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Singh H, Narayan B, Urs AB, Kumar Polipalli S, Kumar S. A novel approach for extracting DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using microwave. Med J Armed Forces India 2019; 76:307-311. [PMID: 32773934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is the gold standard procedure for tissue preservation. However, the extraction of DNA is a cumbersome procedure as the extracted DNA is fragmented because of the cross-linking effect of formalin. Hence, the aim of the present study is to extract DNA from FFPE tissues using different techniques with a specific objective of comparing the extracted DNA, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Method Ten samples of FFPE tissues were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology. Total genomic DNA was extracted by different methods which included QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit, Norgen DNA FFPE Tissue Kit, phenol-chloroform method, mineral oil-based extraction, M/10 NaOH solution method, and microwave method. A 280-base pair sequence was selected for evaluation of downstream amplification. Results The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired student's t-test to compare the DNA yields and quality obtained by microwave methods with other methods using SPSS software. Total genomic DNA retrieved by the microwave method was superior to other methods both qualitatively and quantitatively. Conclusion DNA extraction from FFPE tissues is an onerous task as irreversible bonds form between the nucleic acid during fixation which are difficult to break during DNA retrieval. Hence, the microwave method provides good total genomic DNA which gives better downstream results when compared with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspal Singh
- Senior Research Associate (Oral Pathology & Microbiology), Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhaskar Narayan
- Post Graduate Student (Oral Pathology & Microbiology), Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aadithya B Urs
- Professor & Head (Oral Pathology & Microbiology), Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Polipalli
- Cytogeneticist (Pediatrics Research & Genetics Laboratory), Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Kumar
- Ph.D Scholar (Pediatrics Research & Genetics Laboratory), Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Pal SK, Nguyen CTK, Morita KI, Miki Y, Kayamori K, Yamaguchi A, Sakamoto K. THBS1 is induced by TGFB1 in the cancer stroma and promotes invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 45:730-739. [PMID: 26850833 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND THBS1 (thrombospondin-1) is the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that affects diverse cellular activities. It constitutes the tumor stroma, but the role of THBS1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development is unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the relevance of THBS1 in the pathogenesis of OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of THBS1 was examined in 44 OSCC by immunohistochemical analysis and in 43 OSCC by cDNA microarray analysis. Cell culture experiments were conducted using human OSCC cell lines HSC3 and HO1N1 and mouse fibroblast ST2 cells to examine the effect of TGFB1 on THBS1 expression, and the effect of THBS1 on cellular behaviors. RESULTS THBS1 was specifically induced in the tumor microenvironment of OSCC. THBS1 appeared to be produced mainly by the stromal cells, but also by OSCC cells. TGFB1 stimulated THBS1 expression in ST2, primary fibroblasts, and the OSCC cells. THBS1 promoted migration and invasion of HSC3 and HO1N1 in transwell migration assays. THBS1 stimulated the expression of MMP3 (matrix metalloprotease 3), MMP9, MMP11, and MMP13 in ST2 cells and MMP3, MMP11, and MMP13 in HO1N1 cells. The RGD peptide suppressed the THBS1-stimulated migration and upregulation of MMP11 and MMP13. CONCLUSIONS THBS1 is a tumor-specific ECM protein that is induced by TGFB1 and promotes migration of cancer cells and stimulates the expression of MMPs partly through the integrin signaling, thereby favoring OSCC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Pal
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chi Thi Kim Nguyen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Morita
- Department of Oral Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Okada KI, Hirabayashi K, Imaizumi T, Matsuyama M, Yazawa N, Dowaki S, Tobita K, Ohtani Y, Tanaka M, Inokuchi S, Makuuchi H. Stromal thrombospondin-1 expression is a prognostic indicator and a new marker of invasiveness in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:13-9. [PMID: 20203415 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is sometimes difficult to diagnose using only ordinary hematoxylin-eosin sections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the invasion of IPMN more precisely using thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) immunohistochemistry as a useful adjunct to morphological examination. Eighty patients that underwent primary resection for pancreatic IPMNs were retrospectively analyzed. The 80 IPMNs were studied for the expression of TSP1, MUC1-CORE, MUC2, and MUC5AC. The cases were evaluated for dysplasia, the presence of invasion, hisological subtypes, and survival. The 