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Jiang S, Quan W, Luo J, Lou A, Zhou X, Li F, Shen QW. Low-protein diets supplemented with glycine improves pig growth performance and meat quality: An untargeted metabolomic analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1170573. [PMID: 37143503 PMCID: PMC10153625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1170573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For the purpose to improve meat quality, pigs were fed a normal diet (ND), a low protein diet (LPD) and a LPD supplemented with glycine (LPDG). Chemical and metabolomic analyses showed that LPD increased IMF deposition and the activities of GPa and PK, but decreased glycogen content, the activities of CS and CcO, and the abundance of acetyl-CoA, tyrosine and its metabolites in muscle. LPDG promoted muscle fiber transition from type II to type I, increased the synthesis of multiple nonessential amino acids, and pantothenic acid in muscle, which should contributed to the improved meat quality and growth rate. This study provides some new insight into the mechanism of diet induced alteration of animal growth performance and meat quality. In addition, the study shows that dietary supplementation of glycine to LPD could be used to improved meat quality without impairment of animal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Quan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aihua Lou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Fengna Li,
| | - Qingwu W. Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Qingwu W. Shen,
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Dietary Alaska Pollack Protein Induces Acute and Sustainable Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030547. [PMID: 35276908 PMCID: PMC8837972 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that Alaska pollack protein (APP) intake increases skeletal muscle mass and that it may cause a slow-to-fast shift in muscle fiber type in rats fed a high-fat diet after 56 days of feeding. In this study, we explored whether dietary APP induces acute and sustainable skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats fed a normal-fat diet. Male 5-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed a purified ingredient-based high-fat diet or a purified ingredient-based normal-fat diet with casein or APP, containing the same amount of crude protein. Dietary APP significantly increased gastrocnemius muscle mass (105~110%) after 2, 7 days of feeding, regardless of dietary fat content. Rats were separated into two groups and fed a normal-fat diet with casein or APP. Dietary APP significantly increased gastrocnemius muscle mass (110%) after 56 days of feeding. Dietary APP significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle and collagen-rich connective tissue after 7 days of feeding. It decreased the gene expression of Mstn /Myostatin, Trim63/MuRF1, and Fbxo32/atrogin-1, but not other gene expression, such as serum IGF-1 after 7 days of feeding. No differences were observed between casein and APP groups with respect to the percentage of Type I, Type IIA, and Type IIX or IIB fibers, as determined by myosin ATPase staining after 7 days of feeding. In the similar experiment, the puromycin-labeled peptides were not different between dietary casein and APP after 2 days of feeding. These results demonstrate that APP induces acute and sustainable skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats, regardless of dietary fat content. Dietary APP, as a daily protein source, may be an approach for maintaining or increasing muscle mass.
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Kanazawa Y, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Sujino M, Minami Y, Sugiyo S, Takeda I, Shigeyoshi Y. Basement membrane recovery process in rat soleus muscle after exercise-induced muscle injury. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:519-530. [PMID: 32619127 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1791839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Collagen IV is a component of the basement membrane (BM) that provides mechanical support for muscle fibers. In addition, transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is highly expressed in muscle connective tissue fibroblasts and regulates muscle regeneration. However, the expression of collagen IV and TCF4 (+) cells in response to exercise-induced muscle injury is not well known. Here, we investigated the expression and localization of collagen IV and TCF4 (+) cells during the recovery process after muscle injury induced by different exercise loads.Materials and Methods: Muscle injury was observed in the soleus muscle of young Wistar rats after 12 or 18 sets-downhill running (DR) on a treadmill. After running, the rats were permitted to recover for a period of 0.5 days, 2 days, or 7 days.Results: Ectopic localization of collagen IV in injured muscle fibers was observed after DR, and the number increased at 0.5 days after 18 sets DR and at 2 days after 12 or 18 sets DR as compared to the number observed at baseline. BM disruption was observed after DR. TCF4 (+) cells appeared in the inside and around injured muscle fibers at 0.5 day of recovery. After 18 sets DR, TCF4 (+) cells were more abundant for a longer period than that observed after 12 sets DR.Conclusions: DR induces BM disruption accompanied by muscle fiber damage. It is possible that BM destruction may be accompanied by muscle damage and that TCF4 (+) cells contribute to muscle fiber and BM recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences, Shojyaku, Settsu, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Sujino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sugiyo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences, Shojyaku, Settsu, Japan
| | - Isao Takeda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences, Shojyaku, Settsu, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Japan
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Hwang KE, Claus JR. Characterization of Carcass Color Differences Between Hens (Small Birds) and Meat-Type Male Pheasants (Large Birds). MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying changes in hen carcass color upon freezing were compared with the color of meat-type male pheasants upon freezing. Chemical and physical assessments of these two pheasant types (n=5) and the effects of different chilling methods on hen carcasses (n=10) were evaluated. The results showed that hen carcasses exhibited more red pigmentation (myoglobin, hemoglobin), as well as significantly higher pH values and redness, than the carcasses from meat-type pheasants. The moisture content was higher in hens than in meat-type pheasants, especially in the skin. The intermediate fiber (IIA) type was the only type found in the pectoralis major muscle, regardless of pheasant type. Chilling method significantly changed the color attributes of the hen carcass. Immersion chilling decreased skin redness (less pigmentation and Commission Internationale de l ́Eclairage [CIE] a*); the breast meat was less red than that from the chilling-in-a-bag condition. The skin had substantially higher levels of red pigmentation than the breast muscles, irrespective of the pheasant type and chilling method (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the more intense red appearance may be related to a combination of greater residual hemoglobin levels and higher pH within the skin. The greater moisture content of the skin may have facilitated the development of greater transparency to the darker, more red breast muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Eun Hwang
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
| | - James R. Claus
- University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
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Proteomic profile and morphological characteristics of skeletal muscle from the fast- and slow-growing yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Sci Rep 2021; 11:16272. [PMID: 34381143 PMCID: PMC8357941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare skeletal muscle proteomic profiles, histochemical characteristics, and expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) between fast- versus slow-growing yellow perch Perca flavescens and identify the proteins/peptides that might play a crucial role in the muscle growth dynamic. Yellow perch were nursed in ponds for 6 weeks from larval stage and cultured in two meter diameter tanks thereafter. The fingerlings were graded to select the top 10% and bottom 10% fish which represented fast- and slow-growing groups (31 yellow perch per each group). Our statistical analyses showed 18 proteins that had different staining intensities between fast- and slow-growing yellow perch. From those proteins 10 showed higher expression in slow-growers, and 8 demonstrated higher expression in fast-growers. Fast-growing yellow perch with a greater body weight was influenced by both the muscle fiber hypertrophy and mosaic hyperplasia compared to slow-growing fish. These hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth in fast-grower were associated with not only metabolic enzymes, including creatine kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and aldolase, but also myoD and myogenin as MRFs. Overall, the results of the present study contribute to the identification of different expression patterns of gene products in fast- and slow-growing fish associated with their muscle growth.
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Effects of temperature on the locomotor performance and contraction properties of skeletal muscle from two Phrynocephalus lizards at high and low altitude. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:907-916. [PMID: 34341847 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Locomotor performance and skeletal muscle contraction are critical for animals and are susceptible to changes in the external thermal environment, especially for ectotherms. Phrynocephalus erythrurus, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, is known for living at the highest elevation among all reptiles in the world (4500-5300 m). In this study, which compares P. erythrurus with the lowland Phrynocephalus przewalskii, we evaluated the locomotor performance at different body temperatures, the effects of temperature and oxygen partial pressure (PO2) on the contractile properties of iliofibularis (IF) muscle in vitro, ATPase activity of IF muscle at different temperatures, and the fiber types of IF muscle. Lowland P. przewalskii runs significantly faster than highland P. erythrurus at all test body temperatures. Almost all contractile properties of the IF muscle of P. przewalskii were better than that of P. erythrurus under all test temperatures and PO2. However, P. erythrurus could achieve both optimal isometric (e.g., dPo/dt) and optimal isotonic (e.g., Vmax) contraction at a lower temperature compared with P. przewalskii. Multi-factor analysis further revealed that temperature has a significant effect on the contractile properties of IF muscle for both species. Although the proportion of fibers types and ATPase activities of IF muscle have no significant interspecies difference, the changing pattern of ATPase activities with temperature is consistent with certain contractile properties and locomotor performance. The interspecies differences in locomotor ability and contractile properties of skeletal muscle in high- and low-altitude lizards may be the results of long-term adaptation to the local environment.
