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Behboudi H, Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Katibeh M, Kheiri B, Yaseri M, Moradian S, Alizadeh Y, Ahmadieh H, Pakbin M, Bouyeh A, Moradi A. Prevalence of refractive errors in population aged 50 years and over: The Gilan eye study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:449-460. [PMID: 37349990 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231184544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the prevalence of refractive error (RE) and its association with other environmental and health factors among population aged ≥50 years who lived in Gilan, Iran in 2014. METHODS In this population-based cross-sectional study, 3281 individuals aged ≥50 years living in Gilan for at least 6 months were enrolled. The prevalence of different types of REs including myopia (spherical equivalent (SE)≤-0.50D), high myopia (SE ≤ -6.00D), hyperopia (SE≥ + 0.50D), high hyperopia (SE≥ + 3.00D), astigmatism (cylinder < -0.50D) and high astigmatism (cylinder < -2.25D) were determined. Anisometropia was defined as the SE difference of ≥1.00D between the two eyes. Associated factors including age, body mass index (BMI) and education were also studied. RESULTS 2587 eligible individuals (58% female subjects) with the mean age of 62.6 ± 8.8 years participated (87.6% response rate). The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was 19.2%, 48.6% and 57.4%, respectively. 3.6% high hyperopia, 0.5% high myopia and 4.5% high astigmatism were identified. The positive simultaneous effects3 of older age (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.14), nuclear (OR = 1.71) and posterior subcapsular (OR = 1.61) cataracts as well as the negative effects of higher levels of education (OR = 0.28) were obtained on myopia. Higher BMI was found as a risk factor for hyperopia (OR = 1.67), while older patients were less likely to be hyperopic (OR = 0.31). CONCLUSION Higher incidence of myopia and astigmatism was found in patients aged over 70 years. It was also found that patients at older ages who suffered with cataracts were at a higher risk of myopia, while elderly people with greater BMI were at a higher risk of hyperopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Behboudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zhale Rajavi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Negah Aref Ophthalmic Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Sabbaghi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Katibeh
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Global Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bahareh Kheiri
- Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Moradian
- Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Alizadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Centre, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Pakbin
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Centre, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Translational Ophthalmology Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aria Bouyeh
- Rehabilitation Research Centre, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Moradi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Maniyali F, Sanchez O, Papaconstantinou E, Barakat C. Determinants of Health Care Needs in Relation to Vision Correction among Adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6547. [PMID: 37623133 PMCID: PMC10454015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncorrected refractive error has been suggested to affect children's development, educational performance, and socialization. Sociodemographic and environmental differences among individuals may impact their accessibility to utilizing appropriate services, impacting their vision-dependent activities. METHODS Guided by the population health framework, this retrospective study assessed the prevalence of self-reported vision correction needs and its determinants for a sample of adolescents (n = 6363) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) aged 13 to 20 years between 2007 to 2009. RESULTS The findings suggest a relatively high prevalence of self-reported vision correction needs (26.8%), with among 24.8% males and 31.7% among females. Factors that were significantly associated with vision correction needs included age, biological sex, location of residence (emirate), nationality, parental education and employment level, household financial status, screen time use, visiting an eye specialist in the past year, and daily functional capacity. CONCLUSION Reporting the vision correction needs of the adolescent population and identifying its determinants may help identify and resolve modifiable barriers to accessing the appropriate vision care resources. Further research in assessing the type of refractive error, potential genetic and environmental factors, and vision care services in each emirate may help decision-makers set appropriate policies to improve the overall quality of eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Maniyali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
