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Modafferi S, Lupo G, Tomasello M, Rampulla F, Ontario M, Scuto M, Salinaro AT, Arcidiacono A, Anfuso CD, Legmouz M, Azzaoui FZ, Palmeri A, Spano' S, Biamonte F, Cammilleri G, Fritsch T, Sidenkova A, Calabrese E, Wenzel U, Calabrese V. Antioxidants, Hormetic Nutrition, and Autism. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1156-1168. [PMID: 37592816 PMCID: PMC10964097 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230817085811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a heterogeneous group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by atypical behaviors with two core pathological manifestations: deficits in social interaction/communication and repetitive behaviors, which are associated with disturbed redox homeostasis. Modulation of cellular resilience mechanisms induced by low levels of stressors represents a novel approach for the development of therapeutic strategies, and in this context, neuroprotective effects of a wide range of polyphenol compounds have been demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo studies and thoroughly reviewed. Mushrooms have been used in traditional medicine for many years and have been associated with a long list of therapeutic properties, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects. Our recent studies have strikingly indicated the presence of polyphenols in nutritional mushrooms and demonstrated their protective effects in different models of neurodegenerative disorders in humans and rats. Although their therapeutic effects are exerted through multiple mechanisms, increasing attention is focusing on their capacity to induce endogenous defense systems by modulating cellular signaling processes such as nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Here we discuss the protective role of hormesis and its modulation by hormetic nutrients in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Mario Tomasello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Francesco Rampulla
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Marialaura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Antonio Arcidiacono
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Maria Legmouz
- Department of Biologie, Laboratory of Biologie and Health, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zahra Azzaoui
- Department of Biologie, Laboratory of Biologie and Health, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Agostino Palmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Sestina Spano'
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Francesca Biamonte
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Food Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi, 3 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alena Sidenkova
- Department of Psychiatry, Ural State Medical University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Edward Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen, Germany
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, 950125, Italy
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Osakabe N, Modafferi S, Ontario ML, Rampulla F, Zimbone V, Migliore MR, Fritsch T, Abdelhameed AS, Maiolino L, Lupo G, Anfuso CD, Genovese E, Monzani D, Wenzel U, Calabrese EJ, Vabulas RM, Calabrese V. Polyphenols in Inner Ear Neurobiology, Health and Disease: From Bench to Clinics. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:2045. [PMID: 38004094 PMCID: PMC10673256 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial experimental and clinical interest in providing effective ways to both prevent and slow the onset of hearing loss. Auditory hair cells, which occur along the basilar membrane of the cochlea, often lose functionality due to age-related biological alterations, as well as from exposure to high decibel sounds affecting a diminished/damaged auditory sensitivity. Hearing loss is also seen to take place due to neuronal degeneration before or following hair cell destruction/loss. A strategy is necessary to protect hair cells and XIII cranial/auditory nerve cells prior to injury and throughout aging. Within this context, it was proposed that cochlea neural stem cells may be protected from such aging and environmental/noise insults via the ingestion of protective dietary supplements. Of particular importance is that these studies typically display a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response pattern that prevents the occurrence of auditory cell damage induced by various model chemical toxins, such as cisplatin. Likewise, the hormetic dose-response also enhances the occurrence of cochlear neural cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation. These findings are particularly important since they confirmed a strong dose dependency of the significant beneficial effects (which is biphasic), whilst having a low-dose beneficial response, whereas extensive exposures may become ineffective and/or potentially harmful. According to hormesis, phytochemicals including polyphenols exhibit biphasic dose-response effects activating low-dose antioxidant signaling pathways, resulting in the upregulation of vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Modulation of the vitagene network through polyphenols increases cellular resilience mechanisms, thus impacting neurological disorder pathophysiology. Here, we aimed to explore polyphenols targeting the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway to neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies that can potentially reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, thus preventing auditory hair cell and XIII cranial/auditory nerve cell degeneration. Furthermore, we explored techniques to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan;
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Francesco Rampulla
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Zimbone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Maria Rita Migliore
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | | | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luigi Maiolino
- Department of Medical, Surgical Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Genovese
- Department of Maternal and Child and Adult Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Daniele Monzani
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Justus Liebig Universitat Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - R. Martin Vabulas
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (F.R.); (V.Z.); (M.R.M.); (G.L.); (C.D.A.)