80 IPMNs were classified into 29 intraductal papillary-mucinous adenomas (IPMAs), 10 borderline IPMNs, 18 noninvasive intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinomas (IPMCs), and 23 invasive IPMCs according to the WHO classification. Invasive IPMCs were further divided into 12 minimally invasive IPMCs (MI-IPMCs) and 11 invasive carcinomas originating from IPMCs (IC-IPMCs) according to the Japan Pancreatic Society classification. The rate of strongly positive cases with more than 30% of the cancer stroma area expressing TSP1 was significantly higher in MI-IPMC and IC-IPMC than in noninvasive IPMC (P = 0.035, 0.005). Furthermore, patients in the strongly positive group had a significantly poorer prognosis compared to patients in the negative-weakly positive group (P = 0.008, log-rank test). Of the 80 tumors, 22 were classified into gastric-, 45 into intestinal-, 7 into pancreatobiliary-, and 6 into oncocytic-type IPMNs according to criteria described previously. The cases with a strongly positive expression of TSP1 were frequently detected in the pancreatobiliary and oncocytic types (P = 0.001). In conclusion, stromal TSP1 expression is a prognostic indicator and a new marker of invasiveness in IPMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Okada
- Department of Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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4
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Zubac DP, Bostad L, Kihl B, Seidal T, Wentzel-Larsen T, Haukaas SA. The expression of thrombospondin-1 and p53 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: its relationship to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cancer specific survival. J Urol 2009; 182:2144-9. [PMID: 19758660 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated possible associations among thrombospondin-1, p53 expression, microvessel density, cell proliferation index, nuclear grade, tumor stage and continuously coded tumor size in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The value of thrombospondin-1 as a prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 172 consecutive patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy were initially enrolled in the study. However, due to technical problems and lack of material 12 cases were excluded from analysis. A total of 68 patients (43%) died of renal cell carcinoma and 46 (29%) died of other diseases. Median followup for the surviving 42 patients (29%) was 13.8 years. The expression of thrombospondin-1, Ki-67 (proliferation index), p53 and microvessel density were analyzed without knowledge of the clinical outcome on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. RESULTS Low expression of thrombospondin-1 was significantly associated with advanced stage (p <0.001), high nuclear grade (p = 0.001), positive p53 status (p <0.001), high proliferation index (p = 0.001), high microvessel density (p = 0.036) and tumor progression (p = 0.006). On univariate analysis thrombospondin-1, microvessel density, proliferation index, p53 over expression, TNM stage, Fuhrman nuclear grade (p <0.001) and continuously coded tumor size (p = 0.002) had a significant impact on survival. Multivariate analysis revealed TNM stage, thrombospondin-1, p53, Ki-67 (proliferation index) and microvessel density were independent predictors of cancer specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Thrombospondin-1 expression is strongly associated with prognostic tumor features in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and is an independent prognostic factor for cancer specific survival. Our findings revealed a significant correlation among p53, proliferation index, microvessel density and thrombospondin-1 expression, and indicate that thrombospondin-1 may have an impact on angiogenesis, proliferation and tumor aggressiveness in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragomir P Zubac
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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5
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Presence and Significance of Micrometastases. Bladder Cancer 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-417-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Blundell RA, Harrison DJ. Integrin characterization in pulmonary bronchioles. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 79:74-8. [PMID: 15939420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a family of cell surface glycoproteins that act as receptors for ECM proteins or for membrane bound counter-receptors on other cells. The integrin receptor family of vertebrates includes at least 16 distinct alpha subunits and at least 8 beta subunits which can associate to form more than 20 distinct integrins. So far, there are no published reports describing integrin characterization in mouse lung tissue and mouse Clara cells. This paper described the characterization of six integrins, mainly alpha(5), alpha(v), alpha(6), beta(1), beta(3), and beta(4), in mouse pulmonary bronchioles and also in Clara cell cultures. alpha(5), alpha(v), alpha(6), beta(1), and beta(4) integrins were present in Clara cells both in tissue sections and cultures. beta(3) integrin was found to be absent in mouse Clara cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renald A Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD06, Malta.