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Choi YM, Garcia LG, Lee K. Correlations of Sensory Quality Characteristics with Intramuscular Fat Content and Bundle Characteristics in Bovine Longissimus Thoracis Muscle. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:197-208. [PMID: 31149662 PMCID: PMC6533393 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of sensory quality traits
of cooked beef to fresh meat quality and histochemical characteristics,
especially muscle bundle traits, in the longissimus thoracis
muscle of Hanwoo steers. Cooking loss negatively correlated with softness,
initial tenderness, chewiness, rate of breakdown (RB), and amount of perceptible
residue (AR) after chewing (p<0.05), and drip loss showed negative
correlation with RB and AR (p<0.05). All the attributes of tenderness
exhibited negative correlation with the Warner-Bratzler shear force value
(p<0.05). Marbling score and the intramuscular fat (IMF) content showed
positive correlation with all the organoleptic characteristics, including
tenderness attributes, juiciness, and flavor (p<0.05). Regarding
histochemical characteristics, muscle fiber size did not have a significant
correlation with all the sensory quality traits, although the area percentage of
type I fiber was related with softness, initial tenderness, and chewiness
(p<0.05). On the contrary, the characteristics of muscle bundle were
related to all the sensory tenderness attributes (p<0.05), and the
sensory tenderness increased with smaller muscle bundle size (p<0.05).
These results suggest that the IMF content and bundle characteristics can be
used as indicators for explaining the variations in sensory tenderness in
well-marbled beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | | | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lee B, Choi YM. Correlation of Marbling Characteristics with Meat Quality and Histochemical Characteristics in Longissimus Thoracis Muscle from Hanwoo Steers. Food Sci Anim Resour 2019; 39:151-161. [PMID: 30882083 PMCID: PMC6411248 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations of marbling
characteristics, including marbling score, intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and
fleck traits, with meat quality traits and histochemical characteristics of the
longissimus thoracis muscle from Hanwoo steers. Marbling
fleck characteristics, especially area, number, and fineness (F) index, measured
by computerized image analysis were strongly correlated with marbling score and
IMF content (p<0.05). However, coarseness (C) index and F/C ratio were
somewhat limited relationships with marbling score. In contrast, the IMF content
and the number of smaller white flecks increased with increasing lightness value
(p<0.05). Moreover, beef with higher marbling scores showed lower cooking
loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force value compared to beef with lower marbling
scores (p<0.05). Regarding the muscle bundle traits, as number of bundle
increased, number of marbling flecks increased (p<0.05), although most
marbling characteristics did not have significant correlation with muscle fiber
or bundle characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boin Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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Lee Y, Lee B, Kim H, Yun Y, Kang S, Kim K, Kim B, Kim E, Choi Y. Sensory quality characteristics with different beef quality grades and surface texture features assessed by dented area and firmness, and the relation to muscle fiber and bundle characteristics. Meat Sci 2018; 145:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim JM, Lee SH, Ryu YC. Comparisons of meat quality and muscle fibre characteristics on multiple pig breeds and sexes using principal component analysis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of the effect of pig breed and sex on meat quality and post-mortem muscle conditions will be necessary to estimate meat quality post mortem. In this study, we applied multiple regression and principal component analysis (PCA) using conventional meat quality traits and muscle fibre characteristics on six pig breeds and different sexes. A total of 1374 pigs from six breeds [Berkshire, Duroc, Landrace, Meishan, Yorkshire, and LYD (Landrace × Yorkshire sows with Duroc as terminal sires) crossbreed] belonging to three sexes (male, castrated male and female) were used in this study. Most of the muscle fibre characteristics showed moderate to high significant correlations with conventional meat quality traits. In particularly, the cross-sectional area (CSAF) of muscle fibres was strongly correlated with muscle pH values, water-holding capacity values and lightness (0.10 < |r| <0.26 and P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis by general linear model revealed that the effects of breed were significant on muscle pH24h, lightness, drip loss, and marbling score (P < 0.01), whereas sex had no significant effect on meat quality. In the muscle fibre characteristics, the effects of breed and sex were significant on composition of area and density of muscle fibres (P < 0.05). We observed that the Meishan breed was clearly inferior to other breeds, whereas the LYD or Berkshire breeds showed better meat quality and muscle fibre properties. Moreover, we observed clear separations between pig breeds based on the PCA, whereas the sexes in each breed presented a continuum cluster. In summary, we suggest that muscle pH24h, lightness, and drip loss are conventional meat quality traits that can be considered as quantitative factors important in estimating ultimate meat quality of pigs along with the CSAF of muscle fibres; we conclude that Meishan pigs have low meat quality, whereas Berkshire and LYD crossbred pigs have higher quality of pork.
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Kim JM, Kang DG, Lee SH, Ko KB, Ryu YC. Effects of maternal parity on the pork quality traits of progeny. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the influence of sow parity on the meat quality of progeny. A total of 656 progeny from 196 sows were categorised into three different groups based on parity: stage 1 (gilt), 2 (second to fourth parities), and 3 (over fifth parity). According to the significant differences between the parity stage groups in the multiple meat quality properties (P < 0.05), the parity stage 1 had higher muscle pH and lower drip loss in meat quality traits and showed smaller area composition of type IIb muscle fibres in muscle fibre characteristics than the other older groups. Moreover, the parity stage 1 group had significantly higher springiness, adhesiveness and chewiness (P < 0.001), whereas the stage 3 group showed relatively lower cohesiveness (P < 0.05) in the meat texture properties. The principal component analysis displayed more distance between stage 1 and other two groups than the distance between stage 2 and 3. Therefore, we suggest that maternal parity may affect pork quality in progeny and the younger stage group could have better meat quality than the older group.