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Siracusa R, Voltarelli VA, Trovato Salinaro A, Modafferi S, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese EJ, Di Paola R, Otterbein LE, Calabrese V. NO, CO and H 2S: A Trinacrium of Bioactive Gases in the Brain. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115122. [PMID: 35679892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are time honored gases that have direct bearing on almost all life forms, but over the past thirty years, and in large part due to the Nobel Prize Award in Medicine for the elucidation of nitric oxide (NO) as a bioactive gas, the research and medical communities now recognize other gases as critical for survival. In addition to NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) have emerged as a triumvirate or Trinacrium of gases with analogous importance and that serve important homeostatic functions. Perhaps, one of the most intriguing aspects of these gases is the functional interaction between them, which is intimately linked by the enzyme systems that produce them. Despite the need to better understand NO, H2S and CO biology, the notion that these are environmental pollutants remains ever present. For this reason, incorporating the concept of hormesis becomes imperative and must be included in discussions when considering developing new therapeutics that involve these gases. While there is now an enormous literature base for each of these gasotransmitters, we provide here an overview of their respective physiologic roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Amara I, Ontario ML, Scuto M, Lo Dico GM, Sciuto S, Greco V, Abid-Essefi S, Signorile A, Salinaro AT, Calabrese V. Moringa oleifera Protects SH-SY5YCells from DEHP-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040532. [PMID: 33805396 PMCID: PMC8065568 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a medicinal plant that has been shown to possess antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and antibiotic activities. In a rat model, MO extract (MOe) has been shown to have a protective effect against brain damage and memory decline. As an extending study, here, we have examined the protective effect of MOe against oxidative stress and apoptosis caused in human neuroblastome (SH-SY5Y) cells by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer known to induce neurotoxicity. Our data show that MOe prevents oxidative damage by lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, restoring mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, and, in addition, by modulating the expression of vitagenes, i.e., antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1. Moreover, MOe prevented neuronal damage by partly inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, as indicated by decreased expression of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) proteins. MOe also protected SH-SY5Y cells from DEHP-induced apoptosis, preserving mitochondrial membrane permeability and caspase-3 activation. Our findings provide insight into understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotective effects by MOe against DEHP damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Amara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Maria Lo Dico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (I.A.); (M.L.O.); (M.S.); (G.M.L.D.); (S.S.); (V.G.); (V.C.)
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Calabrese V, Scuto M, Salinaro AT, Dionisio G, Modafferi S, Ontario ML, Greco V, Sciuto S, Schmitt CP, Calabrese EJ, Peters V. Hydrogen Sulfide and Carnosine: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Kidney and Brain Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121303. [PMID: 33353117 PMCID: PMC7767317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the dysregulation of cellular redox homeostasis and chronic inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney and brain disorders. In this light, endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exert cytoprotective actions through the modulation of redox-dependent resilience pathways during oxidative stress and inflammation. Several recent studies have elucidated a functional crosstalk occurring between kidney and the brain. The pathophysiological link of this crosstalk is represented by oxidative stress and inflammatory processes which contribute to the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, and dementia during the natural history of chronic kidney disease. Herein, we provide an overview of the main pathophysiological mechanisms related to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neurotoxins, which play a critical role in the kidney–brain crosstalk. The present paper also explores the respective role of H2S and carnosine in the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney–brain axis. It suggests that these activities are likely mediated, at least in part, via hormetic processes, involving Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-like 2), Hsp 70 (heat shock protein 70), SIRT-1 (Sirtuin-1), Trx (Thioredoxin), and the glutathione system. Metabolic interactions at the kidney and brain axis level operate in controlling and reducing oxidant-induced inflammatory damage and therefore, can be a promising potential therapeutic target to reduce the severity of renal and brain injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.P.S.); (V.P.)
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Verena Peters
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.P.S.); (V.P.)
