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E Y, Yu Q, Sun T, Xue H, Zhao XR, Zheng HC. The relationship between pepsinogen C and gastric carcinogenesis: a transgene and population study. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:520. [PMID: 37291517 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsinogen C (PGC) is expressed in chief cells, fundic mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells of gastric epithelium and also in breast, prostate, lung, and seminal vesicles. METHODS We explored the clinicopathological and prognostic significances of PGC mRNA using pathological and bioinformatics analyses. We generated PGC knockout and PGC-cre transgenic mice to observe the effects of PGC deletion and PTEN abrogation in PGC-positive cells on gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, we observed the effects of altered PGC expression on aggressive phenotypes by CCK8, Annexin V staining, wound healing and transwell assays and analyzed the partner proteins of PGC using co-IP (co-immunoprecipitation) and double fluorescence staining. RESULTS PGC mRNA level was inversely correlated with the T and G stage and a short survival of gastric cancer (p < 0.05). PGC protein expression was negatively linked to lymph node metastasis, dedifferentiation, and low Her-2 expression of gastric cancer (p < 0.05). No difference in body weight or length was evident between wild-type (WT) and PGC knockout (KO) mice (p > 0.05), but PGC KO mice had a shorter survival than WT mice (p < 0.05). No gastric lesions were observed in the mucosa of the granular stomach in PGC KO mice, which displayed lower frequency and severity of gastric lesion than in WT mice after treated with MNU. Transgenic PGC-cre mice showed high cre expression and activity in the lung, stomach, kidney, and breast. Gastric cancer and triple-negative lobular breast adenocarcinoma were found in PGC-cre/PTENf/f mice with two previous pregnancies and breast feeding, but breast cancer was not seen in transgenic mice exposed to either estrogen or progesterone, or those with two previous pregnancies and no breast feeding. PGC suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis, and interacted with CCNT1, CNDP2 and CTSB. CONCLUSION PGC downregulation was seen in gastric cancer, but PGC deletion resulted in resistance to chemically-induced gastric carcinogenesis. PGC expression suppressed the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells possibly by interacting with CCNT1, CNDP2 and CTSB. Spontaneous triple-negative lobular adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer were seen in PGC-cre/PTENf/f mice, and the breast carcinogenesis was closely linked to pregnancy and breast feeding, but not to single exposure to estrogen or progesterone, or pregnancy. Limiting either pregnancy or breast feeding might help to prevent hereditary breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying E
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Xue-Rong Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
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Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, and risk of pancreatic cancer: A population-based cohort study in a large Japanese population: the JPHC Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6099. [PMID: 30988344 PMCID: PMC6465350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), an established risk factor for gastric cancer, is suggested to also play a role in the development of pancreatic cancer; however, the association remains inconclusive. We examined this association among Japanese men and women. H. pylori and atrophic gastritis (AG) status were determined serologically, using blood sample collected during health checkups. A total of 20,116 subjects enrolled in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Cohort II with available data on H. pylori seropositivity (anti-H. pylori) and AG were followed until the end of 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using the information from the baseline survey. During 320,470 person-years of follow-up, 119 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. No statically significant increase or decrease in pancreatic cancer risk was observed for H. pylori and AG status, independently or in combination. In a multivariable-adjusted model, we observed a non-significant decrease in the risk among those who had AG but were anti-H. pylori seronegative (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.31–1.03). In a stratified analysis, we observed a statistically significant increased risk of pancreatic cancer for AG+ (HR 3.64, 95% CI 1.37–9.66), and AG+/anti-H. pylori− or AG+/anti-H. pylori+ (HR 5.21, 95% CI 1.14–23.87) among current smokers. Non-smokers in all categories of AG and anti-H. pylori showed a non-statistical decrease in the risk. There was no statistically significant interaction between H. pylori infection, AG status, and smoking status. Our findings suggest H. pylori seropositivity and AG, individually or in combination, are not associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer in a general Japanese population. Among current smokers, pancreatic cancer risk increased with AG, regardless of H. pylori infection status.
