic Parameters in the Context of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020399. [PMID: 36829958 PMCID: PMC9952446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which often progresses to PD dementia. PD patients with and without dementia may differ in certain biochemical parameters, which could thus be used as biomarkers for PD dementia. The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has previously been investigated as a potential biomarker in the context of other types of dementia. In a cohort of PD patients, we compared a group of 89 patients with cognitive impairment with a group of 118 patients with normal cognition. We determined the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for PON1 for the reaction with dihydrocoumarin and the genotype of four single nucleotide polymorphisms in PON1. We found that no genotype or kinetic parameter correlated significantly with cognitive impairment in PD patients. However, we observed associations between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Km (p < 10-10), between PON1 rs662 and PON1 Vmax (p = 9.33 × 10-7), and between PON1 rs705379 and PON1 Vmax (p = 2.21 × 10-10). The present study is novel in three main aspects. (1) It is the first study to investigate associations between the PON1 genotype and enzyme kinetics in a large number of subjects. (2) It is the first study to report kinetic parameters of PON1 in a large number of subjects and to use time-concentration progress curves instead of initial velocities to determine Km and Vmax in a clinical context. (3) It is also the first study to calculate enzyme-kinetic parameters in a clinical context with a new algorithm for data point removal from progress curves, dubbed iFIT. Although our results suggest that in the context of PD, there is no clinically useful correlation between cognitive status on the one hand and PON1 genetic and enzyme-kinetic parameters on the other hand, this should not discourage future investigation into PON1's potential associations with other types of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Petrič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Gregorič Kramberger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maja Trošt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Goličnik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aljoša Bavec
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Akhter F, Persaud A, Zaokari Y, Zhao Z, Zhu D. Vascular Dementia and Underlying Sex Differences. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:720715. [PMID: 34566624 PMCID: PMC8457333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.720715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD); where Alzheimer's accounts for 60-70% of cases of dementia and VaD accounts for 20% of all dementia cases. VaD is defined as a reduced or lack of blood flow to the brain that causes dementia. VaD is also known occasionally as vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) or multi-infarct dementia (MID). VCID is the condition arising from stroke and other vascular brain injuries that cause significant changes to memory, thinking, and behavior, and VaD is the most severe stage while MID is produced by the synergistic effects caused by multiple mini strokes in the brain irrespective of specific location or volume. There are also subtle differences in the presentation of VaD in males and females, but they are often overlooked. Since 1672 when the first case of VaD was reported until now, sex and gender differences have had little to no research done when it comes to the umbrella term of dementia in general. This review summarizes the fundamentals of VaD followed by a focus on the differences between sex and gender when an individual is diagnosed. In addition, we provide critical evidence concerning sex and gender differences with a few of the main risk factors of VaD including pre-existing health conditions and family history, gene variants, aging, hormone fluctuations, and environmental risk factors. Additionally, the pharmaceutical treatments and possible mitigation of risk factors is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Akhter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Persaud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Younis Zaokari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Kowalska M, Wize K, Prendecki M, Lianeri M, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Genetic Variants and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:208-223. [PMID: 32091332 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200224121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In an aging society, the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is still growing. Currently, intensive research is being carried out on the pathogenesis of AD. The results of these studies indicated that oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and development of this disease. Moreover, in AD oxidative stress is generated by both genetic and biochemical factors as well as the functioning of the systems responsible for their formation and removal. The genetic factors associated with the regulation of the redox system include TOMM40, APOE, LPR, MAPT, APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes. The most important biochemical parameters related to the formation of oxidative species in AD are p53, Homocysteine (Hcy) and a number of others. The formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is also related to the efficiency of the DNA repair system, the effectiveness of the apoptosis, autophagy and mitophagy processes as well as the antioxidant potential. However, these factors are responsible for the development of many disorders, often with similar clinical symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease. The discovery of markers of the early diagnosis of AD may contribute to the introduction of pharmacotherapy and slow down the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowalska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wize
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Prendecki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
In India, increasing lifespan and decreasing fertility rates have resulted in a growing number of older persons. By 2050, people over 60 years of age are predicted to constitute 19.1% of the total population. This ageing of the population is expected to be accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of dementia. The aetiopathogenesis of dementia has been the subject of a number of prospective longitudinal studies in North America and Europe; however, the findings from these studies cannot simply be translated to the Indian population. The population of India is extremely diverse in terms of socio-economic, cultural, linguistic, geographical, lifestyle-related and genetic factors. Indeed, preliminary data from recently initiated longitudinal studies in India indicate that the prevalence of vascular and metabolic risk factors, as well as white matter hyperintensities, differs between urban and rural cohorts. More information on the complex role of vascular risk factors, gender and genetic influences on dementia prevalence and progression in Indian populations is urgently needed. Low-cost, culturally appropriate and scalable interventions need to be developed expeditiously and implemented through public health measures to reduce the growing burden of dementia. Here, we review the literature concerning dementia epidemiology and risk factors in the Indian population and discuss the future work that needs to be performed to put in place public health interventions to mitigate the burden of dementia.
