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Zarei AE, Linjawi MH, Redwan EM. Circulating innate and adaptive immunity against anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b. Hum Antibodies 2020; 27:201-212. [PMID: 30958343 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are one of most dangerous microbes that occupies the paediatric nasopharyngeal as a commensal opportunistic bacterium, which may lead to meningitis in uncontrolled infection. Colonisation of pharyngeal tissues is the starting point for most H. influenzae infections, which may develop into invasive diseases, such meningitis. The vaccination against Hib in specific, as well as against most of vaccines preventable diseases; in general, play a major role in reducing children (< 5 years old) Hib meningitis from 57/100,000 to the lowest known Hib meningitis incidents in the history. First invented Hib vaccine was licensed in 1985 and contained Hib capsular polysaccharide (CPS); afterward, conjugate vaccines have been innovated and licensed on the road to improve Hib vaccine efficacy. Polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) is the main vaccine unite structure. Since anti-CPS antibodies in the serum reflect the extent of the acquired immunity against Hib infections, the concentration of ⩾ 0.15 g/ml of anti-CPS is believed to be an indicator for short-term protection from invasive Hib diseases, whereas one-month post-completion of primary Hib immunization concentration of ⩾ 1.0 g/ml is trusted to be immunological protective. As considered that serum anti-CPS antibodies are effectively linked to protection, the evaluation of antibodies concentration and reconsideration of published worldwide populations antibodies concentration are consider vital strides on the way to accurate valuation of Hib immunity that induced by vaccination; either direct or herd. As documented, some populations; worldwide, still susceptible to invasive Hib infections. Several populations worldwide remain vulnerable to Hib-related infections. We believe that up-to-date review article regarding circulated Hib immunology, represented in anti-Hib antibodies and worldwide Hib incidences will provide a precious information for microbiologists, public health officials, epidemiologists, immunologists, and strategic preventive healthcare executives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi E Zarei
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa H Linjawi
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Almehdar HA, El-Baky NA, Alhaider AA, Redwan EM. Immunogenicity comparison of lactoferrin purified from Saudi Arabia camel clans milk. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:85-90. [PMID: 30372672 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Secretory lactoferrins play a crucial rolls at mucosal surfaces as not only antimicrobial molecules in primate as well as human, but as physiological protein. Its multiple functions extended to be one of immunogen could elicited autoimmune disorders. Purified camel lactoferrin (cLfs) from different Saudi camel clans were shown to be a potent immunogen when injected into rabbit. Four rabbit were subcutaneously immunized with different camel clans lactoferrin/Freunds adjuvant. Anti-cLfs potency titration was reach 1:32000 and did not significantly differences between different cLfs. The cross-reactivity level of different anti-Lfs were highly significant, specially between cLfs and bLf/hLf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A Almehdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdulqader A Alhaider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Zarei AE, Redwan EM. Antibodies prevalence against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Jeddah population, Saudi Arabia. II. Antibodies subclasses. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:1-11. [PMID: 30103308 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous reported that Jeddah, Saudi Arabia population have a comparable and protective herd immunity represented by IgG, IgA and IgM against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), by using indirect ELISA test was used to evaluate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP) total antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) in 1,003 sera samples. Current report was evaluated the IgG and IgA subclasses responsible about this protection using same methodology. IgG, IgA, and their subclasses are responsible about this circulating protection. Our study will consider the first report evaluate the levels of IgA subclasses and its relation to ages, as well as the relations between anti-Hib antibody subclass and age. The current results demonstrated that the highest levels concentrated in IgG1 and IgG2, while IgG3 and IgG4 showed the lowest levels. So, their concentrations were arranged in IgG1 > IgG2 > IgG3 > IgG4. The results indicated that the age and gender have no effect on both IgG or IgA subclasses in healthy immunized individuals enrolled. While, IgA1 concentrations were significantly higher than IgA2 in all age categories regardless of gender. It seem that the IgG1, IgG2 and IgA1 subclasses were the main constituent of Jeddah herd immunity against Hib. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, there were no previous reports that focusing on the levels of IgA subclasses and its relation to ages, so our study considers the first worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Essam Zarei
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Egypt
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Zarei AE, Redwan EM. Antibodies prevalence against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Jeddah population, Saudi Arabia. III. Antibodies avidity. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:13-22. [PMID: 30103310 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Our previous results showed higher level of anti-Hib IgG (2.41 μg/ml) average geometric mean concentration (GMC) regardless of age and gender, followed by levels of IgM (0.91 μg/ml) and IgA (0.34 μg/ml), reflecting the prevalence of immunity against Hib. Current study was evaluated the avidity profile for these high anti-Hib concentration. The IgM avidity analysis did not revealed any significant results between male and female values. While, the average of IgA avidity in male samples were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than the average of female. Also, The result showed that high percentage of population has moderate to high IgG avidity. The study showed lower avidity percentages of both IgM and IgA comparing to IgG. More studies are suggested to be done on individuals with low avidity considering the secondary immunodeficiency in participant's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Essam Zarei