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Díaz M, Rodríguez JC, Sánchez J, Sánchez MT, Martín A, Merino AM, Vizoso F. Clinical Significance of Pepsinogen C Tumor Expression in Patients with Stage D2 Prostate Carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 17:125-9. [PMID: 12113579 DOI: 10.1177/172460080201700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pepsinogen C is an aspartyl protease mainly involved in the digestion of proteins in the stomach, and an androgen-inducible protein in breast cancer cells. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression and clinical significance of this enzyme in the primary tumors of prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis who were scheduled to receive antiandrogenic therapy. This study was prospectively performed in 28 stage D2 prostate cancer patients who, after diagnosis, received maximum androgen blockade. Pepsinogen C tumor expression was analyzed in samples (24 from needle biopsy cylinders and four from transurethral resection specimens) from primary tumors using an immunohistochemical assay. Twelve prostate carcinomas (42.8%) were positive for pepsinogen C. Pepsinogen C was a significant prognostic factor to predict a longer overall survival in the patients of our study (p<0.01). Pepsinogen C can be a new prognostic factor and a useful biological marker of androgen dependency in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Díaz
- Department of Urology, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
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Liu H, Chen YT, Wang R, Chen XZ. Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7811. [PMID: 28816977 PMCID: PMC5571714 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the associations of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and atrophic gastritis (AG) with pancreatic cancer risk. METHODS A literature search in PubMed was performed up to July 2017. Only prospective cohort and nested case-control studies enrolling cancer-free participants were eligible. Incident pancreatic cancer cases were ascertained during the follow-up. The risks of pancreatic cancer were compared between persons infected and noninfected with Hp, or between those with and without AG status at baseline. Odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios were combined. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed, and publication bias was estimated. RESULTS Three cohort studies and 6 nested case-control studies, including 65,155 observations, were analyzed. The meta-analyses did not confirm the association between pancreatic cancer risk and Hp infection (OR = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81-1.47) or AG status (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.80-1.72). However, particular subpopulations potentially had increased risks of pancreatic cancer. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)-negative strains of Hp might be a causative factor of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.62), but a sensitivity analysis by leave-one-out method did not fully warrant it (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.93-1.56). In 1 nested case-control study, AG at stomach corpus in Hp-negative subpopulation might have increased risk of pancreatic cancer, but with a poor test power = 0.56. Publication biases were nonsignificant in the present meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Based on current prospective epidemiologic studies, the linkage of pancreatic cancer to Hp infection or AG status was not warranted on the whole. Nevertheless, prospective studies only focusing on those specific subpopulations are further required to obtain better power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Nursing Section, Department of Gastroenterology
| | - Xin-Zu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shen S, Jiang J, Yuan Y. Pepsinogen C expression, regulation and its relationship with cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:57. [PMID: 28546787 PMCID: PMC5442862 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepsinogen C (PGC) belongs to the aspartic protease family and is secreted by gastric chief cells. PGC could be activated to pepsin C and digests polypeptides and amino acids, but as a zymogen PGC’s functions is unclear. In normal physiological conditions, PGC is initially detected in the late embryonic stage and is mainly expressed in gastric mucosa. The in situ expression of PGC in gastric mucosa is decreased considerably in the process of superficial gastritis → atrophic gastritis → gastric cancer (GC), proving that PGC is a comparatively ideal negative marker of GC. Serum PGC, and PGA levels and the PGA/PGC ratio have satisfactory sensitivity, specificity and price–quality ratio for predicting high GC risk. Ectopic PGC expression is significantly increased in prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovary cancer and endometrial cancer. In those sex-related cancers high level PGC expression indicates better prognosis and longer survival. The regulation of PGC expression involves genetic and epigenetic alteration of the encoding PGC gene, hormones modulation and interactions between PGC with other transcription factors and protein kinases. More and more research evidence hinted that PGC has strong correlation with cancer. In the systematic review, we respectively elaborate the structure, potential physiological functions, expression characteristics and regulation of PGC, and especially focus on the relationship between PGC expression and cancer to highlight the role of PGC in the tumorigenesis and its application value in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Shen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention of Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention of Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention of Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
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6
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He CY, Sun LP, Xu Q, Liu JW, Jiang JY, Dong NN, Yuan Y. PGC TagSNP and its interaction with H. pylori and relation with gene expression in susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115955. [PMID: 25551587 PMCID: PMC4281127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pepsinogen C (PGC) plays an important role in sustaining the cellular differentiation during the process of gastric carcinogenesis. This study aimed to assess the role of PGC tagSNPs and their interactions with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the development of gastric cancer and its precursor, atrophic gastritis. Methods Four PGC tagSNPs (rs6941539, rs6912200, rs3789210 and rs6939861) were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY platform in a total of 2311 subjects consisting of 642 gastric cancer, 774 atrophic gastritis, and 895 healthy control subjects. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PGC in gastric tissues and in serum were respectively measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Eenzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Results We found associations between PGC rs3789210 CG/GG genotypes and reduced gastric cancer risk and between PGC rs6939861 A variant allele and increased risks of both gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. As for the haplotypes of PGC rs6941539-rs6912200-rs3789210-rs6939861 loci, the TTCA and TTGG haplotypes were respectively associated with increased and reduced risks of both gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis; additionally, the CTCA haplotype was associated with increased atrophic gastritis risk. Very interestingly, rs6912200 CT/TT genotypes had a positive interaction with H. pylori, synergistically elevating the gastric cancer risk. Moreover, healthy subjects who carried rs6912200 CT, TT and CT/TT variant genotypes had lower histological and serum expression levels of PGC protein. Conclusions Our findings highlight an important role of PGC rs3789210 and rs6939861 in altering susceptibility to atrophic gastritis and/or gastric cancer. Moreover, people who carry rs6912200 variant genotypes exhibit higher gastric cancer risk in case of getting H. pylori infection, which strongly suggest a necessity of preventing and/or eliminating H. pylori infection in those individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-yun He
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-ping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-wei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-yi Jiang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan-nan Dong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Farhath S, He Z, Saslow J, Soundar S, Amendolia B, Bhat V, Pyon K, Stahl G, Mehta D, Aghai ZH. Detection of pepsin in mouth swab: correlation with clinical gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:819-24. [PMID: 23311720 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.764408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between pepsinogen/pepsin in a mouth swab and clinical gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in preterm infants. METHODS Preterm infants (birth weight ≤ 2000 g) on full enteral feeds were enrolled. Mouth swabs from cheek and below the tongue were collected one, two and three hours after feeding. An enzymatic assay with substrate fluorescein isothiocyanate-casein was used to detect pepsin A and C activities with further confirmation by western blot. Blinded investigators reviewed the infant's medical record to clinically diagnose GER. RESULTS A total of 101 premature infants were enrolled. Pepsinogen/pepsin was detected in 45/101 (44.5%) infants in at least one sample. A clinical diagnosis of GER was made in 36/101 (35.6%) infants. Mouth swabs were positive in 26/36 (72%) infants with clinical GER and only 19/65 (29%) infants without GER (p < 0.001). Similarly, the levels of pepsinogen/pepsin A and C were higher in the mouth swabs of infants with clinical GER. CONCLUSION The detection of pepsinogen/pepsin in a mouth swab correlates with clinical GER in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeena Farhath
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
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Ansari D, Rosendahl A, Elebro J, Andersson R. Systematic review of immunohistochemical biomarkers to identify prognostic subgroups of patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2011; 98:1041-55. [PMID: 21644238 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries a dismal prognosis. There is a need to identify prognostic subtypes of PDAC to predict clinical and therapeutic outcomes accurately, and define novel therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic summary and review of available data on immunohistochemical (IHC) prognostic and predictive markers in patients with PDAC. METHODS Relevant articles in English published between January 1990 and June 2010 were obtained from PubMed searches. Other articles identified from cross-checking references and additional sources were reviewed. The inclusion was limited to studies evaluating IHC markers in a multivariable setting. RESULTS Database searches identified 76 independent prognostic and predictive molecular markers implicated in pancreatic tumour growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. Of these, 11 markers (Ki-67, p27, p53, transforming growth factor β1, Bcl-2, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclo-oxygenase 2, CD34, S100A4 and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1) provided independent prognostic or predictive information in two or more separate studies. CONCLUSION None of the molecular markers described can be recommended for routine clinical use as they were identified in small cohorts and there were inconsistencies between studies. Their prognostic and predictive values need to be validated further in prospective multicentre studies in larger patient populations. A panel of molecular markers may become useful in predicting individual patient outcome and directing novel types of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Jamieson NB, Carter CR, McKay CJ, Oien KA. Tissue biomarkers for prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3316-31. [PMID: 21444679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to present a great challenge particularly with regard to prediction of outcome following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Molecular markers have been extensively investigated by numerous groups with the aim of enhancing prognostication; however, despite hundreds of studies that have sought to assess the potential prognostic value of molecular markers in predicting the clinical course following resection of PDAC, at this time, no molecular marker assay forms part of recommended clinical practice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature for immunohistochemistry-based biomarkers of PDAC outcome. A dual search strategy was applied to the PubMed database on January 6, 2010, to identify cohort studies that reported associations between immunohistochemical biomarker expression and survival outcomes in PDAC, and conformed to the REMARK (REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies) criteria. RESULTS A total of 103 distinct proteins met all inclusion criteria. Promising markers that emerged for the prediction of overall survival included BAX (HR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.71-0.56), Bcl-2 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.63), survivin (HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29-0.73), Ki-67: (HR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.87-3.14), COX-2 (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.13-1.71), E-cadherin (HR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.33-2.42), and S100 calcium-binding proteins, in particular S100A2 (HR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.58-6.62). CONCLUSIONS We noted that that there was incomplete adherence to the REMARK guidelines with inadequate methodology reporting as well as failure to perform multivariate analysis. Addressing the persistent incomplete adoption of these criteria may eventually result in the incorporation of molecular marker assessment within PDAC management algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel B Jamieson
