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Langen B, Rudqvist N, Spetz J, Helou K, Forssell-Aronsson E. Deconvolution of expression microarray data reveals 131I-induced responses otherwise undetected in thyroid tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197911. [PMID: 30001320 PMCID: PMC6042689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput gene expression analysis is increasingly used in radiation research for discovery of damage-related or absorbed dose-dependent biomarkers. In tissue samples, cell type-specific responses can be masked in expression data due to mixed cell populations which can preclude biomarker discovery. In this study, we deconvolved microarray data from thyroid tissue in order to assess possible bias from mixed cell type data. Transcript expression data [GSE66303] from mouse thyroid that received 5.9 Gy from 131I over 24 h (or 0 Gy from mock treatment) were deconvolved by cell frequency of follicular cells and C-cells using csSAM and R and processed with Nexus Expression. Literature-based signature genes were used to assess the relative impact from ionizing radiation (IR) or thyroid hormones (TH). Regulation of cellular functions was inferred by enriched biological processes according to Gene Ontology terms. We found that deconvolution increased the detection rate of significantly regulated transcripts including the biomarker candidate family of kallikrein transcripts. Detection of IR-associated and TH-responding signature genes was also increased in deconvolved data, while the dominating trend of TH-responding genes was reproduced. Importantly, responses in biological processes for DNA integrity, gene expression integrity, and cellular stress were not detected in convoluted data–which was in disagreement with expected dose-response relationships–but upon deconvolution in follicular cells and C-cells. In conclusion, previously reported trends of 131I-induced transcriptional responses in thyroid were reproduced with deconvolved data and usually with a higher detection rate. Deconvolution also resolved an issue with detecting damage and stress responses in enriched data, and may reduce false negatives in other contexts as well. These findings indicate that deconvolution can optimize microarray data analysis of heterogeneous sample material for biomarker screening or other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Langen
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Nils Rudqvist
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Spetz
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Khalil Helou
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Marcos R, Rocha E, Monteiro RAF. Strategies to Maximize Adhesion of Thick Paraffin Sections of the Brown Trout Liver for Stereological Purposes. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2001.24.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Boess F, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Zoffmann S, George C, Pfister T, Roth A, Lee SML, Thasler WE, Singer T, Suter L. Effect of GLP1R agonists taspoglutide and liraglutide on primary thyroid C-cells from rodent and man. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:325-36. [PMID: 23463748 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogs have been associated with an increased incidence of thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and tumors in rodents. This effect may be due to a GLP1 receptor (GLP1R)-dependent mechanism. As the expression of GLP1R is much lower in primates than in rodents, the described C-cell proliferative lesions may not be relevant to man. Here, we aimed to establish primary thyroid cell cultures of rat and human to evaluate the expression and function of GLP1R in C-cells. In our experiments, GLP1R expression was observed in primary rat C-cells (in situ hybridization) but was not detected in primary human C-cells (mRNA and protein levels). The functional response of the cultures to the stimulation with GLP1R agonists is an indirect measure of the presence of functional receptor. Liraglutide and taspoglutide elicited a modest increase in calcitonin release and in calcitonin expression in rat primary thyroid cultures. Contrarily, no functional response to GLP1R agonists was observed in human thyroid cultures, despite the presence of few calcitonin-positive C-cells. Thus, the lack of functional response of the human cultures adds to the weight of evidence indicating that healthy human C-cells have very low levels or completely lack GLP1R. In summary, our results support the hypothesis that the GLP1R agonist-induced C-cell responses in rodents may not be relevant to primates. In addition, the established cell culture method represents a useful tool to study the physiological and/or pathological roles of GLP1 and GLP1R agonists on normal, non-transformed primary C-cells from rats and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Boess
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Non Clinical Safety, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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Martín-Lacave I, Borrero MJ, Utrilla JC, Fernández-Santos JM, de Miguel M, Morillo J, Guerrero JM, García-Marín R, Conde E. C cells evolve at the same rhythm as follicular cells when thyroidal status changes in rats. J Anat 2010; 214:301-9. [PMID: 19245497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C cells are primarily known for producing calcitonin, a hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic hormone. Nevertheless, besides their role in calcium homeostasis, C cells may be involved in the intrathyroidal regulation of follicular cells, suggesting a possible interrelationship between the two endocrine populations. If this premise is true, massive changes induced by different agents in the activity of follicular cells may also affect calcitonin-producing cells. To investigate the behaviour of C cells in those circumstances, we have experimentally induced two opposite functional thyroid states. We hyperstimulated the follicular cells using a goitrogen (propylthiouracil), and we suppressed thyroid hormone synthesis by oral administration of thyroxine. In both scenarios, we measured T(4), TSH, calcitonin, and calcium serum levels. We also completely sectioned the thyroid gland, specifically immunostained the C cells, and rigorously quantified this endocrine population. In hypothyroid rats, not only follicular cells but also C cells displayed hyperplastic and hypertrophic changes as well as increased calcitonin levels. When exogenous thyroxine was administered to the rats, the opposite effect was noted as a decrease in the number and size of C cells, as well as decreased calcitonin levels. Additionally, we noted that the two cell types maintain the same numerical relation (10 +/- 2.5 follicular cells per C cell), independent of the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Considering that TSH serum levels are increased in hypothyroid rats and decreased in thyroxine-treated rats, we discuss the potential involvement of thyrotropin in the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Martín-Lacave
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sánchez Pizjuán S/N, Seville, Spain.