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Tsou BC, Vongsachang H, Purt B, Srikumaran D, Justin GA, Woreta FA. Cataract Surgery Numbers in U.S. Ophthalmology Residency Programs: An ACGME Case Log Analysis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2021; 29:688-695. [PMID: 34913813 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2021.2015395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe and assess the cataract experience of ophthalmology residents throughout the United States (U.S.). METHODS Cataract procedures logged by graduating ophthalmology residents nationwide and published by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) from 2009 to 2020 were analyzed using linear regression on log-transformed response variables with robust variance. RESULTS As primary surgeon, average numbers logged for phacoemulsification increased yearly by an average of 4.1% prior to 2019 and then decreased by 22.1% in 2019 for an overall average yearly increase of 2.9% (95% CI: 0.5, 5.4%, p = .03), non-phacoemulsification extracapsular extraction decreased yearly by an average of 4.6% (95% CI: -7.7, -1.5%, p = .01), other cataract/intraocular lens surgeries decreased yearly by an average of 8.4% (95% CI: -10.1, -6.6%, p < .001), anterior vitrectomies decreased yearly by an average of 12.5% (95% CI: -14.9, -10.1%, p < .001), and laser capsulotomies increased yearly by an average of 6.0% prior to 2019 and then decreased by 3.0% for an overall average yearly increase of 5.3% (95% CI: 4.5, 6.2%, p < .001). As assistant, average numbers logged in all ACGME minimum categories showed decreasing trends. CONCLUSIONS Over the last decade, the average numbers of phacoemulsification and laser capsulotomies logged by residents as primary surgeon increased while other ACGME cataract minimum procedures decreased. Surgical volume in 2019-20 was lower due to the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic but higher than from 2009 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Tsou
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hursuong Vongsachang
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Boonkit Purt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Divya Srikumaran
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Grant A Justin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fasika A Woreta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Anti-VEGF therapies for age-related macular degeneration: a powerful tactical gear or a blunt weapon? The choice is ours. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:3561-3567. [PMID: 34669026 PMCID: PMC8526354 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Blindness and vision loss are still frequent disabilities associated with a relevant impact on health care and quality of life, and a high economic burden. Supranational programs established by the World Health Organization (WHO), International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB), and World Health Assembly (WHA) aim at reducing avoidable visual impairment. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and other retinal diseases are well known causes of visual disability. Since more than a decade, intravitreal agents are available for the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this study is to review whether pharmacotherapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs has led to a decrease in the prevalence of blindness with emphasis on AMD and different countries. A brief analysis of other factors correlated to changes in the rate of blindness is also presented. Methods PubMed and Scopus web platforms were used to identify relevant studies on epidemiology of blindness and vision impairment, the influence of intravitreal therapies, and the existence of different vision care models. Additional data and material was searched in web internet accessed by the web browser Firefox. Results Age-standardized prevalence of blindness secondary to AMD has started to decline as testified by a number of studies in different countries. This is due to the adoption of anti-VEGF therapy and its adequate management. The frequency of treatment and regimens applied are indirect signs of successful treatment. Local rules and regulations may represent an obstacle. Conclusions This review shows that by implementing existing health care systems and dispensing adequate therapies in the field of retinal diseases, the prevalence of blindness due to these conditions can decline.