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit and Department of Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Laiyemo AO, Kamangar F, Marcus PM, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. Serum pepsinogen level, atrophic gastritis and the risk of incident pancreatic cancer--a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:368-73. [PMID: 19800305 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a highly fatal disease without screening tests. Studies have suggested possible etiologic similarities between gastric and pancreatic cancers. Atrophic gastritis, a pre-malignant condition for gastric cancer, is characterized by low serum pepsinogen I (SPGI) level. We hypothesized that low SPGI level may be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and be a useful biomarker for the disease. METHODS Our analytic cohort included 20,962 participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC) who had SPGI level measured. Of these, 1663 (7.9%) subjects had low SPGI levels (<25 microg/l) and were invited for gastroscopy which was completed in 1059 (63.7%) participants. Atrophic gastritis was histologically confirmed in 1006 (95.0%) subjects. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer. RESULTS During follow-up of up to 16.3 years (mean=10.8 years; 226,325 person-years), 227 incident pancreatic cancers were diagnosed. The incidence rates were 9.9, 11.3, and 12.7 per 10,000 person-years of follow-up for participants with normal pepsinogen level (> or = 25 microg/l), low pepsinogen level and histologically confirmed atrophic gastritis, respectively. Compared to subjects with normal pepsinogen levels, there was no statistically significant increased risk of pancreatic cancer among subjects with low pepsinogen level (adjusted HR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.63-1.62) or those with histologically confirmed atrophic gastritis (adjusted HR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.66-1.95). CONCLUSIONS Atrophic gastritis, serological or histological, is not associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer. These findings do not provide any evidence for potential usefulness of SPGI for pancreatic cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka O Laiyemo
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office of Preventive Oncology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Grønborg M, Bunkenborg J, Kristiansen TZ, Jensen ON, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, Maitra A, Goggins MG, Pandey A. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human pancreatic juice. J Proteome Res 2005; 3:1042-55. [PMID: 15473694 DOI: 10.1021/pr0499085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic technologies provide an excellent means for analysis of body fluids for cataloging protein constituents and identifying biomarkers for early detection of cancers. The biomarkers currently available for pancreatic cancer, such as CA19-9, lack adequate sensitivity and specificity contributing to late diagnosis of this deadly disease. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive characterization of the "pancreatic juice proteome" in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic juice was first fractionated by 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 170 unique proteins were identified including known pancreatic cancer tumor markers (e.g., CEA, MUC1) and proteins overexpressed in pancreatic cancers (e.g., hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) and lipocalin 2). In addition, we identified a number of proteins that have not been previously described in pancreatic juice (e.g., tumor rejection antigen (pg96) and azurocidin). Interestingly, a novel protein that is 85% identical to HIP/PAP was identified, which we have designated as PAP-2. The proteins identified in this study could be directly assessed for their potential as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer by quantitative proteomics methods or immunoassays.
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MESH Headings
- Agglutinins/analysis
- Agglutinins/genetics
- Agglutinins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Proteins/analysis
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/analysis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Chromatography, Liquid
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lithostathine
- Mass Spectrometry
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pancreatic Juice/chemistry
- Pancreatic Juice/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Phylogeny
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/classification
- Proteome/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- alpha-Defensins/analysis
- alpha-Defensins/genetics
- alpha-Defensins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Grønborg
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Sato N, Fukushima N, Maitra A, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, van Heek NT, Cameron JL, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Gene expression profiling identifies genes associated with invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:903-14. [PMID: 14982844 PMCID: PMC1613263 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathology of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas has not been well characterized, and there are no reliable markers to predict the presence of an associated invasive carcinoma in IPMNs. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we performed a large-scale gene expression profiling of 12 IPMNs with or without an associated invasive carcinoma. A subset of genes identified was validated for the gene expression patterns in a large panel of IPMNs by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and/or immunohistochemistry. A total of 673 transcripts were identified as expressed at significantly higher levels (P < 0.05 and at fivefold or greater) in IPMNs relative to normal pancreatic ductal epithelial samples. Of interest, many of the genes identified as overexpressed in IPMNs have also been previously reported to be highly expressed in infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. By analyzing genes overexpressed selectively in IPMNs with an associated invasive carcinoma (n = 7), we also identified a panel of genes potentially associated with the invasive phenotype of the neoplasms. Immunohistochemical validation revealed that claudin 4, CXCR4, S100A4, and mesothelin were expressed at significantly high frequency in invasive IPMNs than in noninvasive IPMNs. Notably, the expression of at least two of the four proteins was observed in 73% of 22 invasive IPMNs but in none of 16 noninvasive IPMNs (P < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that preoperative assessment of gene expression profiles may be able to differentiate invasive from noninvasive IPMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- Departments of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA
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