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Scuto M, Trovato Salinaro A, Modafferi S, Polimeni A, Pfeffer T, Weigand T, Calabrese V, Schmitt CP, Peters V. Carnosine Activates Cellular Stress Response in Podocytes and Reduces Glycative and Lipoperoxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060177. [PMID: 32604897 PMCID: PMC7344982 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosine improves diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy, in in vivo models. To further understand the underlying mechanism of nephroprotection, we studied the effect of carnosine under glucose-induced stress on cellular stress response proteins in murine immortalized podocytes, essential for glomerular function. High-glucose stress initiated stress response by increasing intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), thioredoxin (Trx), glutamate-cysteine ligase (gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase; γ-GCS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in podocytes by 30–50% compared to untreated cells. Carnosine (1 mM) also induced a corresponding upregulation of these intracellular stress markers, which was even more prominent compared to glucose for Hsp70 (21%), γ-GCS and HO-1 (13% and 20%, respectively; all p < 0.001). Co-incubation of carnosine (1 mM) and glucose (25 mM) induced further upregulation of Hsp70 (84%), Sirt-1 (52%), Trx (35%), γ-GCS (90%) and HO-1 (73%) concentrations compared to untreated cells (all p < 0.001). The glucose-induced increase in 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and protein carbonylation was reduced dose-dependently by carnosine by more than 50% (p < 0.001). Although podocytes tolerated high carnosine concentrations (10 mM), high carnosine levels only slightly increased Trx and γ-GCS (10% and 19%, respectively, compared to controls; p < 0.001), but not Hsp70, Sirt-1 and HO-1 proteins (p not significant), and did not modify the glucose-induced oxidative stress response. In podocytes, carnosine induced cellular stress tolerance and resilience pathways and was highly effective in reducing high-glucose-induced glycative and lipoperoxidative stress. Carnosine in moderate concentrations exerted a direct podocyte molecular protective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.S.); (S.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.S.); (S.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.S.); (S.M.); (A.P.)
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Alessandra Polimeni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.S.); (S.M.); (A.P.)
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Tilman Pfeffer
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Tim Weigand
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.S.); (S.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Verena Peters
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.P.); (T.W.); (V.P.)
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Amara I, Scuto M, Zappalà A, Ontario ML, Petralia A, Abid-Essefi S, Maiolino L, Signorile A, Trovato Salinaro A, Calabrese V. Hericium Erinaceus Prevents DEHP-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062138. [PMID: 32244920 PMCID: PMC7139838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hericium Erinaceus (HE) is a medicinal plant known to possess anticarcinogenic, antibiotic, and antioxidant activities. It has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemia-injury-induced neuronal cell death in rats. As an extending study, here we examined in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, whether HE could exert a protective effect against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer known to cause neurotoxicity. We demonstrated that pretreatment with HE significantly attenuated DEHP induced cell death. This protective effect may be attributed to its ability to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, preserving the activity of respiratory complexes and stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, HE pretreatment significantly modulated Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent vitagenes expression, preventing the increase of pro-apoptotic and the decrease of anti-apoptotic markers. Collectively, our data provide evidence of new preventive nutritional strategy using HE against DEHP-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Amara
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (I.A.); (S.A.-E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
| | - Antonio Petralia
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (I.A.); (S.A.-E.)
| | - Luigi Maiolino
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Catania, 95125, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia n. 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (A.Z.); (M.L.O.); (V.C.)
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Concetta Scuto M, Mancuso C, Tomasello B, Laura Ontario M, Cavallaro A, Frasca F, Maiolino L, Trovato Salinaro A, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Curcumin, Hormesis and the Nervous System. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2417. [PMID: 31658697 PMCID: PMC6835324 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol compound extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn (family Zingiberaceae) commonly used as a spice to color and flavor food. Several preclinical studies have suggested beneficial roles for curcumin as an adjuvant therapy in free radical-based diseases, mainly neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, curcumin belongs to the family of hormetins and the enhancement of the cell stress response, mainly the heme oxygenase-1 system, is actually considered the common denominator for this dual response. However, evidence-based medicine has clearly demonstrated the lack of any therapeutic effect of curcumin to contrast the onset or progression of neurodegeneration and related diseases. Finally, the curcumin safety profile imposes a careful analysis of the risk/benefit balance prior to proposing chronic supplementation with curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cesare Mancuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy.
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cavallaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Frasca
- Department of Clinical and experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Luigi Maiolino
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via Santa Sofia, 97-95125 Catania, Italy.
