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Generation of Transgenic Fluorescent Reporter Lines for Studying Hematopoietic Development in the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2224:153-182. [PMID: 33606214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1008-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in the mouse and other mammals occurs in several waves and arises from distinct anatomic sites. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporter proteins at various points in the hematopoietic hierarchy, from hematopoietic stem cell to more restricted progenitors to each of the final differentiated cell types, have provided valuable tools for tagging, tracking, and isolating these cells. In this chapter, we discuss general considerations in designing a transgene, survey available fluorescent probes, and describe methods for confirming and analyzing transgene expression in the hematopoietic tissues of the embryo, fetus, and postnatal/adult animal.
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Vacaru AM, Vitale J, Nieves J, Baron MH. Generation of transgenic mouse fluorescent reporter lines for studying hematopoietic development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:289-312. [PMID: 25064110 PMCID: PMC4418647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the hematopoietic system, at least eight distinct lineages are generated in the mouse embryo. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins at various points in the hematopoietic hierarchy, from hematopoietic stem cell to multipotent progenitors to each of the final differentiated cell types, have provided valuable tools for tagging, tracking, and isolating these cells. In this chapter, we discuss general considerations in designing a transgene and survey available fluorescent probes and methods for confirming and analyzing transgene expression in the hematopoietic systems of the embryo, fetus, and postnatal/adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei M. Vacaru
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joseph Vitale
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Johnathan Nieves
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margaret H. Baron
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Gelmez MY, Teker ABA, Aday AD, Yavuz AS, Soysal T, Deniz G, Aktan M. Analysis of activation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNA levels in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with different cytogenetic status. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:326-30. [PMID: 23662991 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.803225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme, which converts cytosine into uracil and is expressed only by activated B lymphocytes, plays a role in B cells in both the mechanisms of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). There are studies showing that AID can cause numerous translocations in different lymphoproliferative diseases. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal B cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. The predictability and clinical status of B-CLL are difficult to determine. About 30-50% of patients have chromosomal abnormalities. AID, which is thought to create fraction segments for translocations, might also cause deletions in DNA regions of 17p13, 11q22.3, 13q14 and 13q34 that are associated with prognostic implications in patients with CLL. In this study, the AID gene expression in patients with CLL with and without deletions was investigated. When compared to healthy subjects and patients without deletions, increased levels of AID expression in patients with deletions of 17p13, 11q22.3 or 13q14 were found, but not for the 13q34 region. Our results show that AID expression may be associated with deletions in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Y Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Papadopoulos P, Gutiérrez L, van der Linden R, Kong-A-San J, Maas A, Drabek D, Patrinos GP, Philipsen S, Grosveld F. A dual reporter mouse model of the human β-globin locus: applications and limitations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51272. [PMID: 23272095 PMCID: PMC3522686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human β-globin locus contains the β-like globin genes (i.e. fetal γ-globin and adult β-globin), which heterotetramerize with α-globin subunits to form fetal or adult hemoglobin. Thalassemia is one of the commonest inherited disorders in the world, which results in quantitative defects of the globins, based on a number of genome variations found in the globin gene clusters. Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) also caused by similar types of genomic alterations can compensate for the loss of adult hemoglobin. Understanding the regulation of the human γ-globin gene expression is a challenge for the treatment of thalassemia. A mouse model that facilitates high-throughput assays would simplify such studies. We have generated a transgenic dual reporter mouse model by tagging the γ- and β-globin genes with GFP and DsRed fluorescent proteins respectively in the endogenous human β-globin locus. Erythroid cell lines derived from this mouse model were tested for their capacity to reactivate the γ-globin gene. Here, we discuss the applications and limitations of this fluorescent reporter model to study the genetic basis of red blood cell disorders and the potential use of such model systems in high-throughput screens for hemoglobinopathies therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Kong-A-San
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George P. Patrinos