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Jelsing J, Nielsen R, Olsen AK, Grand N, Hemmingsen R, Pakkenberg B. The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells in the Göttingen minipig and the domestic pig brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:1454-62. [PMID: 16574805 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The first mathematically unbiased estimates of neocortical cell numbers are presented from the developing pig brain, including a full description of tissue processing and optimal sampling for application of the stereological optical fractionator method in this species. The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells from the experimental Göttingen minipig was compared with the postnatal development of neocortical neurons in the domestic pig. A significant postnatal development was observed in the Göttingen minipig brain for both neuronal (28%; P=0.01) and glial cells (87%; P<0.01). A corresponding postnatal development of neurons was not detected in the domestic pig brain. The reason for this strain difference is not known. The mean total number of neocortical neurons is 324 million in the adult Göttingen minipig compared with 432 million in the domestic pig. The glial-to-neuron cell ratio is around 2.2 in the adult Göttingen minipig. Based on these results, the domestic pig seems to be a more suitable model for evaluating the effects of developmental insults on human brain growth and neuronal development than the Göttingen minipig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Jelsing
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark.
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Bendsen E, Byskov AG, Andersen CY, Westergaard LG. Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal ovaries during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:30-5. [PMID: 16155081 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal ovaries during week 6 to week 9 post conception, i.e. the first weeks following sex differentiation of the gonads. METHODS One ovary with attached mesonephros from each of 11 individual legal abortions was used for estimation of cell numbers. After recovery of the fetus, the ovary-mesonephric complexes were immediately isolated, fixed and processed for histology. A stereological method was utilized to estimate the total number of oogonia in all ovaries and somatic cells in seven of them. RESULTS The number of oogonia per ovary increased from approximately 26,000 in week 6 to approximately 250,000 in week 9 and somatic cells from approximately 240,000 to approximately 1.4 x 10(6). The ratio of oogonia to somatic cells tended to increase throughout the period. The concentration of oogonia was similar in the cranial (mesonephric connected) part and the caudal part of the ovaries. CONCLUSIONS This is the first stereological estimation of the number of oogonia and somatic cells in human fetal ovaries, and the first estimation of germ cells and somatic cells in ovaries aged <9 weeks. The number of oogonia in week 9 is comparable to the numbers previously published based on non-stereological estimations. We found early stages of meiosis in fetal ovaries from week 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bendsen
- Fertility Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Odense, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Filipović B, Jurjević BS, Stojanoski MM, Nestorović N, Milosević V, Sekulić M. The effect of chronic calcium treatment on thyroid C cells in ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 2005; 77:121-9. [PMID: 15862597 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chronic calcium treatment on the structure and function of thyroid C cells in ovariectomzed adult female rats. Eighteen 3-month-old, female Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The first group was used as the sham-operated control, and the other two were surgically ovariectomized (Ovx). One month after gonadectomy, one group of Ovx rats was injected with 28.55 mg Ca-glucoheptonate (Ca)/kg b.w., while the other two groups were chronically treated with vehicle alone (Ovx and sham control). Two months after surgery, the animals were killed. In the thyroid C cells, calcitonin (CT) was localized with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Stereology was used to evaluate morphometric changes in the volume of C cells, their nuclei and relative volume density. The number of C cells per unit area was calculated. Serum CT content was determined by radioimmunoassay. After chronic Ca treatment C cells were numerous with darker cytoplasm than in C cells of sham-operated control animals, but more degranulated than the corresponding cells of Ovx rats. Their volume was significantly decreased by 14% (p < 0.05), while the number was increased by 47% (p < 0.05) in comparison with corresponding controls. Serum CT concentration was decreased by 27% (n.s.) in comparison to sham-operated control. Calcium treatment of Ovx rats led to a 32% increase of serum CT concentration in relation to untreated Ovx animals. These results suggest that chronic Ca treatment of Ovx female rats positively affected CT release from thyroid C cells, without any significant changes in morphometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Jelsing J, Olsen AK, Cumming P, Gjedde A, Hansen AK, Arnfred S, Hemmingsen R, Pakkenberg B. A volumetric screening procedure for the Göttingen minipig brain. Exp Brain Res 2005; 162:428-35. [PMID: 15668795 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A screening procedure was developed to provide quantitative estimates of structural parameters, regional volumes and neuron number, in a neurotoxicologic study of the Göttingen minipig brain. The study material consisted of normal controls and brains collected from young minipigs which had been exposed in utero to the mitotic inhibitor methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). Based on stereological principles and systematic sampling techniques, volumetric data from pre-selected regions of the pig brain was obtained using Cavalieri's principles and point-counting. Secondarily, estimates of total hemispheric neocortical cell numbers were obtained from pre-selected groups to test the potential effect of MAM on neuron number. No significant differences were observed in volume of the pre-selected regions of MAM intoxicated pigs nor in estimates of total neocortical neuron number.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jelsing
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, University Hospital Copenhagen, Bispebjerg, Denmark.