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. Hormetic and Mitochondria-Related Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action of Phytochemicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E373. [PMID: 31487950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant action to afford a health benefit or increased well-being may not be directly exerted by quick reduction-oxidation (REDOX) reactions between the antioxidant and the pro-oxidant molecules in a living being. Furthermore, not all flavonoids or polyphenols derived from plants are beneficial. This paper aims at discussing the variety of mechanisms underlying the so-called "antioxidant" action. Apart from antioxidant direct mechanisms, indirect ones consisting of fueling and boosting innate detox routes should be considered. One of them, hormesis, involves upregulating enzymes that are needed in innate detox pathways and/or regulating the transcription of the so-called vitagenes. Moreover, there is evidence that some plant-derived compounds may have a direct role in events taking place in mitochondria, which is an organelle prone to oxidative stress if electron transport is faulty. Insights into the potential of molecules able to enter into the electron transport chain would require the determination of their reduction potential. Additionally, it is advisable to know both the oxidized and the reduced structures for each antioxidant candidate. These mechanisms and their related technical developments should help nutraceutical industry to select candidates that are efficacious in physiological conditions to prevent diseases or increase human health.
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Surai PF, Kochish II, Fisinin VI, Kidd MT. Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E235. [PMID: 31336672 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
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11
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Calabrese V, Giordano J, Signorile A, Laura Ontario M, Castorina S, De Pasquale C, Eckert G, Calabrese EJ. Major pathogenic mechanisms in vascular dementia: Roles of cellular stress response and hormesis in neuroprotection. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1588-1603. [PMID: 27662637 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), considered the second most common cause of cognitive impairment after Alzheimer disease in the elderly, involves the impairment of memory and cognitive function as a consequence of cerebrovascular disease. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a common pathophysiological condition frequently occurring in VaD. It is generally associated with neurovascular degeneration, in which neuronal damage and blood-brain barrier alterations coexist and evoke beta-amyloid-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammasome- promoted neuroinflammation, which contribute to and exacerbate the course of disease. Vascular cognitive impairment comprises a heterogeneous group of cognitive disorders of various severity and types that share a presumed vascular etiology. The present study reviews major pathogenic factors involved in VaD, highlighting the relevance of cerebrocellular stress and hormetic responses to neurovascular insult, and addresses these mechanisms as potentially viable and valuable as foci of novel neuroprotective methods to mitigate or prevent VaD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry and Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anna Signorile
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta De Pasquale
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gunter Eckert
- Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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12
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Surai PF. Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:204-47. [PMID: 26785346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review. (1) Direct scavenging free radicals and chelating free Fe and Cu are mainly effective in the gut. (2) Preventing free radical formation by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes, or improving an integrity of mitochondria in stress conditions, are of great importance. (3) Maintaining an optimal redox balance in the cell by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly via Nrf2 activation is probably the main driving force of antioxidant (AO) action of SM. (4) Decreasing inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathways is an emerging mechanism of SM protective effects in liver toxicity and various liver diseases. (5) Activating vitagenes, responsible for synthesis of protective molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxin and sirtuins and providing additional protection in stress conditions deserves more attention. (6) Affecting the microenvironment of the gut, including SM-bacteria interactions, awaits future investigations. (7) In animal nutrition and disease prevention strategy, SM alone, or in combination with other hepatho-active compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin B12, etc.), might have similar hepatoprotective effects as described in human nutrition.
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Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Davinelli S, Koverech G, Koverech A, De Pasquale C, Salinaro AT, Scuto M, Calabrese EJ, Genazzani AR. Sex hormonal regulation and hormesis in aging and longevity: role of vitagenes. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:369-84. [PMID: 25381162 PMCID: PMC4390801 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging process is accompanied by hormonal changes characterized by an imbalance between catabolic hormones, such as cortisol and thyroid hormones which remain stable and hormones with anabolic effects (testosterone, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), that decrease with age. Deficiencies in multiple anabolic hormones have been shown to predict health status and longevity in older persons.Unlike female menopause, which is accompanied by an abrupt and permanent cessation of ovarian function (both folliculogenesis and estradiol production), male aging does not result in either cessation of testosterone production nor infertility. Although the circulating serum testosterone concentration does decline with aging, in most men this decrease is small, resulting in levels that are generally within the normal range. Hormone therapy (HT) trials have caused both apprehension and confusion about the overall risks and benefits associated with HT treatment. Stress-response hormesis from a molecular genetic perspective corresponds to the induction by stressors of an adaptive, defensive response, particularly through alteration of gene expression. Increased longevity can be associated with greater resistance to a range of stressors. During aging, a gradual decline in potency of the heat shock response occur and this may prevent repair of protein damage. Conversely, thermal stress or pharmacological agents capable of inducing stress responses, by promoting increased expression of heat-shock proteins, confer protection against denaturation of proteins and restoration of proteome function. If induction of stress resistance increases life span and hormesis induces stress resistance, hormesis most likely result in increased life span. Hormesis describes an adaptive response to continuous cellular stresses, representing a phenomenon where exposure to a mild stressor confers resistance to subsequent, otherwise harmful, conditions of increased stress. This biphasic dose-response relationship, displaying low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition, as adaptive response to detrimental lifestyle factors determines the extent of protection from progression to metabolic diseases such as diabetes and more in general to hormonal dysregulation and age-related pathologies. Integrated responses exist to detect and control diverse forms of stress. This is accomplished by a complex network of the so-called longevity assurance processes, which are composed of several genes termed vitagenes. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsps), thioredoxin and sirtuin protein systems. Nutritional antioxidants, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways under control of Vitagene protein network. Here we focus on possible signaling mechanisms involved in the activation of vitagenes resulting in enhanced defense against functional defects leading to degeneration and cell death with consequent impact on longevity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Via Andrea Doria, 95100, Catania, Italy,
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14
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Cornelius C, Koverech G, Crupi R, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Lodato F, Scuto M, Salinaro AT, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V. Osteoporosis and alzheimer pathology: Role of cellular stress response and hormetic redox signaling in aging and bone remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:120. [PMID: 24959146 PMCID: PMC4050335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and osteoporosis are multifactorial progressive degenerative disorders. Increasing evidence shows that osteoporosis and hip fracture are common complication observed in AD patients, although the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as intracellular redox signaling molecules involved in the regulation of bone metabolism, including receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-dependent osteoclast differentiation, but they also have cytotoxic effects that include lipoperoxidation and oxidative damage to proteins and DNA. ROS generation, which is implicated in the regulation of cellular stress response mechanisms, is an integrated, highly regulated, process under control of redox sensitive genes coding for redox proteins called vitagenes. Vitagenes, encoding for proteins such as heat shock proteins (Hsps) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin, and the sirtuin protein, represent a systems controlling a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways relevant to life span and involved in the preservation of cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. Consistently, nutritional anti-oxidants have demonstrated their neuroprotective potential through a hormetic-dependent activation of vitagenes. The biological relevance of dose–response affects those strategies pointing to the optimal dosing to patients in the treatment of numerous diseases. Thus, the heat shock response has become an important hormetic target for novel cytoprotective strategies focusing on the pharmacological development of compounds capable of modulating stress response mechanisms. Here we discuss possible signaling mechanisms involved in the activation of vitagenes which, relevant to bone remodeling and through enhancement of cellular stress resistance provide a rationale to limit the deleterious consequences associated to homeostasis disruption with consequent impact on the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy ; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Koverech
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Koverech
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Lodato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Angela T Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine Messina, Italy ; University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
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Trovato Salinaro A, Cornelius C, Koverech G, Koverech A, Scuto M, Lodato F, Fronte V, Muccilli V, Reibaldi M, Longo A, Uva MG, Calabrese V. Cellular stress response, redox status, and vitagenes in glaucoma: a systemic oxidant disorder linked to Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:129. [PMID: 24936186 PMCID: PMC4047681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid deposits, constituted of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates, are a characteristic feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson’s disease. They also have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of retinal damage, as well as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by gradual degeneration of neuronal tissue due to retinal ganglion cell loss, associated to visual field loss over time resulting in irreversible blindness. Accumulation of Aβ characterizes glaucoma as a protein misfolding disease, suggesting a pathogenic role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative damage associated to glaucoma. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating a link between Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma. Further, several heat shock proteins (HSPs) members have been implicated both in neurodegenerative diseases and glaucomatous apoptosis. To maintain redox homeostasis vitagenes, as integrated mechanisms, operate actively to preserve cell survival under condition of stress. Vitagenes encode for sirtuin, thioredoxin and HSPs. The present study was designed to investigate cellular stress response mechanisms in the blood of patients with glaucoma, compared to control subjects. Levels of vitagenes HSP-72, heme oxygenase-1, as well as F2-isoprostanes were significantly higher in the blood of patients with glaucoma than in controls. Furthermore, in the same experimental group increased expression of Trx and sirtuin 1 were measured. Our results sustain the importance of redox homeostasis disruption in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and highlights the opportunity that new therapies that prevents neurodegeneration through non-immunomodulatory mechanisms might be synergistically associated with current glaucoma therapies, thus unraveling important targets for novel cytoprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Koverech
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Koverech
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Lodato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fronte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Maurizio G Uva
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania Catania, Italy
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