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fraser ST, Isern J, Baron MH. Use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mouse lines to monitor hematopoietic and erythroid development during embryogenesis. Methods Enzymol 2010; 476:403-27. [PMID: 20691878 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)76022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent reporter proteins such as GFP, RFP, and their variants to tag and track cells within the embryo has revolutionized developmental biology. Expression of these proteins within restricted populations has been achieved through the use of lineage-specific regulatory elements. This approach has proven especially powerful in the hematopoietic system, where it has been possible to monitor the generation, expansion, maturation, and migration of primitive erythroid cells, macrophages, and megakaryocytes during embryogenesis at unprecedented resolution. Such analyses have provided novel insights into the development of these lineages. In this chapter, we discuss the design considerations and methodologies involved in the production and analysis of transgenic mouse lines in which fluorescent reporters are expressed in the hematopoietic system of the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Fraser
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Rieger MA, Schroeder T. Exploring hematopoiesis at single cell resolution. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 188:139-49. [PMID: 18230950 DOI: 10.1159/000114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell research has made tremendous progress over the last decades, and blood has become one of the best understood mammalian stem cell systems. The easy accessibility of hematopoietic cells, which are not tightly embedded in tissue, has supported this fast development. However, the hematopoietic system also exhibits disadvantages over other stem cell systems: the identity of individual cells is quickly lost when followed in cell culture and developmental stages cannot easily be distinguished by morphology. Therefore, difficulties to constantly analyze the fate of single cells are one reason for many open questions in hematopoiesis. So far, most findings are based on endpoint analyses of populations, consisting of heterogeneous cells in different stages of development or cell cycle. However, endpoint analyses merely reflect the result of a progressive sequence of fate decisions, whereas individual decisions, which would elucidate stem cell behavior, are not investigated. Thorough observation of the fate of individual cells and their progeny over many generations will add to a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of stem cell behavior. Here, we review current attempts of single cell analyses in hematopoiesis research and outline how time-lapse imaging and single cell tracking can contribute to approaching long-standing questions in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rieger
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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The zebrafish lysozyme C promoter drives myeloid-specific expression in transgenic fish. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:42. [PMID: 17477879 PMCID: PMC1877083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background How different immune cell compartments contribute to a successful immune response is central to fully understanding the mechanisms behind normal processes such as tissue repair and the pathology of inflammatory diseases. However, the ability to observe and characterize such interactions, in real-time, within a living vertebrate has proved elusive. Recently, the zebrafish has been exploited to model aspects of human disease and to study specific immune cell compartments using fluorescent reporter transgenic lines. A number of blood-specific lines have provided a means to exploit the exquisite optical clarity that this vertebrate system offers and provide a level of insight into dynamic inflammatory processes previously unavailable. Results We used regulatory regions of the zebrafish lysozyme C (lysC) gene to drive enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and DsRED2 expression in a manner that completely recapitulated the endogenous expression profile of lysC. Labeled cells were shown by co-expression studies and FACS analysis to represent a subset of macrophages and likely also granulocytes. Functional assays within transgenic larvae proved that these marked cells possess hallmark traits of myelomonocytic cells, including the ability to migrate to inflammatory sources and phagocytose bacteria. Conclusion These reporter lines will have utility in dissecting the genetic determinants of commitment to the myeloid lineage and in further defining how lysozyme-expressing cells participate during inflammation.
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Zhang J, Varas F, Stadtfeld M, Heck S, Faust N, Graf T. CD41-YFP mice allow in vivo labeling of megakaryocytic cells and reveal a subset of platelets hyperreactive to thrombin stimulation. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:490-499. [PMID: 17309829 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of a mouse line permitting live imaging of cells expressing CD41/GpIIb as a means to study megakaryopoiesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gene encoding yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp) was inserted by homologous recombination into embryonic stem cells at the start site of the gpIIb locus. A knockin mouse line, designated CD41-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), was developed and was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Activity of YFP(+) platelets was determined by induction of P-selectin expression in response to thrombin stimulation. RESULTS CD41-YFP mice contained YFP-labeled megakaryocytes and platelets, the proportions of which varied, depending on the genotype and individual animal, while lymphoid, myelomonocytic, and erythroid lineages were negative. In addition, a fraction of hematopoietic stem cells and intermediate progenitors expressed YFP at low levels. Crossing CD41-YFP mice with lysozyme green