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Mueller B, Ibraimova S, Mamutalieva E, Limburg H, Ibraimova A, Paduca A. Findings from a Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) in the Southwest Region of Kyrgyzstan. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2019; 27:141-147. [PMID: 31813309 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2019.1701040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Reliable data on eye care needs in Kyrgyzstan are not readily available. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in persons aged 50 and above in the southwest of Kyrgyzstan and to support the Ministry of Health (MoH) in the planning of eye care in the region.Methods: A population-based survey was conducted in three states (Oblast) in the southwest region of Kyrgyzstan. Sixty clusters of 50 people aged 50 years and older were selected by probability proportionate to size sampling. Ethical approval was obtained from the MoH, consent was obtained from each participant.Results: A total number of 3,000 persons aged 50 and older were sampled. Among these 2,897 (95.9%) were examined. The prevalence of bilateral blindness was 1.7% [95%CI: 1.1-2.4]. Cataract (43.3%) was the main cause of blindness, followed by glaucoma (30%), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) (8.3%), other posterior segment diseases (6.7%) and non-trachomatous corneal opacities (5%). The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment increased strongly with age. The cataract surgical coverage in blind persons was 59%.Conclusion: Cataract and glaucoma were the major causes of blindness and visual impairment in persons 50 and above. The majority of the causes (85%) were avoidable, with 45% (cataract and uncorrected aphakia) treatable, 6.7% (corneal opacity and phthisis) preventable by primary health care/eye care services and 33.3% (cataract surgical complications, glaucoma) preventable by specialized ophthalmic services. The data suggest that an expansion of eye care services to reduce avoidable blindness is needed, as ageing will lead to an increase in older people at risk and a higher demand for eye care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Mueller
- International Cooperation Department, Swiss Red Cross, International Cooperation, Wabern, Switzerland
| | | | - Elzat Mamutalieva
- International Cooperation Department, Swiss Red Cross, International Cooperation, Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Limburg
- Health Information Services, Grootebroek, Netherlands
| | - Aigul Ibraimova
- Bishkek Scientific Research Centre of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ala Paduca
- Ophthalmology Department, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemitanu", Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
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Blundell R, Roberts D, Fioratou E, Abraham C, Msosa J, Chirambo T, Blaikie A. Comparative evaluation of a novel solar powered low-cost ophthalmoscope (Arclight) by eye healthcare workers in Malawi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:98-102. [PMID: 29670760 PMCID: PMC5890623 DOI: 10.1136/bmjinnov-2017-000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared a novel low-cost solar powered direct ophthalmoscope called the Arclight with a traditional direct ophthalmoscope (TDO). After appropriate training, 25 Malawian eye healthcare workers were asked to examine 12 retinal images placed in a teaching manikin head with both the Arclight ophthalmoscope and a traditional direct ophthalmoscope (Keeler Professional V.2.8). Participants were scored on their ability to identify clinical signs, to make a diagnosis and how long they took to make a diagnosis. They were also asked to score each ophthalmoscope for ‘ease of use’. Statistically significant differences were found in favour of the Arclight in the number of clinical signs identified, correct diagnoses made and ease of use. The ophthalmoscopes were equally effective as a screening tool for diabetic retinopathy, and there was no statistically difference in time to diagnosis. The authors conclude that the Arclight offers an easy to use, low cost alternative to the traditional direct ophthalmoscope to meet the demands for screening and diagnosis of visually impairing eye disorders in low-income and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Carl Abraham
- Department of Optometry, Malawi College of Health Sciences, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Joseph Msosa
- Lions Sight First Eye Unit, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Central Region, Malawi
| | | | - Andrew Blaikie