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7
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Williams SG, Stein JP. Molecular pathways in bladder cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 32:373-85. [PMID: 15551095 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-003-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2001] [Accepted: 06/30/2003] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary outline of our current understanding of the molecular and genetic events associated with tumorigenesis and the progression of bladder cancer. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on the molecular alterations associated with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Intense research efforts are being made to better identify and characterize various bladder cancers and their true biologic potential. The need to predict which superficial tumors will recur or progress, and which invasive tumors will metastasize has led to a much better understanding of the molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer. The molecular changes that occur in TCC of the bladder are numerous and can be categorized into: (1) chromosomal alterations leading to carcinogenesis, (2) loss of cell cycle regulation accounting for cellular proliferation, and (3) metastasis, guided by events such as angiogenesis. It is becoming apparent that the accumulation of genetic and molecular changes ultimately determines a tumors phenotype and subsequent clinical behavior. At the present time, conventional histopathologic evaluation of bladder cancer (tumor grade and stage) is inadequate to accurately predict the behavior of most bladder tumors. While new laboratory techniques have allowed us to better understand how bladder cancer develops and ultimately progresses, few of these techniques are currently available for use in the clinical setting. The ultimate goal is to develop reliable prognostic markers which will accurately predict not only the expected clinical course of an individual bladder tumor but also the response of that tumor to currently available therapies. More importantly, this information may be employed in the future to dictate altogether new treatments for the prevention and/or stabilization of the early molecular events that lead to the development of bladder cancer.
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Quek ML, Quinn DI, Daneshmand S, Stein JP. Molecular prognostication in bladder cancer--a current perspective. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1501-10. [PMID: 12855255 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The optimal management of bladder cancer depends on the accurate assessment of the tumour's biological potential. Advances in molecular biology and cytogenetics have spurred intense research in identifying and characterising prognostic markers for patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. The molecular changes that occur can be categorised into (1) chromosomal alterations leading to carcinogenesis, (2) cellular proliferation as a result of dysregulation of cell cycle control, and (3) growth control processes such as angiogenesis leading to metastasis. The accumulation of these changes ultimately determines a tumour's clinical behaviour and response to therapy. As the understanding of bladder cancer evolves, novel molecular markers for prognostication will make their way from the research laboratory to the clinical setting with the promise to improve patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Quek
- Department of Urology, Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90089, USA.
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Streeter EH, Harris AL. Angiogenesis in bladder cancer--prognostic marker and target for future therapy. Surg Oncol 2002; 11:85-100. [PMID: 12031871 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(02)00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process by which tumours induce a blood supply, crucial for growth and metastasis. Evidence for its role in bladder carcinogenesis, its usefulness as a marker of patient prognosis, and potential anti-angiogenic therapies for future development are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Streeter
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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10
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Kwak C, Jin RJ, Lee C, Park MS, Lee SE. Thrombospondin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and their relationship with p53 status in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2002; 89:303-9. [PMID: 11856116 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-4096.2001.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, an important angiogenic factor in solid tumours) in prostate cancer, and their relationship with p53 status. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, the expression of VEGF, TSP-1 and p53 was assessed in 82 archival tissue specimens from 23 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 22 with localized prostate cancer and 37 with metastatic prostate cancer. Seven of the last group had received androgen deprivation therapy. The relationship between the expression of VEGF, TSP-1 and p53 status was also evaluated with tumour grade and stage in patients with prostate cancer. RESULTS The seven patients receiving hormonal treatment were excluded from the analysis because androgen deprivation significantly increased TSP-1 and decreased VEGF expression (both P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly higher VEGF and significantly lower TSP-1 expression (both P < 0.01) in prostate cancer than in BPH tissues. There was also significantly higher VEGF and significantly lower TSP-1 expression (both P < 0.05) in tissues from metastatic than localized prostate cancer. There was no significant correlation between VEGF or TSP-1 expression and Gleason score, but a significant inverse correlation between TSP-1 and VEGF expression. There was a significant association between VEGF expression and p53 status (P < 0.05), but TSP-1 expression was not associated with p53 status. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenic factors, including VEGF and TSP-1, might be important in the development and progression of prostate cancer. These changes seem to be influenced by p53 status. Identifying the angiogenic factors involved in prostate cancer might lead to the development of diagnostic or therapeutic strategies based on anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kwak