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Paraoxonase Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010011. [PMID: 33374313 PMCID: PMC7824310 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has biological redox systems capable of preventing or mitigating the damage caused by increased oxidative stress throughout life. One of them are the paraoxonase (PON) enzymes. The PONs genetic cluster is made up of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share a structural homology, located adjacent to chromosome seven. The most studied enzyme is PON1, which is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), having paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. Due to these characteristics, the enzyme PON1 has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we update the knowledge about the association of PON enzymes and their polymorphisms and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Guerreiro R, Gibbons E, Tábuas-Pereira M, Kun-Rodrigues C, Santo GC, Bras J. Genetic architecture of common non-Alzheimer's disease dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104946. [PMID: 32439597 PMCID: PMC8207829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The heterogeneity of these disorders and/or the clinical overlap with other diseases hinder the study of their genetic components. Even though Mendelian dementias are rare, the study of these forms of disease can have a significant impact in the lives of patients and families and have successfully brought to the fore many of the genes currently known to be involved in FTD and VaD, starting to give us a glimpse of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. More recently, genome-wide association studies have also pointed to disease risk-associated loci. This has been particularly important for DLB where familial forms of disease are very rarely described. In this review we systematically describe the Mendelian and risk genes involved in these non-AD dementias in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of their genetic architecture, find differences and commonalities between different dementia phenotypes, and uncover areas that would benefit from more intense research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gustavo C Santo
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Tang Q, Wang F, Yang J, Peng H, Li Y, Li B, Wang S. Revealing a Novel Landscape of the Association Between Blood Lipid Levels and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of a Case-Control Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32116643 PMCID: PMC7025526 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Blood lipid profiles have been ambiguously reported as biomarkers of AD in recent years. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between blood lipid levels and AD in later-life and to explore the effectiveness and reliability of blood lipid profiles as biomarkers of AD. Methods: Database searching was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Medline. This study was designed following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) criteria. Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) software was adopted to perform meta-analysis evaluating the standard mean difference (SMD) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 5,286 participants were enrolled from 27 case–control studies in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that total cholesterol (TC) level was significantly associated with AD in late-life (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI: [0.01, 0.32], P = 0.03), especially in the subgroup under 70 years old (SMD: 0.45, 95% CI: [0.11, 0.79], P = 0.01) and the subgroup of Western population (SMD: 0.29, 95% CI: [0.04, 0.53], P = 0.02). In the subgroup under 70 years old, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (SMD = −0.50, 95% CI: [−0.76, −0.25], P = 0.0001) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: [0.02, 1.16], P = 0.04) in the AD group were significantly lower and higher than in the control group, respectively. In the subgroup with a sample size larger than 100 subjects, the LDL-C level was significantly higher in AD patients than in the control elderly group (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI: [0.05, 0.56], P = 0.02). There was no significant association between triglyceride (TG) levels and AD in later-life (SMD = −0.00, 95% CI: [−0.12, 0.12], P = 1.00). Conclusion: TC can be a new predictive biomarker of AD or cognitive decline in later-life. Increased TC levels are found to be associated with an elevated risk of AD. Decreased HDL-C levels and increased LDL-C levels may relate to an elevated risk of AD in subjects aged 60–70. Further comprehensive researches will be necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Tang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengling Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Geriatric Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a common disorder that encompasses heterogeneous entities, which creates challenges in order to reach a global consensus for diagnostic criteria. While the genetic basis for sporadic VaD remains poorly understood, the identification of causal genes in monogenic forms of VaD sheds light on the pathophysiological mechanisms of VaD. This special report describes progress in genetic research on monogenic and sporadic VaD, as well as on associated phenotypes, such as cerebral small vessel disease, stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Methodological issues (e.g., small-size studies) and strategies to overcome these problems (e.g., collaborative consortiums, endophenotypes) are discussed. Lastly, future perspectives in the field and how such work could benefit patients and clinicians are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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9