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Yu QP, Feng DY, He XJ, Wu F, Xia MH, Dong T, Liu YH, Tan HZ, Zou SG, Zheng T, Ou XH, Zuo JJ. Effects of a traditional Chinese medicine formula and its extraction on muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs, porcine cell proliferation and isoforms of myosin heavy chain gene expression in myocytes. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1620-1632. [PMID: 28728382 PMCID: PMC5666198 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the effects of a traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) on muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs and the effects of the formula’s extract (distilled water, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extraction) on porcine cell proliferation and isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) gene expression in myocytes. Methods In a completely randomized design, ninety pigs were assigned to three diets with five replications per treatment and six pigs per pen. The diets included the basal diet (control group), TCMF1 (basal diet+2.5 g/kg TCMF) and TCMF2 (basal diet+5 g/kg TCMF). The psoas major muscle was obtained from pigs at the end of the experiment. Muscle fiber characteristics in the psoas major muscle were analyzed using myosin ATPase staining. Cell proliferation was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye and cytometry. Isoforms of MyHC gene expression were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results The final body weight and carcass weight of finishing pigs were increased by TCMF1 (p<0.05), while the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area was increased by TCMF (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and diameter of psoas major muscle fiber I, IIA, and IIB were increased by TCMF2 (p<0.05). The cross-sectional area and fiber diameter of psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB were increased by diet supplementation with TCMF1 (p<0.05). Psoas major muscle fiber IIA and IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF1 diet and the type IIB fiber density from the pigs fed the TCMF2 diet were lower compared to pigs fed the control diet (p<0.05). Pigs fed TCMF2 had a higher composition of type I fiber and a lower percentage of type IIB fiber in the psoas major muscle (p<0.05). The expression levels of MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx mRNA increased and the amount of MyHC IIb mRNA decreased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF2, whereas MyHC I and MyHC IIx mRNA increased in the psoas major muscle from TCMF1 (p<0.05). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and CaN mRNA expression in the psoas major muscle were up-regulated by TCMF (p<0.05). Porcine skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation was promoted by 4 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Both 1 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL of TCMF water extraction increased MyHC IIa, MyHC IIb, and MyHC IIx mRNA expression in porcine myocytes (p<0.05), while MyHC I mRNA expression in porcine myocytes was decreased by 5 μg/mL TCMF water extraction (p<0.05). Porcine myocyte MyHC I and MyHC IIx mRNA expression were increased, and MyHC IIa and MyHC IIb mRNA expression were down-regulated by 5 μg/mL TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). MyHC I and MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were increased, and the MyHC IIb mRNA expression was decreased by 1 μg/mL TCMF ethyl acetate extraction (p<0.05). Four isoforms of MyHC mRNA expression in porcine myocytes were reduced by 5 μg/mL TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). MyHC IIa mRNA expression in porcine myocytes increased and MyHC IIb mRNA expression decreased by 1 μg/mL in a TCMF petroleum ether extraction (p<0.05). Conclusion These results indicated that TCMF amplified the psoas major muscle cross-sectional area through changing muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. This effect was confirmed as TCMF extraction promoted porcine cell proliferation and affected isoforms of MyHC gene expression in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ping Yu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ding Yuan Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiao Jun He
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Fan Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Min Hao Xia
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tao Dong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yi Hua Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hui Ze Tan
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong 527300, China
| | - Shi Geng Zou
- Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong 527300, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Nong Zhi Dao Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xian Hua Ou
- Nong Zhi Dao Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jian Jun Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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Siqin Q, Nishiumi T, Yamada T, Wang S, Liu W, Wu R, Borjigin G. Relationships among muscle fiber type composition, fiber diameter and MRF gene expression in different skeletal muscles of naturally grazing Wuzhumuqin sheep during postnatal development. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:2033-2043. [PMID: 28730689 PMCID: PMC5763406 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among muscle fiber‐type composition, fiber diameter, and myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) gene expression in different skeletal muscles during development in naturally grazing Wuzhumuqin sheep. Three major muscles (i.e. the Longissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps femoris (BF) and Triceps brachii (TB)) were obtained from 20 Wuzhumuqin sheep and 20 castrated rams at each of the following ages: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. Muscle fiber‐type composition and fiber diameter were measured using histochemistry and morphological analysis, and MRF gene expression levels were determined using real‐time PCR. In the LD muscle, changes in the proportion of each of different types of fiber (I, IIA and IIB) were relatively small. In the BF muscle, a higher proportion of type I and a 6.19‐fold lower proportion of type IIA fibers were observed (P < 0.05). In addition, the compositions of type I and IIA fibers continuously changed in the TB muscle (P < 0.05). Moreover, muscle diameter gradually increased throughout development (P < 0.05). Almost no significant difference was found in MRF gene expression patterns, which appeared to be relatively stable. These results suggest that changes in fiber‐type composition and increases in fiber size may be mutually interacting processes during muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimuge Siqin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tadayuki Nishiumi
- Division of Life and Food Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Division of Life and Food Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuiqing Wang
- Mongolian Sheep Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Division of Life and Food Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rihan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Gerelt Borjigin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Chen B, Ao Q, Chen S, Wei Y, Guo Y, Lan G, Jiang Q, Jiang H. Assessment of M. longissimus fibre types and metabolic enzymes in Bama miniature pigs and Landrace swine. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1326854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Institute of Animal Sciences, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Qiuwei Ao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Shaomei Chen
- Guigang Science and Technology Bureau, Guigang, Gaungxi, China
| | - Yingming Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Yafen Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Ganqiu Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Qinyang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
| | - Hesheng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Gaungxi, China
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15
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Taborowska M, Bukowska D, Drzymała-Celichowska H, Mierzejewska-Krzyżowska B, Celichowski J. Morphometric properties and innervation of muscle compartments in rat medial gastrocnemius. Somatosens Mot Res 2016; 33:200-208. [PMID: 27855526 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2016.1254609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle is composed of the proximal and distal compartments. In this study, morphometric properties of the compartments and their muscle fibres at five levels of the muscle length and the innervation pattern of these compartments from lumbar segments were investigated. The size and number of muscle fibres in the compartments were different. The proximal compartment at the largest cross section (25% of the muscle length) had 34% smaller cross-sectional area but contained a slightly higher number of muscle fibres (max. 5521 vs. 5360) in comparison to data for the distal compartment which had the largest cross-sectional area at 40% of the muscle length. The muscle fibre diameters revealed a clear tendency within both compartments to increase along the muscle (from the knee to the Achilles tendon) up to 46.9 μm in the proximal compartment and 58.4 μm in the distal one. The maximal tetanic and single twitch force evoked by stimulation of L4, L5, and L6 ventral roots in whole muscle and compartments were measured. The MG was innervated from L4 and L5, only L5, or L5 and L6 segments. The proximal compartment was innervated by axons from L5 or L5 and L4, and the distal one from L5, L5 and L6, or L5 and L4 segments. The forces produced by the compartments summed non-linearly. The tetanic forces of the proximal and distal compartments amounted to 2.24 and 4.86 N, respectively, and their algebraic sums were 11% higher than the whole muscle force (6.37 N).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Taborowska
- a Department of Neurobiology , Poznań University of Physical Education , Poznań , Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- a Department of Neurobiology , Poznań University of Physical Education , Poznań , Poland
| | - Hanna Drzymała-Celichowska
- a Department of Neurobiology , Poznań University of Physical Education , Poznań , Poland.,b Division of Biochemistry , Poznań University of Physical Education , Poznań , Poland
| | | | - Jan Celichowski
- a Department of Neurobiology , Poznań University of Physical Education , Poznań , Poland
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16
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Lee SH, Kim JM, Ryu YC, Ko KS. Effects of Morphological Characteristics of Muscle Fibers on Porcine Growth Performance and Pork Quality. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:583-593. [PMID: 27857533 PMCID: PMC5112420 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.5.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of morphological characteristics of porcine muscle fibers on growth performance, muscle fiber characteristics, and pork quality taken from the longissimus dorsi muscle. A total of 239 crossbred pigs (164 castrated males and 75 females) were used in this study. Experimental pigs were categorized by the total number of muscle fiber (TNF: High and Low) and cross sectional area of muscle fiber (CSAF: Large, Middle, and Small). Their combinations were classified into six groups (High-Large, HL; High-Middle, HM; High-Small, HS; Low-Large, LL; Low-Middle, LM; Low-Small, LS). The TNF and CSAF were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with growth rate and carcass productivity, while the only of the type I number had no meaningful relationships excluding the correlation with loin area (p<0.001). The proportion of type I area was positively correlated with pH45 min while the proportion of type IIB area was negatively correlated with pH45 min and pH24 h (p<0.05). Drip loss and protein denaturation had strong relationships with the proportion of type IIB number or area. The HL group exhibited the greatest growth performance. In addition, the HL group had significantly greater values in protein solubility than the other groups. In conclusion, this study suggest that high TNF combined to large CSAF improve the ultimate lean meat productivity and assure normal meat quality simultaneously with increased both proportion of number and area of type I, type IIA muscle fibers and lowered proportion of number and area of type IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Science & Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Youn Chul Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Ko