- Global Health Implementation, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Marmamula S, Khanna RC, Kunuku E, Rao GN. Spectacles use in a rural population in the state of Telangana in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017. [PMID: 28643717 PMCID: PMC5508463 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_324_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment. AIMS To assess the prevalence and patterns of spectacles use among those aged ≥40 years in the South Indian state of Telangana. SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a population-based, cross-sectional study, in which 6150 people were enumerated from 123 clusters in the two districts of Telangana state (Adilabad and Mahbubnagar) using a two-stage cluster random sampling methodology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were visited in their households and presenting visual acuity (VA) was assessed in all cases followed by pinhole VA if presenting VA was worse than 6/12. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the current and previous spectacles use, type of spectacles, and details of the spectacles provider. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Stata statistical software version 12. RESULTS Among 5881 participants examined, 53.7% were women, and 82% had no formal education. The prevalence of current spectacles use was 28.8% (95% confidence interval: 27.6-30.0). On applying multiple logistic regression analysis, spectacles use was significantly associated with older age groups, female gender, higher levels of education, and residing in Adilabad district. Bifocals were the most commonly used type of spectacles (56.3%), and private eye clinics (70.3%) were the leading service providers. The spectacles coverage was 53.6%. CONCLUSIONS We reported on prevalence and patterns of spectacles use using a large representative sample and a high response rate. More than half of those who may benefit from spectacles were using them, suggestive of a reasonable primary eye care coverage in the two districts studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Marmamula
- Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Wellcome Trust, Department of Biotechnology India Alliance Research Fellow, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit C Khanna
- Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Eswararao Kunuku
- Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gullapalli N Rao
- Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L V Prasad Eye Institute; Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Yan F, Wang H, Gao Y, Xu J, Zheng W. Artemisinin Protects Retinal Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress and Restores Rat Retinal Physiological Function from Light Exposed Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1713-1723. [PMID: 28447781 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of severe visual loss and blindness in the aging population which lacks any effective treatments currently. In this study, artemisinin, a well-known antimalarial drug was found to suppress hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in retinal neuronal RGC-5 cells. Artemisinin, in the therapeutically relevant dosage, concentration-dependently attenuated the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased cell apoptosis in RGC-5 cells induced by H2O2. Western blot analysis showed that artemisinin upregulated the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) and reversed the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on the phosphorylation of these two kinases. Moreover, protective effect of artemisinin was blocked by the p38 kinase inhibitor PD169316 or ERK1/2 kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059, respectively. In contrast, c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor and rapamycin had no effect in the protective effect of artemisinin. Taken together, these results demonstrated that artemisinin promoted the survival of RGC-5 cells from H2O2 toxicity via the activation of the p38 and ERK1/2 pathways. Interestingly, intravitreous injection of artimisinin, concentration-dependently reversed light exposed-damage (a dry AMD animal model) of rat retinal physiological function detected by flash electroretinogram. These results indicate that artemisinin can protect retinal neuronal functions from H2O2-induced damage in vitro and in vivo and suggest the potential application of artemisinin as a new drug in the treatment of retinal disorders like AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Yan
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- The
First Affiliated Hospital and Neuroparmacology, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Zhongshan
Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- The
First Affiliated Hospital and Neuroparmacology, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Gogri U, Khandekar R, Al Harby S. Visual function of children with visual and other disabilities in Oman: A case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 64:888-892. [PMID: 28112128 PMCID: PMC5322702 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.198845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We assessed the visual functioning of the children with special needs in Oman between 2009 and 2012. We present the methods of assessing different visual functions, outcomes, and interventions carried out to improve their functioning. Methods: Optometrists assessed visual functions of children of “Day care centres” in Oman. Experts further assessed them and provided low vision care. Ocular movements, refractive corrections, near, distance, contrast color, motion, field of vision, and cognitive visual function test results were noted. Feedback to caregivers was given to improve visual functioning of these children. Results: We grouped 321 participants, (196 [61.1%] boys, age range of 3–18 years) into 61; Down syndrome (DS), 72 with intellectual disabilities (IDs), 67; hearing impaired and 121 with other conditions. Refractive error and lag of accommodation were 26 (42.6%) and 14 (22.6%) among children with DS. Contrast sensitivity was impaired in 8 (12.7%) among hearing impaired children. Defective distant and near vision was in 162 (70%) and 104 (42%) of our cohort. Children with ID were most difficult to assess. Children in a group of other disabilities had a higher proportion of impaired visual functioning. They were given low vision aids (telescopes [22], filters [7], and magnifiers [3]) in large numbers compared to those in other groups. Conclusions: Visual functioning of children with other disabilities show great variation and difficult to group. The care, therefore, should be at individual level. All visual functions cannot be assessed at one time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Gogri