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9
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Filipović B, Sosić-Jurjević B, Nestorović N, Manojlović Stojanoski M, Kostić N, Milosević V, Sekulić M. The thyroid C cells of ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 120:409-14. [PMID: 14564528 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-003-0578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of thyroid C cells were studied in ovariectomized (Ovx) adult female rats without and after chronic treatment with estradiol dipropionate (EDP). A peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was applied for localization of calcitonin (CT) in the C cells. Morphometric changes in their volume, nuclei, and relative volume density were evaluated in comparison with sham-operated control rats using a stereological method. The number of C cells was calculated. CT content in the sera was determined by radioimmunoassay. Ovariectomy (Ovx) led to a 21% increase in body weight ( P<0.005), while treatment of Ovx rats with EDP decreased body weight by 25% ( P<0.01). The immunoreactivity for CT in C cells of the Ovx rats was markedly increased. Significant decreases in the volume of C cells (by 13%; P<0.05) and serum CT (by 45%) were recorded, while the C cell number increased by 59% ( P<0.05) in relation to the corresponding controls. The treatment of Ovx rats with EDP caused conspicuous degranulation of the C cells. The cellular volume was increased by 11% and serum CT by 36% in comparison with Ovx animals. At the same time a decrease in C cell number by 29% ( P<0.05) was evident. It may be concluded that estradiol deficiency after Ovx reduced the synthesis and release of CT, while chronic treatment of these animals with EDP had a positive effect on the secretory activity of thyroid C cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stanković ", 29 Novembra 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Tolcos M, Tikellis C, Rees S, Cooper M, Wookey P. Ontogeny of calcitonin receptor mRNA and protein in the developing central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2003; 456:29-38. [PMID: 12508311 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expression of receptors for calcitonin (CTR), the CTR C1a and C1b isoforms, was investigated during development of the fetal rat central nervous system (CNS) by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Coincident expression with both techniques was evident. Immunohistochemical evidence for the expression of the C1a isoform alone was found. Expression was first observed at embryonic day 12/13 (E12/E13) within and adjacent to the ventricular zones known to include primary matrices of proliferation, in regions of the preoptic area, anterior and posterior hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pons, medulla, and spinal cord. At later times, with the decline in the density of immunoreactivity at these loci (E15), expression in primary matrices was found later at distinct loci within the ventricular zones of cerebellum (E17), and at E19, the tectum, lateral ventricle, and cortical subplate. By E19, the density of staining had increased and was widespread throughout the expanding CNS. In the rostral domains, moderate to high density was found in the external plexiform layer; the medial preoptic area and nucleus; the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei; and the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas. In the midbrain, similar levels of expression were noted in the central nucleus of raphe; the deep mesencephalic, dorsal raphe, and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei; and the ventral periaqueductal gray. In the pons, positive loci included the locus coeruleus and the gigantocellular and pontine reticular nuclei. In the medulla, high expression was evident in the gigantocellular, intermediate, magnocellular, and medullary reticular, spinal trigeminal and cuneate nuclei; and the nucleus tractus solitarius. In the spinal cord, moderate to high density of staining was found in the ventral, dorsal, and lateral horns, and in the ventral, dorsal, and cuneate funiculi. On the other hand, transitory expression was found in the diagonal band, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and the lateral mamillary and anterobasal nuclei of the hypothalamus. These studies indicate a role for CTR in the activation of some premigratory neuroblasts in the CNS as well as a possible role later in an undefined function associated with mature neurons of particular nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tolcos
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
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Bendsen E, Byskov AG, Laursen SB, Larsen HPE, Andersen CY, Westergaard LG. Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal testes during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:13-8. [PMID: 12525434 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal testes during week 6 to week 9 post conception, i.e. the first weeks following sex differentiation of the testes. METHODS One testis with attached mesonephros from each of 10 individual legal abortions was used. After recovery of the fetus, the testes were immediately isolated, fixed and processed for histology. The optical fractionator technique, a stereological method, was utilized to estimate the total number of germ cells in ten testes and somatic cells in six of them. RESULTS The number of germ cells per testis increased from approximately 3000 in week 6 to approximately 30000 in week 9. The ratio of germ cells to Sertoli cells was approximately 1:11 and the ratio of germ cells to somatic cells was approximately 1:44 throughout this period. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, germ cell and somatic cell number have been determined during early human fetal testis development. Knowledge of the number of germ cells in this period may be very important, because several environmental pollutants are suspected to result in decreased semen quality in men born of mothers exposed to these pollutants during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eske Bendsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Odense, Sdr Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C København Ø, Denmark.