- Department of Urology and Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Straume O, Akslen LA. Expresson of vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptors (FLT-1, KDR) and TSP-1 related to microvessel density and patient outcome in vertical growth phase melanomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:223-35. [PMID: 11438469 PMCID: PMC1850434 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microvessel density (MVD) was estimated in a series of 202 vertical growth phase (VPG) melanomas and 68 corresponding metastases, using a marker for angiogenic endothelial cells (CD105) and Factor-VIII. The expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), FLT-1, KDR and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) was studied by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. CD105 stained significantly less vessels, but gave only limited additional prognostic information compared with Factor-VIII, and MVD was an independent prognostic factor for both markers. Ninety-eight percent of all cases showed expression of VEGF, and higher expression was found significantly more frequent in thinner and less vascularized tumors. Possible autocrine loops were suggested by co-expression of VEGF and its two receptors in tumor cells, and by a significant correlation between KDR and tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67) in the subgroup of thicker tumors. Staining of VEGF receptors in endothelium was not correlated with MVD. Strong expression of TSP-1 in tumor stroma was found in 43% of the primary tumors, and was significantly correlated with increased thickness, proliferation and MVD, as well as decreased survival. These data suggest that MVD is associated with prognosis in cutaneous melanomas, and that the VEGF system and particularly TSP-1 seem to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and progression of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Straume
- Department of Pathology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Yao L, Zhao YL, Itoh S, Wada S, Yue L, Furuta I. Thrombospondin-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas: correlations with tumor vascularity, clinicopathological features and survival. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:539-44. [PMID: 11036248 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a 450 kd glycoprotein synthesized and incorporated into the extracellular matrix by numerous cell types and reported to suppress tumor growth and progression by its inhibition of angiogenesis. In order to clarify the biological role of TSP-1 and determine its clinicopathological significance in oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), we identified TSP-1 protein expression in 54 oral SCCs by immunohistochemistry and correlated it with microvessel density (MVD), clinicopathological features and patient's survival. Thirty-two out of 54 carcinomas (59%) were identified as having a low level of TSP-1 expression (TSP-1-L), and 22/54 (41%) carcinomas identified as having a high level of TSP-1 expression (TSP-1-H). The MVD counts (mean+/-S.D.=9.0+/-4.9) in TSP-1-H tumors was significantly lower than that (mean+/-S.D.=12.7+/-4.4) in TSP-1-H tumors (P=0.0065). The level of TSP-1 expression was not correlated with T category and histologic grade, but inversely correlated with the pattern of tumor invasion (P=0.0136) and with lymph nodal status (P=0.0119). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 5-year survival rate of TSP-1-H group was significantly higher than that of TSP-l-L group. Our results suggested that TSP-1 expression exerts an inhibitory effect on tumor vascularity, and that it has value in assessment of aggressiveness and prognosis of oral SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
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Tokunaga T, Nakamura M, Oshika Y, Abe Y, Ozeki Y, Fukushima Y, Hatanaka H, Sadahiro S, Kijima H, Tsuchida T, Yamazaki H, Tamaoki N, Ueyama Y. Thrombospondin 2 expression is correlated with inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis of colon cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:354-9. [PMID: 9888480 PMCID: PMC2362194 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two subtypes of thrombospondin (TSP-1 and TSP-2) have inhibitory roles in angiogenesis in vitro, although the biological significance of these TSP isoforms has not been determined in vivo. We examined TSP-1 and TSP-2 gene expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in 61 colon cancers. Thirty-eight of these 61 colon cancers were positive for TSP-2 expression and showed hepatic metastasis at a significantly lower incidence than those without TSP-2 expression (P = 0.02). TSP-2 expression was significantly associated with M0 stage in these colon cancers (P = 0.03), whereas TSP-1 expression showed no apparent correlation with these factors. The colon cancer patients with TSP-2 expression showed a significantly low frequency of liver metastasis correlated with the cell-associated isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-189) (P = 0.0006). Vascularity was estimated by CD34 staining, and TSP-2(-)/VEGF-189(+) colon cancers showed significantly increased vessel counts and density in the stroma (P < 0.0001). TSP-2(-)/VEGF-189(+) colon cancer patients also showed significantly poorer prognosis compared with those with TSP-2(+)/VEGF-189(-) (P = 0.0014). These results suggest that colon cancer metastasis is critically determined by angiogenesis resulting from the balance between the angioinhibitory factor TSP-2 and angiogenic factor VEGF-189.