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, College of Science & Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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17
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Choi YM, Hwang S, Lee K. Comparison of Muscle Fiber and Meat Quality Characteristics in Different Japanese Quail Lines. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1331-7. [PMID: 27383804 PMCID: PMC5003995 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the growth performance, fiber characteristics of the pectoralis major muscle, and meat quality characteristics in the heavy weight (HW) and random bred control (RBC) quail lines and genders. The HW male exhibited more than two times greater body (245.7 vs 96.1 g, p<0.05) and pectoralis major muscle (PMW; 37.1 vs 11.1 g, p<0.05) weights compared to the RBC female. This growth performance in the HW line was associated with a greater muscle fiber area (1,502 vs 663.0 μm2, p<0.001) compared to the RBC line. Greater muscle mass of the HW male was accompanied by a higher percentage of type IIB fiber compared to the HW female (64.0% vs 51.0%, p<0.05). However, muscle fiber hyperplasia (increase in fiber number) has had a somewhat limited effect on PMW between the two lines. On the other hand, the HW line harboring a higher proportion of type IIB fiber showed rapid pH decline at the early postmortem period (6.23 vs 6.41, p<0.05) and lighter meat surface (53.5 vs 47.3, p<0.05) compared to the RBC line harboring a lower proportion of type IIB fiber. There were no significant differences observed in the measurement of water-holding capacity including drip loss (2.74% vs 3.07%, p>0.05) and cooking loss (21.9% vs 20.4%, p>0.05) between the HW and RBC lines. Therefore, the HW quail line developed by selection from the RBC quail, was slightly different in the meat quality characteristics compared to the RBC line, and a marked difference was found in growth performance between the two quail lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea.,Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S Hwang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - K Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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18
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Choi YM, Oh HK. Carcass Performance, Muscle Fiber, Meat Quality, and Sensory Quality Characteristics of Crossbred Pigs with Different Live Weights. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:389-96. [PMID: 27433110 PMCID: PMC4942554 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to attain heavier live weight without impairing pork or sensory quality characteristics, carcass performance, muscle fiber, pork quality, and sensory quality characteristics were compared among the heavy weight (HW, average live weight of 130.5 kg), medium weight (MW, average weight of 111.1 kg), and light weight (LW, average weight of 96.3 kg) pigs at time of slaughter. The loin eye area was 1.47 times greater in the HW group compared to the LW group (64.0 and 43.5 cm(2), p<0.001), while carcass percent was similar between the HW and MW groups (p>0.05). This greater performance by the HW group compared to the LW group can be explained by a greater total number (1,436 vs. 1,188, ×10(3), p<0.001) and larger area (4,452 vs. 3,716 μm(2), p<0.001) of muscle fibers. No significant differences were observed in muscle pH45 min, lightness, drip loss, and shear force among the groups (p>0.05), and higher live weights did not influence sensory quality attributes, including tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Therefore, these findings indicate that increased live weights in this study did not influence the technological and sensory quality characteristics. Moreover, muscles with a higher number of medium or large size fibers tend to exhibit good carcass performance without impairing meat and sensory quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Korea
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19
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Nagano K. Alteration of cathepsin-D expression in atrophied muscles and apoptotic myofibers by hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3585-91. [PMID: 26696743 PMCID: PMC4681950 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cathepsin-D involvement in
signaling pathways for the survival and apoptosis of myofibers in rats with
hindlimb-unloading in a low-temperature environment. [Subjects and Methods] Wistar rats
were divided into two groups: a control group and a group that underwent hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment to induce muscle apoptosis. Cathepsin-D
localization in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, along with the
expression of cathepsin-D in apoptotic myofibers, was examined. Expression of the active
and inactive forms of cathepsin-D was also analyzed. [Results] Cathepsin-D was mainly
expressed in type I myofibers and was observed to have punctate patterns in the control
group. In the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the type I
myofiber composition ratio decreased, and caspase-3 activation and TUNEL-positive
apoptotic myofibers were observed. In caspase-3-activated myofibers, cathepsin-D
overexpression and leakage of it into the cytoplasm were observed. In the hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the amount of inactive cathepsin-D
decreased, whereas that of the active form increased. [Conclusion] Cathepsin-D was deduced
to be indicative of a myofiber-type classification and a factor related to myofiber type
maintenance. In addition, cathepsin-D leakage into the cytoplasm was appeared to be
involved in caspase-3 activation in the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature
environment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Fukui College of Health Sciences, Japan
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20
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Rannou F, Uguen A, Scotet V, Le Maréchal C, Rigal O, Marcorelles P, Gobin E, Carré JL, Zagnoli F, Giroux-Metges MA. Diagnostic Algorithm for Glycogenoses and Myoadenylate Deaminase Deficiency Based on Exercise Testing Parameters: A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207760 PMCID: PMC4514803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of aerobic exercise testing to diagnose metabolic myopathies. Methods From December 2008 to September 2012, all the consecutive patients that underwent both metabolic exercise testing and a muscle biopsy were prospectively enrolled. Subjects performed an incremental and maximal exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. Lactate, pyruvate, and ammonia concentrations were determined from venous blood samples drawn at rest, during exercise (50% predicted maximal power, peak exercise), and recovery (2, 5, 10, and 15 min). Biopsies from vastus lateralis or deltoid muscles were analysed using standard techniques (reference test). Myoadenylate deaminase (MAD) activity was determined using p-nitro blue tetrazolium staining in muscle cryostat sections. Glycogen storage was assessed using periodic acid-Schiff staining. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma metabolite levels to identify absent and decreased MAD activity was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The study involved 51 patients. Omitting patients with glycogenoses (n = 3), MAD staining was absent in 5, decreased in 6, and normal in 37 subjects. Lactate/pyruvate at the 10th minute of recovery provided the greatest area under the ROC curves (AUC, 0.893 ± 0.067) to differentiate Abnormal from Normal MAD activity. The lactate/rest ratio at the 10th minute of recovery from exercise displayed the best AUC (1.0) for discriminating between Decreased and Absent MAD activities. The resulting decision tree achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 86.3%. Conclusion The present algorithm provides a non-invasive test to accurately predict absent and decreased MAD activity, facilitating the selection of patients for muscle biopsy and target appropriate histochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Rannou
- Physiology Department-EA 1274, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Arnaud Uguen
- Pathology Department, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Virginie Scotet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1078, Brest, France
| | - Cédric Le Maréchal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1078, Brest, France
| | - Odile Rigal
- Biochemistry Department, Robert Debré Hospital-APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Gobin
- Pathology Department, CHRU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Jean-Luc Carré
- Biochemistry Department, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Fabien Zagnoli
- Neurology Department-EA 4685 LNB, Clermont-Tonnerre Armed Forces Hospital, Brest, France
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21
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Pereyra-Venegas J, Segura-Alegría B, Guadarrama-Olmos JC, Mariscal-Tovar S, Quiróz-González S, Jiménez-Estrada I. Effects provoked by chronic undernourishment on the fibre type composition and contractility of fast muscles in male and female developing rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:974-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pereyra-Venegas
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México City México
| | - B. Segura-Alegría
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - J. C. Guadarrama-Olmos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco; Del. Gustavo A. Madero. México City México
| | - S. Mariscal-Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco; Del. Gustavo A. Madero. México City México
| | - S. Quiróz-González
- Departamento de Acupuntura y Rehabilitación; Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec; Valle de Anáhuac Ecatepec Estado de México México
| | - I. Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; San Pedro Zacatenco; Del. Gustavo A. Madero. México City México
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22
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Ma J, Xu G, Wan L, Wang N. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and tissue-specific expression of Akirin2 gene in Tianfu goat. Gene 2014; 554:9-15. [PMID: 25239665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Akirin2 gene is a nuclear factor and is considered as a potential functional candidate gene for meat quality. To better understand the structures and functions of Akirin2 gene, the cDNA of the Tianfu goat Akirin2 gene was cloned. Sequence analysis showed that the Tianfu goat Akirin2 cDNA full coding sequence (CDS) contains 579bp nucleotides that encode 192 amino acids. A phylogenic tree of the Akirin2 protein sequence from the Tianfu goat and other species revealed that the Tianfu goat Akirin2 was closely related with cattle and sheep Akirin2. RT-qPCR analysis showed that Akirin2 was expressed in the myocardium, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, leg muscle, abdominal muscle and the longissimus dorsi muscle. Especially, high expression levels of Akirin2 were detected in the spleen, lung, and kidney whereas lower expression levels were seen in the liver, myocardium, leg muscle, abdominal muscle and longissimus dorsi muscle. Temporal mRNA expression showed that Akirin2 expression levels in the longissimus dorsi muscle, first increased then decreased from day 1 to month 12. Western blotting results showed that the Akirin2 protein was only detected in the lung and three skeletal muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisi Ma