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Terrado J, Gerrikagoitia I, Domínguez L, Raldúa D, Martínez-Millán L, Sarasa M. Expression of the genes for alpha-type and beta-type calcitonin gene-related peptide during rat embryogenesis. Neuroscience 1999; 92:713-27. [PMID: 10408620 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Throughout rat embryogenesis we analysed the expression patterns of the three mature transcripts generated from the two calcitonin gene-related peptide genes: calcitonin, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide, and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNAs. In addition, we examined in parallel the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin immunoreactivity. Of the three transcripts, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was first detected in sensory ganglia on embryonic day 14, and by embryonic day 15 was seen to a lesser degree in motor neurons and autonomic ganglia. Starting at embryonic day 16, however, the highest levels of beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA were found in motor neurons rather than sensory ganglia. Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was first detected on embryonic day 16 in both sensory ganglia and motor neurons, but at lower levels than beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide, particularly in the motor neurons of the spinal cord. By embryonic day 20, transcripts for alpha- and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide were expressed in distinct brain regions. High levels of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA were detected in hypoglossal, facial, and parabrachial nuclei, and moderate levels in the trigeminal motor and ambiguus nuclei. By contrast, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was detected at low levels in hypoglossal, ambiguus, facial, and parabrachial nuclei, and at high levels in the trigeminal nucleus. In the oculomotor-trochlear nucleus, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was the sole isotype expressed. Low levels of messenger RNA for both calcitonin gene-related peptide transcripts were appreciated in the inferior olive. Outside the nervous system, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA was weakly expressed in the thyroid gland and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA in the thymus. Throughout embryogenesis, calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity usually followed the expression of either alpha- or beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA. Calcitonin messenger RNA and protein were detected only in the thyroid gland from embryonic day 18 onward. This work shows that of the three mature transcripts produced by the two calcitonin gene-related peptide genes, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA is the predominant transcript produced early in rat embryogenesis. However, by perinatal stages alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide shows the highest expression in the brain and spinal cord. In autonomic ganglia, beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide is either the sole or the predominant transcript. Unlike the chick embryo in which calcitonin messenger RNA is expressed early in the CNS, in rat it was only expressed outside the nervous system in the thyroid gland during the last days of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terrado
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Sawicki B, Zabel M. Immunocytochemical study of parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid in some wild rodents. Ann Anat 1999; 181:173-80. [PMID: 10332521 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(99)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies were done on 3 wild species of rodents: field voles (Microtus agrestis, Linnaeus 1761), bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus, Schreber 1780), and forest mice (Apodemus flavicollis, Melchior 1834). Immunocytochemical reactions were used to detect calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A (CgA) in the thyroid parafollicular (C) cells in all species examined. Antisera to human CT, rat CGRP, bovine CgA, rat NSE and human NSE give probably a positive reaction in all C cells in the rodents examined. However, in the NSE determining reaction, much feebler positive C cells were observed. Individual variation in respect of shape and distribution of C cells was observed in all species. In forest mice the C cells resembled in shape the C cells previously described in mouse and rat. In field voles and bank voles the C cells were assembled into small groups more often than in forest mice. Antibodies (anti-human CT, anti-rat CGRP, anti-bovine CgA, anti-rat NSE and anti-human NSE) used by us were good markers of C cells in the thyroids of the 3 species of free-living rodents examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sawicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Academy of Medicine, Białystok, Poland
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