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Egypt
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Alshanqiti FM, Al-Masaudi SB, Al-Hejin AM, El-Baky NA, Redwan EM. Development of nanoparticle adjuvants to potentiate the immune response against diphtheria toxoid. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:75-85. [PMID: 29171990 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the years, diphtheria was known as contagious fatal infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria that affects upper respiratory system. The spread of diphtheria epidemic disease is best prevented by vaccination with diphtheria toxoid vaccine. Aluminum adjuvants were reported to stimulate the immune responses to killed and subunit vaccines. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to minimize adjuvant particles size, to gain insight of resulting immunity titer and impact on immune response antibody subtypes. METHODS Aluminum salts and calcium phosphate adjuvants were prepared, followed by micro/nanoparticle adjuvants preparation. After formulation of diphtheria vaccine from diphtheria toxoid and developed adjuvants, we evaluated efficacy of these prepared vaccines based on their impact on immune response via measuring antibodies titer, antibodies isotyping and cytokines profile in immunized mice. RESULTS A noteworthy increase in immunological parameters was observed; antibodies titer was higher in serum of mice injected with nanoparticle adjuvants-containing vaccine than mice injected with standard adjuvant-containing vaccine and commercial vaccine. Aluminum compounds adjuvants (nanoparticles and microparticles formulation) and microparticles calcium phosphate adjuvant induce TH2 response, while nanoparticles calcium phosphate and microparticles aluminum compounds adjuvants stimulate TH1 response. CONCLUSIONS Different treatments to our adjuvant preparations (nanoparticles and microparticles formulation) had a considerable impact on vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah M Alshanqiti
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Berki Al-Masaudi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
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Zarei AE, Redwan EM. Antibodies prevalence against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Jeddah population, Saudi Arabia. I. Total antibodies. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:225-235. [PMID: 29945350 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this national comprehensive seroprevalence study, indirect ELISA test was used to evaluate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP) total antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA) in 1,003 sera samples from routine medical check-up of healthy individuals attending the local medical facility in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the period from February 2014 to January 2016. Serum anti-CPS antibodies confer immunity against invasive Hib disease. An anti-CPS concentration of ⩾ 0.15 μg/mL is believed to be a serological indication for short-term immunity protection against invasive Hib disease, while a concentration of ⩾ 1.0 μg/mL is believed to be long-term protective. Results showed higher level of anti-Hib IgG (2.41 μg/ml average geometric mean concentration (GMC) regardless of age and gender, followed by levels of IgM (0.91 μg/ml) and IgA (0.34 μg/ml), reflecting the community immunity against Hib. Low anti-Hib level (< 0.15 μg/ml of anti-PRP IgG) in elderly people (males aged 57-91 years and females aged 35-64 years) may indicate a need for a booster dose of Hib vaccine to elderly people in the community. The IgG prevalence over IgM, and IgM prevalence over IgA indicate the major role of IgG over IgM and IgA in keeping immunity in the track against Hib. Low level of IgM and IgA comparing to IgG may indicate the absence of Hib acute infections in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Essam Zarei
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Main Medical Laboratory, Medical Services, Saudi Airlines, Jeddah 21231, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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Elevated Concentration of Defensins in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8373819. [PMID: 27413763 PMCID: PMC4931052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8373819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major etiological agent of human non-A and non-B hepatitis, affecting around 180 million people worldwide. Defensins, small cysteine-rich cationic peptides, are shown to have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Defensins can be found in both normal and microbial infected patients, at variable concentrations. Notably, viral infections are often associated with elevated concentrations of defensins. The current study aimed to estimate the concentrations of total, α-, and β-defensins in serum taken from normal and HCV-infected patients. 12 healthy (noninfected) and 34 HCV-infected patients were enrolled. Standardized immunoassay kits were used to obtain serum concentrations of defensins. The obtained results were calibrated against kit standard reagents. Total defensin concentrations in HCV-infected patients were significantly higher (2- to 105-fold) compared to healthy individuals. The concentrations of α-defensins were also significantly elevated in the HCV-infected patients (31–1398 ng/50 μL). However, concentrations of β-defensins ranged from 44.5 ng/50 μL to 1056 ng/50 μL. The results did not reveal differences in serum defensin concentration between male and female HCV-infected patients. A-defensin concentration of ≥250 ng/50 μL was found to contain more β-defensins than total defensins and α-defensins. This study concludes, for the first time, that serum defensin levels are elevated in HCV-infected patients.
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Anti-diphtheria immunity in Nigerian mothers and their newborns. Vaccine 2014; 32:3211-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Seroprevalence of antibodies to pertussis and diphtheria among healthy adults in China. J Infect 2011; 63:441-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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