- Institution of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucity District, Yaan 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Gangyi Xu
- Institution of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucity District, Yaan 625014, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Lu Wan
- Institution of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucity District, Yaan 625014, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nianlu Wang
- Institution of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucity District, Yaan 625014, Sichuan Province, China
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23
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Matsumoto Y, Nakano J, Oga S, Kataoka H, Honda Y, Sakamoto J, Okita M. The non-thermal effects of pulsed ultrasound irradiation on the development of disuse muscle atrophy in rat gastrocnemius muscle. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:1578-1586. [PMID: 24613643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of therapeutic pulsed ultrasound (US) on the development of disuse muscle atrophy in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into control, immobilization (Im), sham US, and US groups. In the Im, sham US and US groups, the bilateral ankle joints of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for a 4-wk period. The pulsed US (frequency, 1 MHz; intensity, 1.0 W/cm(2); pulsed mode 1:4; 15 min) was irradiated to the gastrocnemius muscle in the US group over a 4-wk immobilization period. The pulsed US irradiation delivered only non-thermal effects to the muscle. In conjunction with US irradiation, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected subcutaneously to label the nuclei of proliferating satellite cells 1 h before each pulsed US irradiation. Immobilization resulted in significant decreases in the mean diameters of type I, IIA and IIB muscle fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle in the Im, sham US and US groups compared with the control group. However, the degrees of muscle fiber atrophy for all types were significantly lower in the US group compared with the Im and sham US groups. Although the number of capillaries and the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor did not change in the muscle, the number of BrdU-positive nuclei in the muscle was significantly increased by pulsed US irradiation in the US group. The results of this study suggest that pulsed US irradiation inhibits the development of disuse muscle atrophy partly via activation of satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakano
- Unit of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Oga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kataoka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki Memorial Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Honda
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Sakamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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Choi YM, Suh Y, Shin S, Lee K. Skeletal muscle characterization of Japanese quail line selectively bred for lower body weight as an avian model of delayed muscle growth with hypoplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95932. [PMID: 24763754 PMCID: PMC3999150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to extensively characterize the skeletal muscle development in the low weight (LW) quail selected from random bred control (RBC) Japanese quail in order to provide a new avian model of impaired and delayed growth in physically normal animals. The LW line had smaller embryo and body weights than the RBC line in all age groups (P<0.05). During 3 to 42 d post-hatch, the LW line exhibited approximately 60% smaller weight of pectoralis major muscle (PM), mainly resulting from lower fiber numbers compared to the RBC line (P<0.05). During early post-hatch period when myotubes are still actively forming, the LW line showed impaired PM growth with prolonged expression of Pax7 and lower expression levels of MyoD, Myf-5, and myogenin (P<0.05), likely leading to impairment of myogenic differentiation and consequently, reduced muscle fiber formation. Additionally, the LW line had delayed transition of neonatal to adult myosin heavy chain isoform, suggesting delayed muscle maturation. This is further supported by the finding that the LW line continued to grow unlike the RBC line; difference in the percentages of PMW to body weights between both quail lines diminished with increasing age from 42 to 75 d post-hatch. This delayed muscle growth in the LW line is accompanied by higher levels of myogenin expression at 42 d (P<0.05), higher percentage of centered nuclei at 42 d (P<0.01), and greater rate of increase in fiber size between 42 and 75 d post-hatch (P<0.001) compared to the RBC line. Analysis of physiological, morphological, and developmental parameters during muscle development of the LW quail line provided a well-characterized avian model for future identification of the responsible genes and for studying mechanisms of hypoplasia and delayed muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sangsu Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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25
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Choe JH, Kim BC. Association of blood glucose, blood lactate, serum cortisol levels, muscle metabolites, muscle fiber type composition, and pork quality traits. Meat Sci 2014; 97:137-42. [PMID: 24576772 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of blood glucose levels with blood lactate, serum cortisol levels, postmortem muscle glycogen and lactate content, muscle fiber type composition, and pork quality traits. Compared to pigs with lower blood glucose levels, pigs with higher blood glucose levels showed higher blood lactate and serum cortisol levels at exsanguination, and they had lower residual glycogen and higher lactate content in the muscle at 45min postmortem. In addition, pigs with higher blood glucose levels had higher type IIB and lower type I area composition and finally exhibited lower muscle pH, paler color, and excessive loss of fluid on surface. These results imply that measuring blood glucose levels at exsanguination can be useful to indicate early glycolytic rates during postmortem and thus may be of value in the identification of pork with undesirable quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Choe
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - B C Kim
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Wan L, Ma J, Wang N, Wang D, Xu G. Molecular cloning and characterization of different expression of MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 in Tianfu goat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82550. [PMID: 24367523 PMCID: PMC3867352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The myozenin family of proteins binds calcineurin, which is involved in myocyte differentiation of skeletal muscle. Moreover, gene expression of myozenin is closely related to meat quality. To further understand the functions and effects of myozenin2 (MYOZ2) and myozenin3 (MYOZ3) genes in goat, we cloned them from Tianfu goat longissimus dorsi muscle. Sequence analyses revealed that full-length coding sequence of MYOZ2 consisted of 795 bp and encoded 264 amino acids, and full-length coding sequence of MYOZ3 consisted of 735 bp and encoded 244 amino acids. RT-qPCR analyses revealed that mRNA expressions of MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 were detected in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, leg muscle, abdominal muscle, and longissimus dorsi muscle. Particularly high expression levels of MYOZ2 were seen in abdominal muscle and heart (P<0.01), low expression levels were seen in leg muscle (P<0.01), longissimus dorsi muscle (P>0.05) and very little expression were detected in liver, spleen, lung and kidney (P>0.05). In addition, high expression levels of MYOZ3 were seen in abdominal muscle, leg muscle, lungs and kidney (P<0.01), low expression levels were found in longissimus dorsi muscle and spleen (P<0.01) and very little expression were detected in heart and liver (P>0.05). Temporal mRNA expression results showed that MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 gene expression varied across four muscle tissues with different ages of the goats. Western blotting further revealed that MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 proteins were only expressed in goat muscle, with notable temporal expression differences in specialized muscle tissues from five development age stages. This work provides the first evidence that MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 genes are expressed abundantly in Tianfu goat muscle tissues from different development age stages, and lay a foundation for understanding the functions of MYOZ2 and MYOZ3 genes in muscle fiber differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wan
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Jisi Ma
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Nianlu Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Daihua Wang
- Mianyang Agriculture Bureau, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Gangyi Xu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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FURRER REGULA, DE HAAN ARNOLD, BRAVENBOER NATHALIE, KOS DORIEN, LIPS PAUL, JASPERS RICHARDT. Effects of Concurrent Training on Oxidative Capacity in Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1674-83. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828fc65f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muscle fiber characteristics of pectoralis major muscle as related to muscle mass in different Japanese quail lines. Animal 2013; 7:1665-70. [PMID: 23842287 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the muscle fiber characteristics of the pectoralis major muscle, and its relation to growth performance in the random bred control (RBC) and heavy weight (HW) Japanese quail lines at 42 days of age. The HW line had greater body (232.0 v. 100.2 g, P < 0.001) and pectoralis major muscle (19.0 v. 6.2 g, P < 0.001) weights than the RBC line. Color differences were observed between the superficial and deep regions of the pectoralis major muscle, with the superficial region showing a higher value of lightness than the deep region of the RBC or HW lines (P < 0.001). The percentage of the superficial region in the pectoralis major muscle was higher in the HW line compared with the RBC line (46.2% v. 38.0%, P = 0.017). There were no significant differences in the total fiber number in the superficial and deep regions between the two quail lines (P = 0.718). The HW quail line showed a larger mean fiber cross-sectional area (CSA; 375.5 v. 176.6 μm², P < 0.001) and type IIA fiber CSA (243.7 v. 131.9 μm², P < 0.001) than the RBC quail line. The HW line also had greater CSA percentage (60.2% v. 34.2%, P < 0.001) and number percentage (41.6% v. 14.2%, P < 0.001) of type IIB fibers, although there were no significant differences in type IIB fiber CSA between the RBC and HW lines (P = 0.219). Therefore, greater body and muscle weights of the HW line are caused by differences in muscle fiber characteristics, especially the proportion of type IIB fiber and the CSA of type IIA fiber, compared with the RBC line. The results of this study suggest that muscle fiber hypertrophy has more impact on body and muscle weights of the different quail lines than muscle fiber hyperplasia.