fluorescent protein and globin cyan fluorescent protein mice, followed by in vivo imaging of fetal liver, revealed megakaryocytic cells as a subset distinct from myeloid and erythroid cells. This experiment is also the first to show the distribution of three hematopoietic lineages in a minimally perturbed organ. Surprisingly, analysis of CD41-YFP platelets showed that the YFP(+) subset is more responsive to thrombin stimulation than the YFP(-) subset. Experiments aimed at determining the stability of the YFP(+) platelets showed that after lethal irradiation of CD41-YFP mice, the proportion of labeled platelets in the blood declines more rapidly than the bulk of the platelets. CONCLUSION The newly developed mouse line should become useful not only for in vivo imaging experiments of megakaryocytes and platelets, but also for studies on platelet aging and function. Our irradiation experiments suggest that the YFP(+) platelets are enriched for newly made cells because YFP has a shorter half-life than platelets. Therefore, the finding that YFP(+) platelets are more responsive to thrombin stimulation raises the possibility that platelet activity decreases rapidly during physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
Despite intensive research, many longstanding questions of experimental hematology remain unsolved. One major reason is the fact that hematopoiesis is usually followed by analyzing populations of cells rather than individual cells, at few points in time during an experiment and without knowing (or quickly loosing) the cells' individual identities. The static picture yielded by this approach makes it impossible to appreciate the dynamic developmental processes leading to the generation of the full hematopoietic system from individual hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Real-time tracking of individual cells in culture, tissues, or whole organisms would be an extremely powerful approach to fully understand the developmental complexity of hematopoiesis. To this end, a computer-aided culture and bioimaging system is being developed to follow the fate of individual cells over long periods of time. This system is used to follow the development of multilineage cobblestone colonies from adult HSCs in stroma cocultures at the single cell level over many generations. To facilitate noninvasive detection of lineage commitment in these cultures, new subcellular forms of optimized fluorescent proteins have been developed to allow simultaneous marking of multiple hematopoietic lineages within the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Schroeder
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Dominici M, Tadjali M, Kepes S, Allay ER, Boyd K, Ney PA, Horwitz E, Persons DA. Transgenic mice with pancellular enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in primitive hematopoietic cells and all blood cell progeny. Genesis 2005; 42:17-22. [PMID: 15828004 DOI: 10.1002/gene.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice homogeneously expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) in primitive hematopoietic cells and all blood cell progeny, including erythrocytes and platelets, have not been reported. Given previous data indicating H2Kb promoter activity in murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow (BM), and lymphocytes, an H2Kb enhancer/promoter EGFP construct was used to generate transgenic mice. These mice demonstrated pancellular EGFP expression in both primitive BM Sca-1+Lin-Kit+ cells and side population (SP) cells. Additionally, all peripheral blood leukocytes subsets, erythrocytes, and platelets uniformly expressed EGFP strongly. Competitive BM transplantation assays established that transgenic H2Kb-EGFP HSCs had activity equivalent to wildtype HSCs in their ability to reconstitute hematopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry revealed EGFP transgene expression in all tissues examined. This transgenic strain should be a useful reagent for both murine hematopoiesis studies and functional studies of specific cell types from particular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Dominici
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Suzuki N, Imagawa S, Noguchi CT, Yamamoto M. Do β-globin, GATA-1,or EpoR regulatory domains specifically mark erythroid progenitors in transgenic reporter mice? Blood 2004; 104:2988; author reply 2988-9. [PMID: 15498861 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Okita C, Sato M, Schroeder T. Generation of optimized yellow and red fluorescent proteins with distinct subcellular localization. Biotechniques 2004; 36:418-22, 424. [PMID: 15038157 DOI: 10.2144/04363st01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionized many aspects of cell biology and have become indispensable research tools. Today's increasingly complex experiments aiming to understand biological systems strongly depend on the availability of combinations of multiple FPs, which allow their distinguishable simultaneous detection in the same cell or tissue. Recently, the VENUS and DsRed. T4 FPs were described as the latest generation of yellow and red FPs. To increase the combinatorial possibilities when using these optimized FPs, we have generated and successfully tested seven new forms of VENUS and DsRed. T4 proteins with distinct subcellular localization. To facilitate their use as markers in biological experiments, bicistronic expression constructs, which have been optimized for robust expression in almost all mammalian developmental stages and cell types, were produced for the new FPs. In addition, several plasmids were created, which contain all necessary elements for inserting the reading frames of these FPs into specific gene loci in knock-in experiments without disrupting the reading frame of the endogenous gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiga Okita
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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