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajiv Khandekar
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Al Harby
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Chong CM, Zheng W. Artemisinin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage through activation of ERK/CREB signaling. Redox Biol 2016; 9:50-56. [PMID: 27372058 PMCID: PMC4939375 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is implicated in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The discovery of drug candidates to effectively protect RPE cells from oxidative damage is required to resolve the pathological aspects and modify the process of AMD. In this study, a FDA-approved anti-malaria drug, Artemisinin was found to suppress hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in human RPE cell-D407 cells. Further study showed that Artemisinin significantly suppressed H2O2- induced D407 cell death by restoring abnormal changes in nuclear morphology, intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptotic biomarkers. Western blotting analysis showed that Artemisinin was able to activate extracellular regulated ERK/CREB survival signaling. Furthermore, Artemisinin failed to suppress H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and the increase of caspase 3/7 activity in the presence of the ERK inhibitor PD98059. Taken together, these results suggest that Artemisinin is a potential protectant with the pro-survival effects against H2O2 insult through activation of the ERK/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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11
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Gogri U, Al Harby S, Khandekar R. Visual function of children with visual and other disabilities in Oman: A case series. Oman J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:97-101. [PMID: 26622136 PMCID: PMC4640049 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.159253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We assessed visual functioning of the children with special needs in Oman between 2009 and 2012. We present the methods of assessing different visual functions, outcomes and interventions carried out to improve their functioning. Materials and Methods: In this case series type of study, optometrists assessed visual functions of children of “day care centers” in Oman. Experts further assessed them and provided low vision care. Ocular movements, refractive corrections, near, distance, contrast color, motion, field of vision and cognitive, visual function test results were noted. Feedback to caregivers was given to improving visual functioning of these children. Results: We grouped 321 participants, (196 (61.1%) boys, age range of 3-18 years) into 61; Down syndrome (DS), 72 with intellectual disabilities, 67; hearing impaired and 121 with other conditions. Refractive error and lag of accommodation was 26 (42.6%) and 14 (22.6%) among children with DS. Contrast sensitivity was impaired in 8 (12.7%) among hearing impaired children. Defective distant and near vision was in 162 (70%) and 104 (42%) of our cohort. Children with intellectual disability were most difficult to assess. Children in group of other disabilities” had a higher proportion of impaired visual functioning. They were given low vision aids (telescopes (22), filters (7) and magnifiers (3)) in large numbers compared to those in other groups. Conclusions: The outcomes of assessment of visual functioning of children with other disabilities show great variation and difficult to group. The care therefore should be individual. All visual functions cannot be assessed at one time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Gogri
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Al Harby
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajiv Khandekar
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Eye and Ear Health Care, Oman
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12
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Johnson WJ, Wilson ME, Trivedi RH. Pediatric cataract surgery: challenges. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1086644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Yiengprugsawan V, Seubsman SA, Sleigh AC. Association between vision impairment and health among a national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Asia Pac J Public Health 2015; 27:NP194-202. [PMID: 22247107 PMCID: PMC3676688 DOI: 10.1177/1010539511433049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, more than 300 million people worldwide live with low vision and blindness, imposing social and economic burdens on individuals and families. This study analyzes a cohort of 87 134 Thai adults, reporting odds ratios (ORs) and calculating population attributable fractions (PAFs). PAF estimates the proportion of the disease or condition that would not occur if no one in the population had the risk factor. Approximately 28% and 8% reported having refractive errors and vision impairment not correctable by visual aids. Both types of vision impairment were positively associated with poor self-assessed health (adjusted ORs = 1.23 to 2.03) and poor psychological health (adjusted ORs = 1.13 to 1.63). PAFs show that refractive errors explain 6.1% of poor self-assessed health, 3.5% of poor psychological health, and 2.2% of falls in the last year. PAFs for vision impairment not correctable by visual aids explain 7.5%, 4.7%, and 3.1%, respectively. Incorporating early detection and prevention of vision impairment at the primary health care level will contribute to promoting the health of Thais.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam-ang Seubsman
- The Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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Schulze Schwering M, Spitzer MS, Kalua K, Batumba HN. Training ophthalmologists for developing economies: an African-German partnership. Postgrad Med J 2014; 90:61-2. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Refractive errors in a rural Korean adult population: the Namil Study. Eye (Lond) 2013; 27:1368-75. [PMID: 24037232 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of refractive errors, including myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia, in rural adult Koreans. METHODS We identified 2027 residents aged 40 years or older in Namil-myeon, a rural town in central South Korea. Of 1928 eligible residents, 1532 subjects (79.5%) participated. Each subject underwent screening examinations including autorefractometry, corneal curvature measurement, and best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS Data from 1215 phakic right eyes were analyzed. The prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent (SE) <-0.5 diopters (D)) was 20.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.2-22.8%), of high myopia (SE <-6.0 D) was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.4-1.5%), of hyperopia (SE>+0.5 D) was 41.8% (95% CI: 38.9-44.4%), of astigmatism (cylinder <-0.5 D) was 63.7% (95% CI: 61.0-66.4%), and of anisometropia (difference in SE between eyes >1.0 D) was 13.8% (95% CI: 11.9-15.8%). Myopia prevalence decreased with age and tended to transition into hyperopia with age up to 60-69 years. In subjects older than this, the trend in SE refractive errors reversed with age. The prevalence of astigmatism and anisometropia increased consistently with age. The refractive status was not significantly different between males and females. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in rural adult Koreans was similar to that of rural Chinese. The prevalence of high myopia was lower in this Korean sample than in other East Asian populations, and astigmatism was the most frequently occurring refractive error.
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du Toit R, Faal HB, Etya'ale D, Wiafe B, Mason I, Graham R, Bush S, Mathenge W, Courtright P. Evidence for integrating eye health into primary health care in Africa: a health systems strengthening approach. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13:102. [PMID: 23506686 PMCID: PMC3616885 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of unmet eye care needs in sub-Saharan Africa is compounded by barriers to accessing eye care, limited engagement with communities, a shortage of appropriately skilled health personnel, and inadequate support from health systems. The renewed focus on primary health care has led to support for greater integration of eye health into national health systems. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate available evidence of integration of eye health into primary health care in sub-Saharan Africa from a health systems strengthening perspective. Methods A scoping review method was used to gather and assess information from published literature, reviews, WHO policy documents and examples of eye and health care interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings were compiled using a health systems strengthening framework. Results Limited information is available about eye health from a health systems strengthening approach. Particular components of the health systems framework lacking evidence are service delivery, equipment and supplies, financing, leadership and governance. There is some information to support interventions to strengthen human resources at all levels, partnerships and community participation; but little evidence showing their successful application to improve quality of care and access to comprehensive eye health services at the primary health level, and referral to other levels for specialist eye care. Conclusion Evidence of integration of eye health into primary health care is currently weak, particularly when applying a health systems framework. A realignment of eye health in the primary health care agenda will require context specific planning and a holistic approach, with careful attention to each of the health system components and to the public health system as a whole. Documentation and evaluation of existing projects are required, as are pilot projects of systematic approaches to interventions and application of best practices. Multi-national research may provide guidance about how to scale up eye health interventions that are integrated into primary health systems.