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Choi Y, Nam K, Choe J, Ryu Y, Wick M, Lee K, Kim B. Growth, carcass, fiber type, and meat quality characteristics in Large White pigs with different live weights. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Attenuated increase in maximal force of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle after concurrent peak power and endurance training. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:935671. [PMID: 23509812 PMCID: PMC3581157 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of muscle peak power and oxidative capacity are generally presumed to be mutually exclusive. However, this may not be valid by using fibre type-specific recruitment. Since rat medial gastrocnemius muscle (GM) is composed of high and low oxidative compartments which are recruited task specifically, we hypothesised that the adaptive responses to peak power training were unaffected by additional endurance training. Thirty rats were subjected to either no training (control), peak power training (PT), or both peak power and endurance training (PET), which was performed on a treadmill 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Maximal running velocity increased 13.5% throughout the training and was similar in both training groups. Only after PT, GM maximal force was 10% higher than that of the control group. In the low oxidative compartment, mRNA levels of myostatin and MuRF-1 were higher after PT as compared to those of control and PET groups, respectively. Phospho-S6 ribosomal protein levels remained unchanged, suggesting that the elevated myostatin levels after PT did not inhibit mTOR signalling. In conclusion, even by using task-specific recruitment of the compartmentalized rat GM, additional endurance training interfered with the adaptive response of peak power training and attenuated the increase in maximal force after power training.
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Kostrominova TY, Reiner DS, Haas RH, Ingermanson R, McDonough PM. Automated methods for the analysis of skeletal muscle fiber size and metabolic type. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:275-332. [PMID: 24016528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is of interest to quantify the size, shape, and metabolic subtype of skeletal muscle fibers in many areas of biomedical research. To do so, skeletal muscle samples are sectioned transversely to the length of the muscle and labeled for extracellular or membrane proteins to delineate the fiber boundaries and additionally for biomarkers related to function or metabolism. The samples are digitally photographed and the fibers "outlined" for quantification of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) using pointing devices interfaced to a computer, which is tedious, prone to error, and can be nonobjective. Here, we review methods for characterizing skeletal muscle fibers and describe new automated techniques, which rapidly quantify CSA and biomarkers. We discuss the applications of these methods to the characterization of mitochondrial dysfunctions, which underlie a variety of human afflictions, and we present a novel approach, utilizing images from the online Human Protein Atlas to predict relationships between fiber-specific protein expression, function, and metabolism.
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Julienne CM, Dumas JF, Goupille C, Pinault M, Berri C, Collin A, Tesseraud S, Couet C, Servais S. Cancer cachexia is associated with a decrease in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacities without alteration of ATP production efficiency. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:265-75. [PMID: 22648737 PMCID: PMC3505576 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome related to a negative energy balance resulting in muscle wasting. Implication of muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics alterations during cancer cachexia was suggested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle mitochondria in a preclinical model of cancer cachexia. METHODS Berlin-Druckrey IX rats with peritoneal carcinosis (PC) were used as a model of cancer cachexia with healthy pair-fed rats (PF) as control. Hindlimb muscle morphology and fibre type composition were analysed in parallel with ubiquitin ligases and UCP gene expression. Oxidative phosphorylation was investigated in isolated muscle mitochondria by measuring oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis rate. RESULTS PC rats underwent significant muscle wasting affecting fast glycolytic muscles due to a reduction in fibre cross-sectional area. MuRF1 and MAFbx gene expression were significantly increased (9- and 3.5-fold, respectively) in the muscle of PC compared to PF rats. Oxygen consumption in non-phosphorylating state and the ATP/O were similar in both groups. Muscle UCP2 gene was overexpressed in PC rats. State III and the uncoupled state were significantly lower in muscle mitochondria from PC rats with a parallel reduction in complex IV activity (-30 %). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that there was neither alteration in ATP synthesis efficiency nor mitochondrial uncoupling in skeletal muscle of cachectic rats despite UCP2 gene overexpression. Muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacities were reduced due to a decrease in complex IV activity. This mitochondrial bioenergetics alteration could participate to insulin resistance, lipid droplet accumulation and lactate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé M Julienne
- INSERM U921, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, 37032, Tours, France
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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Saitoh S, Ohno N, Fujishita K, Koizumi S, Ohno S. Visualization of ATP with luciferin-luciferase reaction in mouse skeletal muscles using an "in vivo cryotechnique". MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:1030-1036. [PMID: 23058452 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a well-known energy source for muscle contraction. In this study, to visualize localization of ATP, a luciferin-luciferase reaction (LLR) was performed in mouse skeletal muscle with an "in vivo cryotechnique" (IVCT). First, to confirm if ATP molecules could be trapped and detected after glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment, ATP was directly attached to glass slides with GA, and LLR was performed. The LLR was clearly detected as an intentional design of the ATP attachment. The intensity of the light unit by LLR was correlated with the concentration of the GA-treated ATP in vitro. Next, LLR was evaluated in mouse skeletal muscles with IVCT followed by freeze-substitution fixation (FS) in acetone-containing GA. In such tissue sections the histological structure was well maintained, and the intensity of LLR in areas between muscle fibers and connective tissues was different. Moreover, differences in LLR among muscle fibers were also detected. For the IVCT-FS tissue sections, diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactions were clearly detected in type I muscle fibers and erythrocytes in capillaries, which demonstrated flow shape. Thus, it became possible to perform microscopic evaluation of the numbers of ATP molecules in the mouse skeletal muscles with IVCT, which mostly reflect living states.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Terada
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-city, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Fujita N, Nagatomo F, Murakami S, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Fujino H. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on metabolic capacity of the skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetic rats with obesity. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:637978. [PMID: 22778702 PMCID: PMC3385605 DOI: 10.1100/2012/637978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether hyperbaric oxygen enhances the oxidative metabolic capacity of the skeletal muscle and attenuates adipocyte hypertrophy in type 2 diabetic rats with obesity. Five-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were used as diabetic animals and nondiabetic controls, respectively, and assigned to control and hyperbaric oxygen groups. Animals in the hyperbaric oxygen group were exposed to an atmospheric pressure of 1.25 with an oxygen concentration of 36% for 3 h daily. The glucose level at 27 weeks of age was significantly higher in OLETF rats than in LETO rats, but the elevation was inhibited in OLETF rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. The slow-to-fast fiber transition in the skeletal muscle was observed in OLETF rats, but the shift was inhibited in OLETF rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. Additionally, the oxidative enzyme activity of muscle fibers was increased by hyperbaric oxygen. The adipocyte size was larger in OLETF rats than in LETO rats, but hypertrophied adipocytes were not observed in OLETF rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen enhances glucose and lipid metabolism in the skeletal muscle, indicating that hyperbaric oxygen can prevent elevation of glucose and adipocyte hypertrophy in diabetic rats with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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Choi YM, Jung KC, Choe JH, Kim BC. Effects of muscle cortisol concentration on muscle fiber characteristics, pork quality, and sensory quality of cooked pork. Meat Sci 2012; 91:490-8. [PMID: 22498136 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of muscle cortisol concentration on muscle fiber characteristics and technological and sensory quality of pork was investigated. With the exception of the percentage of type IIA fibers, muscle fiber characteristics were not associated to cortisol levels. However, muscle cortisol concentration was positively associated with muscle pH(24h) (r = 0.23, P<0.05) and negatively associated with drip loss (r = -0.49, P<0.001), lightness (r = -0.24, P<0.05), shear force (r = -0.25, P<0.05), and texture profile analysis-hardness (r = -0.35, P<0.01). Additionally, the water-holding capacity of meat samples was affected by cortisol levels, with lower cortisol concentrations associated with less tender samples. These results indicate that the concentration of cortisol in the muscle is related with meat quality as well as the sensory quality of cooked pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Choi
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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36
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Alvarez GI, Díaz AO, Longo MV, Becerra F, Vassallo AI. Histochemical and Morphometric Analyses of the Musculature of the Forelimb of the Subterranean Rodent Ctenomys talarum (Octodontoidea). Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 41:317-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. I. Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, FCEyN, CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - A. O. Díaz
- Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, FCEyN, CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - M. V. Longo
- Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, FCEyN, CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - F. Becerra
- Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, FCEyN, CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - A. I. Vassallo
- Departamento de Biología; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, FCEyN, CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina
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Testerink J, Jaspers RT, Rittweger J, de Haan A, Degens H. Effects of alfacalcidol on circulating cytokines and growth factors in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:525-35. [PMID: 21909988 PMCID: PMC10717088 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supra-physiological levels of vitamin D induce skeletal muscle atrophy, which may be particularly detrimental in already sarcopaenic elderly. Neither the cause nor whether the atrophy is fibre type specific are known. To obtain supraphysiological levels of circulating vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) 27.5-month-old female Fischer(344) × Brown Norway F1 rats were orally treated for 6 weeks with vehicle or the vitamin D analogue alfacalcidol. Alfacalcidol treatment induced a 22% decrease in body mass and 17% muscle atrophy. Fibre atrophy was restricted to type IIb fibres in the low-oxidative part of the gastrocnemius medialis only (-22%; P < 0.05). There was a concomitant 1.6-fold increase in mRNA expression of the ubiquitin ligase MuRF-1 (P < 0.001), whereas those of insulin-like growth factor 1 and myostatin were not affected. Circulating IL-6 was unaltered, but leptin and adiponectin were decreased (-39%) and increased (64%), respectively. The treated rats also exhibited a reduced food intake. In conclusion, supraphysiological levels of circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) cause preferential atrophy of type IIb fibres, which is associated with an increased expression of MuRF-1 without evidence of systemic inflammation. The atrophy and loss of body mass in the presence of supra-physiological levels of vitamin D are primarily due to a reduced food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janwillem Testerink
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M5 1GD UK
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M5 1GD UK
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arnold de Haan
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M5 1GD UK
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Degens
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M5 1GD UK
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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Lee SH, Choe JH, Choi YM, Jung KC, Rhee MS, Hong KC, Lee SK, Ryu YC, Kim BC. The influence of pork quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics on the eating quality of pork from various breeds. Meat Sci 2011; 90:284-91. [PMID: 21840135 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare parameters associated with pork quality, muscle fiber, and eating quality among various breeds, and to examine if differences in eating quality were associated to pork quality and muscle fiber characteristics. For carcass and pork quality, although there were significant differences among breeds, the values of parameters in all pigs were assigned a normal quality class, a likely outcome of the similarity in the area percentage of type I and IIB fibers. For eating quality, pork loins from Berkshire pigs were more tender and full of pork flavor than Landrace and Yorkshire pigs. Except juiciness and mouth coating, over 20% of the variability in the eating quality parameters can be explained by pork quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics using multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, differences in muscle pH(24h), cooking loss, shear force, and NPPC marbling score could explain a large proportion of variation in eating quality parameters associated with the texture of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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39
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Jeong DW, Choi YM, Lee SH, Choe JH, Hong KC, Park HC, Kim BC. Correlations of trained panel sensory values of cooked pork with fatty acid composition, muscle fiber type, and pork quality characteristics in Berkshire pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 86:607-15. [PMID: 20659787 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine the relationship of trained panel sensory scores of cooked pork with fatty acid composition, muscle fiber type, and meat quality characteristics from Berkshire pigs. No or few associations were found between the panel sensory scores of cooked meat, especially tenderness attributes, and fatty acid composition; however, intramuscular fat content positively correlated with off-flavor score (r=0.31). On the other hand, the morphological characteristics of muscle fibers were correlated with panel sensory values. Muscles with smaller cross-sectional area and higher density of fibers were more closely associated with softer, more tender panel scores and a lower number of chews than muscles with larger fiber area and lower density of fibers. The water holding capacity test of filter-paper fluid uptake was moderately correlated with panel scores of softness (r=0.33), initial tenderness (r=0.38), chewiness (r=0.40), juiciness (r=-0.27), flavor intensity (r=-0.23), and off-flavor (r=0.30). Panel sensory values of Berkshire pig meat was moderately related to postmortem meat quality, especially water holding capacity. A more thorough understanding of the relationships between fatty acid composition and muscle fiber type with palatability is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Jeong
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
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40
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Fujita N, Arakawa T, Matsubara T, Ando H, Miki A. Influence of fixed muscle length and contractile properties on atrophy and subsequent recovery in the rat soleus and plantaris muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 72:151-63. [PMID: 20513978 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.72.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined muscular atrophy and the recovery process induced by hindlimb unloading and joint immobilization in the rat soleus and plantaris muscles. Rats were divided into control, hindlimb unloading (HU), hindlimb unloading with ankle joint immobilization at the maximum dorsiflexion (HUD), and maximum plantarflexion (HUP) groups. The hindlimb was reloaded after fourteen days of unloading, and muscle atrophy and walking ability were assessed at 0, 3, and 7 days of reloading. A cross sectional area of muscle fibers in the soleus muscle on day 0 of reloading revealed sizes in order from the control, HUD, HUP down to the HU group, indicating that the HU group was the most atrophied among the four groups. These values in the plantaris muscle ranged in order from the control, HU, HUD, to HUP groups, the HUP group being the most atrophied among the four groups. These muscles recovered from atrophy in the same descending order, and the values in the HUD and HUP groups slowly recovered during the reloading periods. The HUD and HUP groups showed a central core lesion and reloading-induced lesions in some type I muscle fibers after the immobilization and reloading, one possible reason for the delayed recovery in these groups. The muscle atrophy in the HU, HUD, and HUP groups remained at day 7 although the walking ability appeared to be normal. Accordingly, further rehabilitation therapy might be necessary even if the functional ability appears to be normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Suma-ku, Kobe, Japan
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41
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Lee SH, Joo ST, Ryu YC. Skeletal muscle fiber type and myofibrillar proteins in relation to meat quality. Meat Sci 2010; 86:166-70. [PMID: 20605337 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have reported the relationships among muscle fiber characteristics, lean meat content and meat quality, controversial perspectives still remain. Conventional histochemical classifications may be involved in a high level of error, subjectivity and it could not clearly explain variety of myofibrillar protein isoforms. Therefore, more information is needed on how different factors, such as species, breeds, gender, nutrient conditions, physiological state of animals, and environment factors, affect ultimate meat quality in order to evaluate these uncertainness. Unfortunately, there is little information that completely covers with relationship among the muscle fiber types, myofibrillar proteins and enzymatic proteolysis. In addition to the perspective of postmortem metabolism, protein quality control in skeletal muscle and proteolytic degradation of muscle proteins during postmortem period could help to clarify this relationship. Therefore, the present review will focus on muscle fiber types, typing methods, muscle proteins and meat quality, and will summarize aspects of enzymatic view of proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Summation of motor unit forces in rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:599-607. [PMID: 20185336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The summation of contractile forces of motor units (MUs) was analyzed by comparing the recorded force during parallel stimulation of two and four individual MUs or four groups of MUs to the algebraic sum of their individual forces. Contractions of functionally-isolated single MUs of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were evoked by electrical stimulation of thin filaments of the split L5 or L4 ventral roots of spinal nerves. Additionally, contractions of large groups of MUs were evoked by stimuli delivered to four parts of the divided L5 ventral root. Single twitches, 40Hz unfused tetani, and 150Hz fused maximum tetani were recorded. In these experimental situations the summation was more effective for unfused tetani than for twitches or maximum tetani. The results obtained for pairs of MUs were highly variable (more- or less-than-linear summation), but coactivation of more units led to progressively weaker effects of summation, which were usually less-than-linear in comparison to the algebraic sums of the individual forces. The variability of the results highlights the importance of the structure of the muscle and the architecture of its MUs. Moreover, the simultaneous activity of fast and slow MUs was considerably more effective than that of two fast units.
