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The DNA Sensor AIM2 Protects against Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes by Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis via the IL-18 Pathway. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040959. [PMID: 32295112 PMCID: PMC7227011 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Nod2, Nlrp3, Tlr2, Trl4, and Tlr9, are directly involved in type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, the role of the cytosolic DNA sensor, AIM2, in T1D pathogenesis is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that C57BL/6 mice lacking AIM2 (AIM2−/−) are prone to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, compared to WT C57BL/6 mice. The AIM2−/− mice phenotype is associated with a greater proinflammatory response in pancreatic tissues, alterations in gut microbiota and bacterial translocation to pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). These alterations are related to an increased intestinal permeability mediated by tight-junction disruption. Notably, AIM2−/− mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) are protected from STZ-induced T1D and display a lower pancreatic proinflammatory response. Mechanistically, the AIM2 inflammasome is activated in vivo, leading to an IL-18 release in the ileum at 15 days after an STZ injection. IL-18 favors RegIIIγ production, thus mitigating gut microbiota alterations and reinforcing the intestinal barrier function. Together, our findings show a regulatory role of AIM2, mediated by IL-18, in shaping gut microbiota and reducing bacterial translocation and proinflammatory response against insulin-producing β cells, which ultimately results in protection against T1D onset in an STZ-induced diabetes model.
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Costa FRC, Françozo MCS, de Oliveira GG, Ignacio A, Castoldi A, Zamboni DS, Ramos SG, Câmara NO, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Flavell RA, Silva JS, Carlos D. Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1223-39. [PMID: 27325889 PMCID: PMC4925011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin causes T1D by inducing the translocation of intestinal bacteria into pancreatic lymph nodes and driving the development of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells through NOD2 receptor. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, resulting in the destruction of pancreatic β cells. The disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and consequent escape of microbial products may be one of these environmental triggers. However, the immune receptors that are activated in this context remain elusive. We show here that during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), but not NOD1, participates in the pathogenesis of the disease by inducing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells in the pancreatic LNs (PLNs) and pancreas. Additionally, STZ-injected wild-type (WT) diabetic mice displayed an altered gut microbiota compared with vehicle-injected WT mice, together with the translocation of bacteria to the PLNs. Interestingly, WT mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) were fully protected from STZ-induced T1D, which correlated with the abrogation of bacterial translocation to the PLNs. Notably, when Abx-treated STZ-injected WT mice received the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide, both hyperglycemia and the proinflammatory immune response were restored. Our results demonstrate that the recognition of bacterial products by NOD2 inside the PLNs contributes to T1D development, establishing a new putative target for intervention during the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela C S Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Ignacio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Karabatas LM, Pastorale C, de Bruno LF, Maschi F, Pivetta OH, Lombardo YB, Chemes H, Basabe JC. Early manifestations in multiple-low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Pancreas 2005; 30:318-24. [PMID: 15841040 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000161888.02244.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administration of multiple low doses of streptozotocin (mld-SZ) to mice results in the development of autoimmune diabetes. Hyperglycemia does not develop until a few days after the last injection. In this study, we explored immune-related alterations found in the very early stages of this diabetic syndrome and the capacity of mononuclear spleen cells (MSs) from mld-SZ mice to impair insulin secretion. METHODS Mice injected with mld-SZ were used as an animal model of type 1 diabetes. MSs were isolated from control and mld-SZ mice at days 4, 6, 9, 12, and 16 after the first injection of the diabetogenic drug. MSs were transferred to normal syngeneic recipients or were cocultured with dispersed rat islet cells as an in vitro insulin secretion study. RESULTS MSs from mld-SZ mice were able to diminish insulin secretion when transferred to normal syngeneic recipients and presented anti-beta-cell immune aggression when cocultured with dispersed rat islet cells as early as day 4 after mld-SZ administration. This capacity persisted throughout the experimental period. As early as 6 days after mld-SZ, islets showed insulitis followed by cell death with progressive severity. Hyperglycemia and diminished insulin secretion from perifused pancreatic islets only appeared at day 9 after mld-SZ. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that transferred or cocultured MSs from mld-SZ mice exert a functional immune aggression against beta cells at a very early stage, before donor mice develop impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Autoimmunity/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Hyperglycemia/immunology
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Streptozocin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas, CONICET, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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