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Bettadapura GS, Donthi K, Datti NP, Ranganath BG, Ramaswamy SB, Jayaram TS. Assessment of avoidable blindness using the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness methodology. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 4:389-93. [PMID: 23050247 PMCID: PMC3456477 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: More than 90% of visual impairment can either be treated or avoided. Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness methodology provides valid estimates in short time to assess magnitude and causes of blindness. Aims: To estimate the prevalence and causes of blindness in persons above 50 years in Kolar, South India, using the above methodology. Materials and Methods: Sixty one clusters of 50 people aged above 50 years were selected by probability-proportionate to size sampling. Participants were evaluated using a standardized survey form. Persons with vision <20/60 were dilated and examined by an ophthalmologist. Results: Of the 3050 people listed 2907 were examined (95.3%). Prevalence of bilateral blindness in persons was 3.9%; severe visual impairment 3.5%, and visual impairment 10.4%. Untreated cataract was the leading cause of blindness (74.6%) and severe visual impairment (73.3%). Avoidable causes of blindness accounted for 91.2% of all blindness and 95.0% of severe visual impairment. ‘Waiting for maturity’ and ‘No one to accompany’ were the most common barriers to uptake of cataract surgery. Conclusion: Untreated cataract continues to be the leading cause of avoidable blindness. Modified strategies need to be implemented to tackle the burden of cataract blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruprasad S Bettadapura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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Khandekar R. Where are we in elimination of avoidable blindness after ten years of implementing 'VISION 2020 The Right to the sight' in Oman? Oman J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:73-4. [PMID: 22993458 PMCID: PMC3441031 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.99366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Khandekar R, Shah R, Shah M, Al Harby S, Vora U, Al Balushi F. Ocular status and functional adaptation of visually challenged children of a special school in Oman. Oman J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:17-20. [PMID: 21713235 PMCID: PMC3110441 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.77657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We assessed the ocular status and visual adaptation among children studying at a school for visually disabled children in Muscat, Oman. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2009–2010. We assessed the visual and ocular status of the participants. They were interviewed to elicit the past history of eye problems and management. They also expressed their visual adaptation in their ‘day-to-day’ life, and their ambitions. Result: We examined and interviewed 47 participants (29 male and 18 female). The mean age of the participants was 19.7 years (Standard deviation 5.9 years). Twenty-six of them were blind since birth. Phthisical eyes, disfigured eyes and anophthalmic sockets were noted in 19, 58, and six eyes of participants. Twenty-six (55.5%) participants had visual disabilities due to genetic causes, since birth. In 13 participants, further investigations were needed to confirm diagnosis and determine further management After low vision training, 13 participants with residual vision could be integrated in the school with normal children. One participant was recommended stem cell treatment for visual restoration. Five children were advised reconstructive orbital surgery. The participants were not keen to use a white cane for mobility. Some participants, 16 / 28 (57%), with absolute blindness, were not able to read the Braille language. Singing and playing music were not very well-accepted hobbies among the participants. Nineteen participants were keen to become teachers. Conclusions: Children with visual disabilities need to be periodically assessed. The underlying causes of visual disabilities should be further explored to facilitate prevention and genetic counseling. Participants had visual adaptation for daily living and had ambitions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Khandekar
- Eye and Ear Health Care, Department of Non-communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Oman
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Kalua K, Lindfield R, Mtupanyama M, Mtumodzi D, Msiska V. Findings from a rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) in Southern Malawi. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19226. [PMID: 21547074 PMCID: PMC3081843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on prevalence and causes of avoidable blindness in Malawi are not readily available. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and causes of blindness in persons aged 50 and above in southern Malawi to plan eye care services for the community. Methodology A population-based survey was conducted in 7 districts in southern Malawi. Villages were selected by probability proportionate to size within each district. Clusters were further subdivided into segments. A predetermined number of segments were selected randomly in each cluster. The survey team moved from house to house in each segment until they had examined 50 people over the age of 50. Examination consisted of visual acuity measurement with tumbling “E” chart and ocular examination by an ophthalmologist. Participants were categorized by visual acuity. Those who were visually impaired (VA<6/18 in the better eye with available correction) were assigned a main cause of visual loss. Further information was sought from anyone who had received cataract surgery. Results A total number of 3,583 persons aged 50 and above were sampled; among these 3,430 (95.7%) were examined. The prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity <3/60 in the better eye) among persons aged 50 and above was 3.3% (95% CI 2.5–4.1). Cataract was the most common cause of blindness contributing to 48.2% of all cases, followed by glaucoma (15.8%) and cornea scarring (12.3%). The cataract surgical coverage in blind persons was 44.6%. Conclusion The prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in persons aged 50 and above was lower than the WHO estimate for Malawi. The majority of the causes were avoidable, with cataract accounting for approximately half of all cases of blindness. The data suggests that expansion of eye care programs to address avoidable causes of blindness is necessary in this area of southern Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khumbo Kalua
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
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The excess burden of trachomatous trichiasis in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:985-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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