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Choi Y, Lee S, Choe J, Rhee M, Lee S, Joo S, Kim B. Protein solubility is related to myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types, meat quality traits, and postmortem protein changes in porcine longissimus dorsi muscle. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fujita N, Fujimoto T, Tasaki H, Arakawa T, Matsubara T, Miki A. Influence of muscle length on muscle atrophy in the mouse tibialis anterior and soleus muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:39-45. [PMID: 19265262 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were fixed at the stretched or shortened positions to examine the influence of muscle length on muscle atrophy. Mice were divided into control (C), hindlimb suspension (HS), hindlimb suspension with ankle joint fixation at the maximum dorsiflexion (HSD), and hindlimb suspension with ankle joint fixation at the maximum plantarflexion (HSP). During the hindlimb suspension, the length of these muscles in the HS and HSP groups was very similar. Fourteen days after the hindlimb suspension, the atrophy of the tibialis anterior muscle in the HS and HSP groups was evidently milder than that in the HSD group, and that in the HS and HSP groups was very similar, suggesting that atrophy of the tibialis anterior muscle might largely depend on muscle length. Atrophy of the soleus muscle in the HSD group was milder than that in the HS and HSP groups, indicating that atrophy of the soleus muscle might also depend on muscle length. But atrophy of this muscle in the HSP group was milder than that in the HS group. These results demonstrate that some factors induced by the joint immobilization might be effective in preventing atrophy of the soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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Nam YJ, Choi YM, Lee SH, Choe JH, Jeong DW, Kim YY, Kim BC. Sensory evaluations of porcine longissimus dorsi muscle: Relationships with postmortem meat quality traits and muscle fiber characteristics. Meat Sci 2009; 83:731-6. [PMID: 20416630 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate sensory evaluations and their relationships with meat quality measurements and histochemical characteristics in both fresh and cooked pork. Based on the results, postmortem meat quality traits were closely related to almost all the evaluated sensory attributes. With regard to histochemical characteristics, muscle fiber area was related to both fresh- (r=0.18, P<0.05) and cooked-meat color (r=-0.24, P<0.01) as well as abnormal flavor intensity (r=0.25, P<0.01), and muscle fiber composition was associated with fresh pork color and taste acceptability after cooking. There were no significant relationships (P>0.05) between type IIa muscle fiber content and the evaluated sensory attributes; however, good meat sensory quality was partially explained by the percentage of type I fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Nam
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
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Nakano J, Kataoka H, Sakamoto J, Origuchi T, Okita M, Yoshimura T. Low-level laser irradiation promotes the recovery of atrophied gastrocnemius skeletal muscle in rats. Exp Physiol 2009; 94:1005-15. [PMID: 19525315 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low-level laser (LLL) irradiation promotes proliferation of muscle satellite cells, angiogenesis and expression of growth factors. Satellite cells, angiogenesis and growth factors play important roles in the regeneration of muscle. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of LLL irradiation on rat gastrocnemius muscle recovering from disuse muscle atrophy. Eight-week-old rats were subjected to hindlimb suspension for 2 weeks, after which they were released and recovered. During the recovery period, rats underwent daily LLL irradiation (Ga-Al-As laser; 830 nm; 60 mW; total, 180 s) to the right gastrocnemius muscle through the skin. The untreated left gastrocnemius muscle served as the control. In conjunction with LLL irradiation, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected subcutaneously to label the nuclei of proliferating cells. After 2 weeks, myofibre diameters of irradiated muscle increased in comparison with those of untreated muscle, but did not recover back to normal levels. Additionally, in the superficial region of the irradiated muscle, the number of capillaries and fibroblast growth factor levels exhibited significant elevation relative to those of untreated muscle. In the deep region of irradiated muscle, BrdU-positive nuclei of satellite cells and/or myofibres increased significantly relative to those of the untreated muscle. The results of this study suggest that LLL irradiation can promote recovery from disuse muscle atrophy in association with proliferation of satellite cells and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Nakano
- Unit of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8052, Japan
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Choe JH, Choi YM, Lee SH, Nam YJ, Jung YC, Park HC, Kim YY, Kim BC. The relation of blood glucose level to muscle fiber characteristics and pork quality traits. Meat Sci 2009; 83:62-7. [PMID: 20416649 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between blood glucose level, muscle fiber characteristics, and pork quality. Muscle samples were classified into three groups based on blood glucose level measured at slaughter. Pigs with higher area percentages of fiber type IIB showed higher blood glucose levels compared to pigs with lower area percentages of fiber type IIB. The high blood glucose level group presented lower pH values at 45min and 24h postmortem, and also had higher L(∗) values and reduced water holding capacity. In addition, blood glucose level had a negative relationship with pH(45min) and the solubility of sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, whereas it had a positive relationship with drip loss and filter-paper fluid uptake. In conclusion, blood glucose level was related to muscle fiber area composition and could partially indicate ultimate pork quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Choe
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
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Comparing the histochemical characteristics and meat quality traits of different pig breeds. Meat Sci 2007; 80:363-9. [PMID: 22063341 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle histochemical characteristics and meat quality traits between Berkshire, Landrace, Yorkshire, and crossbred pigs. A total of 594 pigs were evaluated. A clear difference between histochemical properties was observed from the results for fiber type composition. In Berkshire pigs, the area percentage of type I fibers was higher (P<0.001) and that of type IIb fibers was lower (P<0.05) than those of other breeds. The muscle pH(45min) and pH(24h) were significantly higher in Berkshire pigs. Drip loss and color parameters were significantly different between the breeds (P<0.001). The Berkshire pigs, which showed the highest muscle pH and lowest drip loss and L(∗) values, contained a significantly higher percentage of type I fibers than the other breeds. By comparing the fiber type compositions of the different breeds, the results imply that the longissimus dorsi muscle of Berkshire pigs is more oxidative than that of other breeds. A high pH value in Berkshire pigs is due to a high percentage of type I fibers and a low percentage of type IIb fibers. Based on these results, we conclude that muscle fiber composition can explain in parts the variation of meat quality across and within breeds.
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Ochi E, Nakazato K, Ishii N. Effects of eccentric exercise on joint stiffness and muscle connectin (titin) isoform in the rat hindlimb. J Physiol Sci 2006; 57:1-6. [PMID: 17081353 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp008806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of repeated eccentric exercise for rat medial gastrocnemius muscle on ankle joint stiffness and muscle connectin (titin) isoform composition (longer form, alpha-connectin; shorter form, beta-connectin). Male Wistar rats were trained on a custom-made, isokinetic dynamometer (eccentric-exercise group, n = 6; sham-operated group, n = 6). The exercise session consisted of 20 eccentric contractions elicited by submaximal electric stimulations under anesthesia. The contracting muscle was forcibly lengthened by an isokinetic dorsi-flexion of the ankle joint (velocity, 30 degrees/s; range of motion, 45 degrees). Rats in the eccentric-exercise group were trained every two days for 20 days (10 sessions in total). The static passive resistive torque (PRT) of 45 degrees at the ankle joint was used as a measure of the joint stiffness, and was determined before and after the experimental period. After 10 sessions of eccentric exercise, the wet weight of medial gastrocnemius muscle significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the static PRT significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the eccentric-exercise group, when compared to the sham-operated group. Myosin-ATPase staining showed a decrease in the number of type IIb/IId fibers (P < 0.001) and an increase in the number of type IIa fibers (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was seen in the connectin (titin) isoform composition between the eccentric-exercise group and the sham-operated group, suggesting that the reduction in PRT was not due to change in resting mechanical properties of muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Ochi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan 153-8902.
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