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry used for routinely processed celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections: standardization and development. Auris Nasus Larynx 1998; 25:425-43. [PMID: 9853668 DOI: 10.1016/s0385-8146(98)00042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in routinely processed celloidin-embedded human temporal bone section has created a fruitful field in understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the human inner ear at a molecular level since the early 1990s when the antigen retrieval (AR) technique was developed. This review article focuses on several critical technical issues of AR technique based predominantly on our experiences and suggestions concerning further development and standardization of AR-IHC for IHC study of human temporal bone section, as well as other tissues embedded in celloidin. Examples of using AR-IHC in human temporal bone sections collected include our unpublished data in order to indicate the potential utility of this novel method. Suggestions of further development of AR techniques are proposed for references and comments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
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Kyriakides TR, Zhu YH, Yang Z, Bornstein P. The distribution of the matricellular protein thrombospondin 2 in tissues of embryonic and adult mice. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:1007-15. [PMID: 9705966 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that lack the matricellular protein thrombospondin 2 (TSP2) develop a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by morphological changes in connective tissues, an increase in vascular density, and a propensity for bleeding. Furthermore, dermal cells derived from TSP2-null mice display adhesion defects, a finding that implicates TSP2 in cell-matrix interactions. To gain a better understanding of the participation of TSP2 in the development and maturation of the mouse, we examined its distribution in embryonic and adult tissues. Special attention was paid to the presence of TSP2 in collagen fibers, because collagen fibrils in the TSP2-null mouse appear to be irregular in size and contour by electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical analysis of Day 15 and Day 18 embryos revealed TSP2 in areas of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and vasculogenesis, and in dermal and other connective tissue-forming cells. Distinctly different patterns of deposition of TSP2 were observed in areas of developing cartilage and bone at Days 15 and 18 of embryonic development. A survey of adult tissues revealed TSP2 in dermal fibroblasts, articular chondrocytes, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, Leidig cells in the testis, and in the adrenal cortex. Dermal fibroblasts were also shown to synthesize TSP2 in vitro. The distribution of TSP2 during development is in keeping with its participation in the formation of a variety of connective tissues. In adult tissues, TSP2 is located in the pericellular environment, where it can potentially influence the cell-matrix interactions associated with cell movement and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Kyriakides
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Stein JP, Grossfeld GD, Ginsberg DA, Esrig D, Freeman JA, Figueroa AJ, Skinner DG, Cote RJ. Prognostic markers in bladder cancer: a contemporary review of the literature. J Urol 1998; 160:645-59. [PMID: 9720515 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)62747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We provide a contemporary review of bladder tumor markers and summarize their role as prognostic indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature on prognostic markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was performed. RESULTS Intense research efforts are being made to identify and characterize better various bladder cancers and their true biological potential. The need to predict which superficial tumors will recur or progress and which invasive tumors will metastasize has led to the identification of a variety of potential prognostic markers. Blood group antigens, tumor associated antigens, proliferating antigens, oncogenes, peptide growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, tumor angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibitors, and cell cycle regulatory proteins have recently been identified. The potential clinical applications of these tumor markers are under active investigation. Recent attention has focused on which tumor markers may predict the responsiveness of a particular bladder cancer to systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS At present conventional histopathological evaluation of bladder cancer (tumor grade and stage) cannot predict accurately the behavior of most bladder tumors. With a better understanding of the cell cycle, and cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix interactions as well as improved diagnostic techniques (immunohistochemistry), progress is being made to identify and characterize other potential prognostic markers for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The ultimate goal is to develop reliable prognostic markers that will accurately predict not only the course but also the response of a tumor to therapy. This information may then be used to dictate more aggressive treatment for tumors that are likely to progress and less aggressive treatment for those that are unlikely to progress. In the future these biological markers may also be used in gene therapy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stein
- Department of Urology, Kenneth Norris, Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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McNicol AM, Richmond JA. Optimizing immunohistochemistry: antigen retrieval and signal amplification. Histopathology 1998; 32:97-103. [PMID: 9543664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M McNicol