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Wu Y, Wang Z, Jia X, Zhang H, Zhang H, Li J, Zhang K. Prediction of Alzheimer's disease with serum lipid levels in Asian individuals: a meta-analysis. Biomarkers 2019; 24:341-351. [PMID: 30663433 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1571633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The serum lipid profile has become a routine clinical test and used as an important predictor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), although its predictive value remains undetermined. Objective: To evaluate the role of serum lipid levels in predicting the risk of AD. Methods: Meta-analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analyses (CMA) software to investigate the association between four conventional serum lipid profile parameters and the risk of AD, focused on samples from Asian. Results: In total, 3423 AD patients and 6127 healthy participants were involved. The results demonstrated that AD patients showed higher LDL-C and TC levels (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.04-0.51, p = 0.02 for LDL-C; SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.05-0.46, p = 0.02 for TC) compared with those of healthy controls. People with higher LDL-C and/or TC levels had an increased risk of AD (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07-2.51 for LDL-C and OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.10-2.92 for TC). Conclusions: This study provided evidence that serum LDL-C and TC levels were associated with the risk of AD in Asian individuals. The routine lipid profile may be useful for AD diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wu
- a College of Life Science, Institute of Health & Population Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- a College of Life Science, Institute of Health & Population Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xueping Jia
- a College of Life Science, Institute of Health & Population Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Huan Zhang
- b The 2nd Affiliated Hospital , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- c Neurology Department , Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital , Xi'an , China
| | - Junlin Li
- a College of Life Science, Institute of Health & Population Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,d Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Kejin Zhang
- a College of Life Science, Institute of Health & Population Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,d Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
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Kim WS, He Y, Phan K, Ahmed RM, Rye KA, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Halliday GM. Altered High Density Lipoprotein Composition in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:847. [PMID: 30487733 PMCID: PMC6246632 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of early onset dementia with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) being the most common form. bvFTD is characterized clinically by behavioral and personality changes, eating abnormalities, and pathologically, by systemic lipid dysregulation that impacts on survival. As lipoprotein metabolism is at the core of lipid dysregulation, here, we analyzed the composition, both proteins and lipids, of the two major lipoprotein classes in blood – high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low density lipoproteins (LDLs). Fasted plasmas from bvFTD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and controls were fractionated using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and samples analyzed by lipid assays, ELISA and western blotting. We found that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) levels in HDLs were decreased in bvFTD compared to controls, whereas apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels in LDLs were unaltered. We also found that cholesterol and triglyceride levels in FPLC fractions were altered in bvFTD compared to controls. The apoB:apoA-I ratio and the standard lipid ratios were significantly increased in bvFTD compared to AD and controls. Furthermore, we found that plasma apolipoprotein C-I and paraoxonase 1 levels were significantly altered in bvFTD and AD, respectively, compared controls. This study represents the first apolipoprotein analysis of bvFTD, and our results suggest altered HDL function and elevated cardiovascular disease risk in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying He
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Phan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Cervellati C, Valacchi G, Tisato V, Zuliani G, Marsillach J. Evaluating the link between Paraoxonase-1 levels and Alzheimer's disease development. Minerva Med 2018; 110:238-250. [PMID: 30334443 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.18.05875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, remains far to be fully deciphered. In the recent years, also the centrality of amyloid-β peptide in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disease has been questioned and other hypotheses have been advanced. Notably, a common denominator of many of these theoretical models is represented by oxidative stress, which is widely proposed to play a role in the disease initiation and/or progression. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that endows its carrier with multiple biological functions, including the ability to contrast oxidative damage to lipid components of lipoproteins and cells and protect from toxicity of specific organophosphorus pesticides. The peculiar multi-functionality nature of PON1 might be the key for explaining the vast epidemiological data showing a close association between low serum PON1 activity and risk of several diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD. In this review, we discuss the possible link between PON1 with AD pathogenesis and we hypothesize eventual mechanistic pathways that could account from epidemiological observations. We also highlight the methodological issue limitation in PON1 studies that still impede to give a definitive and certain picture of its effective biological impact on human health including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nie Y, Luo D, Yang M, Wang Y, Xiong L, Gao L, Liu Y, Liu H. A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship of the PON Genes and Alzheimer Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2017; 30:303-310. [PMID: 28954597 DOI: 10.1177/0891988717731825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the association of the paraoxonase (PON) gene variants and Alzheimer disease (AD) using meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by searching English and Chinese databases extensively. Allele and genotype frequencies for each included study were extracted. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was employed to assess the quality of included studies. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. A Q statistic was used to evaluate homogeneity, and Egger test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 15 studies (involving 5 polymorphisms) were included and identified for the current meta-analysis. The NOS scores ranged from 7 to 8, meaning good quality of studies. It was found that the SS genotype of PON2 S311C polymorphism had an significant association with AD in the studied population (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.99, P = .04), and the A allele of PON1 rs705379 polymorphism was positively related to AD in Caucasian population (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.39, P = .009) as well as the GG genotype decreased AD risk significantly in Caucasians (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.56-0.88, P = .002). However, there was no significant relationship between other 3 genetic variants of PON genes (L55 M, Q192 R, and -161C/T of PON1 gene) and AD. CONCLUSION Existing evidence indicates that the S311C polymorphism (SS genotype) and the rs705379 (the A allele and GG genotype) are associated with risk of AD in studied population. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Nie
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Luo
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- 3 Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xiong
- 4 Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- 5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- 5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- 1 Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China.,5 Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ikram MA, Bersano A, Manso-Calderón R, Jia JP, Schmidt H, Middleton L, Nacmias B, Siddiqi S, Adams HHH. Genetics of vascular dementia - review from the ICVD working group. BMC Med 2017; 15:48. [PMID: 28260527 PMCID: PMC5338082 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia is a common disorder resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Determining the extent to which genes play a role in disease susceptibility and their pathophysiological mechanisms could improve our understanding of vascular dementia, leading to a potential translation of this knowledge to clinical practice. DISCUSSION In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the genetics of vascular dementia. The identification of causal genes remains limited to monogenic forms of the disease, with findings for sporadic vascular dementia being less robust. However, progress in genetic research on associated phenotypes, such as cerebral small vessel disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, have the potential to inform on the genetics of vascular dementia. We conclude by providing an overview of future developments in the field and how such work could impact patients and clinicians. CONCLUSION The genetic background of vascular dementia is well established for monogenic disorders, but remains relatively obscure for the sporadic form. More work is needed for providing robust findings that might eventually lead to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Unit IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jian-Ping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lefkos Middleton
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Calabrese V, Giordano J, Signorile A, Laura Ontario M, Castorina S, De Pasquale C, Eckert G, Calabrese EJ. Major pathogenic mechanisms in vascular dementia: Roles of cellular stress response and hormesis in neuroprotection. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1588-1603. [PMID: 27662637 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), considered the second most common cause of cognitive impairment after Alzheimer disease in the elderly, involves the impairment of memory and cognitive function as a consequence of cerebrovascular disease. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a common pathophysiological condition frequently occurring in VaD. It is generally associated with neurovascular degeneration, in which neuronal damage and blood-brain barrier alterations coexist and evoke beta-amyloid-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammasome- promoted neuroinflammation, which contribute to and exacerbate the course of disease. Vascular cognitive impairment comprises a heterogeneous group of cognitive disorders of various severity and types that share a presumed vascular etiology. The present study reviews major pathogenic factors involved in VaD, highlighting the relevance of cerebrocellular stress and hormetic responses to neurovascular insult, and addresses these mechanisms as potentially viable and valuable as foci of novel neuroprotective methods to mitigate or prevent VaD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta De Pasquale
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gunter Eckert
- Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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15
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Sun JH, Tan L, Wang HF, Tan MS, Tan L, Li JQ, Xu W, Zhu XC, Jiang T, Yu JT. Genetics of Vascular Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:611-29. [PMID: 25835425 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia. So far, little is known about the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the risk of VaD. Many candidate genetic polymorphisms have been examined in a large number of studies. However, due to the conflicting results, the genetics of VaD is still behind the shadow. OBJECTIVE We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis on associations between genetic polymorphisms of any gene and VaD to investigate the genetics of VaD. METHOD We sought the published studies of associations between any genetic polymorphism and VaD and critically appraised them. We assessed the effects of genetic models by calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs), investigating the origin of heterogeneity by subgroup analysis, and testing the robustness by random effect model and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS 69 studies with 4,462 cases and 11,583 controls were included. We identified APOE ɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4 and additional four genetic polymorphisms including MTHFR C677T, PON1 L55M, TGF-β1 +29C/T, and TNF-α -850C/T associated with VaD. Tested by random effect model and sensitivity analysis, the pooled results show nice robustness. CONCLUSIONS Our comprehensive meta-analysis highlighted the genetic contribution to sporadic VaD. Because of the small amount of data on associations between genetic polymorphisms, except for APOE, and VaD, more studies are needed to test the existing genetic polymorphisms and detect other related genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China.,College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China.,Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Manso-Calderón R, González-Sarmiento R. Genetic susceptibility to vascular cognitive impairment: a pathophysiological view. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) creates challenges for research on its genetic basis and pathophysiology. Despite well-known monogenic forms may be useful to understand some pathogenic mechanisms leading to VCI, most of VCIs are sporadic disorders resulting from the interaction between environmental, vascular and genetic factors. Genetic investigation for VCI may encompass both candidate genes that affect critical biological processes to VCI and common and rare genetic variants identified across the entire genome study technology, thereby enabling us to confirm or expose new biological mechanisms in VCI and develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches. Notwithstanding genetic susceptibility to VCI remains largely unknown owing to methodological issues. Collaborative efforts emerge as an interesting strategy to overcome these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine & Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC). University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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17
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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, Bellini T, Bosi C, Ortolani B, Zurlo A, Passaro A, Seripa D, Zuliani G. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2-year conversion to dementia: A pilot study. J Neurochem 2015; 135:395-401. [PMID: 26178739 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) may confer protection against inflammatory and oxidative challenge which, in turn, plays a key-role in the onset and progression of dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum PON-1 paraoxonase/arylesterase activities might predict the clinical conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) or vascular dementia (VAD). Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured by spectrophotometric assays at baseline in 141 MCI patients (median age: 77 years; interquartile range 71-81) and in 78 healthy controls (median age: 76 years; interquartile range 73-79). After 2 years of follow-up, 86 MCI remained stable (MCI/MCI), 34 converted to LOAD (MCI/LOAD), whereas 21 converted to VAD (MCI/VAD). Baseline arylesterase activity was lower in all MCI groups compared with controls (all p < 0.01), whereas paraoxonase activity was lower in MCI/VAD group compared to controls (p < 0.05) and MCI/MCI patients (p = 0.009). Low paraoxonase and arylesterase activities (I quartile) were associated to higher risk of conversion to VAD (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.37-10.25 and OR: 3.16, 95% CI: 1.17-8.56, respectively). Our results suggest that in MCI patients low PON-1 activity might contribute to identify individuals susceptible to develop vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Romani
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bellini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ortolani
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Amedeo Zurlo
- Operative Unit of Geriatrics, S. Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit of the IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Agilli M, Aydin FN, Kurt YG, Cayci T. Assessment of paraoxonase 1 activity in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2015; 30:437-8. [PMID: 25635109 PMCID: PMC10852968 DOI: 10.1177/1533317514568890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Agilli
- Department of Biochemistry, Agri Military Hospital, Agri, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Nuri Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sirnak Military Hospital, Sirnak, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gulcan Kurt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Cayci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Ferencz B, Gerritsen L. Genetics and underlying pathology of dementia. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:113-24. [PMID: 25567624 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the population steadily ages, dementia, in all its forms, remains a great societal challenge. Yet, our knowledge of their etiology remains rather limited. To this end, genetic studies can give us insight into the underlying mechanisms that lead to the development of dementia, potentially facilitating treatments in the future. In this review we cover the most recent genetic risk factors associated with the onset of the four most common dementia types today, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Vascular Dementia (VaD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) and Lewy Body Dementia (LBD). Moreover, we discuss the overlap in major underlying pathologies of dementia derived from their genetic associations. While all four dementia types appear to involve genes associated with tau-pathology and neuroinflammation only LBD, AD and VaD appear to involve amyloid genes while LBD and FTLD share alpha synuclein genes. Together these findings suggest that some of the dementias may exist along a spectrum and demonstrates the necessity to conduct large-scale studies pinpointing the etiology of the dementias and potential gene and environment interactions that may influence their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Ferencz
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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