- University Department of Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary University NHS Trust, Scotland
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Standardization of Immunohistochemistry Based on Antigen Retrieval Technique for Routine Formalin-fixed Tissue Sections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00022744-199806000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liapis H, Hutton K. Detection of integrins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 1997; 45:737-41. [PMID: 9154161 DOI: 10.1177/002215549704500512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors, which are expressed in many cells. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that integrins may be important in tumor progression and organ development. The functions of integrins were previously studied in cell cultures and their tissue expression was detected by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase in frozen sections. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for detection of integrins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We utilized microwave heating and enzyme digestion in routinely processed, surgically removed tissues. Our results demonstrate that integrins can be reliably detected in archival material. This approach will facilitate further investigation of the role played by integrins in human malignancies and in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liapis
- Department of Pathology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR. Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future. J Histochem Cytochem 1997; 45:327-43. [PMID: 9071315 DOI: 10.1177/002215549704500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen retrieval (AR) technique, which is predominantly based on high-temperature heating of tissues, is used as a non-enzymatic pretreatment for immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. It has been widely applied in pathology and analytical morphology. The existence of a growing body of literature on the AR technique raises a number of interesting issues for the further development of AR. These issues include the use of a "test battery" and the concept of "maximal retrieval" applied to the selection of optimal test protocols for the standardization of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Grossfeld GD, Ginsberg DA, Stein JP, Bochner BH, Esrig D, Groshen S, Dunn M, Nichols PW, Taylor CR, Skinner DG, Cote RJ. Thrombospondin-1 expression in bladder cancer: association with p53 alterations, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:219-27. [PMID: 9017002 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombospondin-1 (TSP) is a 430-kd glycoprotein that is an important component of the extracellular matrix and is known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis (i.e., formation of new blood vessels) both in vitro and in vivo. Several reports suggest that TSP possesses tumor suppressor function, possibly through its ability to inhibit tumor neovascularization. It has recently been shown that TSP expression is enhanced by the product of the p53 gene (also known as TP53). PURPOSE We examined the role of TSP expression in tumor recurrence and overall survival in patients with invasive bladder cancer. We also examined the relationship between alterations in p53 protein expression, TSP expression, and tumor angiogenesis. METHODS Tumors from 163 patients (with a median follow-up of 7.7 years) who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (63 patients with organ-confined disease and no lymph node involvement, 48 patients with extravesical extension of the disease and no lymph node involvement, and 52 patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes) were examined for TSP expression by immunohistochemistry, utilizing monoclonal antibody MA-II, which recognizes an epitope in the amino-terminal region of TSP. For each tumor, microvessel density counts and p53 protein expression status (via immunohistochemistry) were also determined. TSP expression was graded as low, moderate, or high without knowledge of clinical outcome, p53 status, and microvessel density count; tumors with moderate and high TSP levels were considered as one group. Groups of patients were compared by Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates of overall survival, the complement of cumulative incidence curves for recurrence-free survival, and the stratified logrank test. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS TSP expression was significantly associated with disease recurrence (P = .009) and overall survival (P = .023). Patients with low TSP expression exhibited increased recurrence rates and decreased overall survival. TSP expression was an independent predictor of disease recurrence (P = .002) and overall survival (P = .01) after stratifying for tumor stage, lymph node status, and histologic grade, but it was not independent of p53 status. TSP expression was significantly associated with p53 expression status (P = .001) and microvessel density counts (P = .001). Tumors with p53 alterations were significantly more likely to demonstrate low TSP expression, and tumors with low TSP expression were significantly more likely to demonstrate high microvessel density counts. Results of an analysis of variance were compatible with the hypothesis that p53 affects tumor angiogenesis by regulating the level of TSP expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data support the concept that TSP may possess a tumor-inhibitory function. TSP may act, in part, through the regulation of tumor neovascularity. These results may also provide insight into one mechanism by which p53 exerts its tumor suppressor effects, i.e., through the control of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Grossfeld
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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