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Nair PC, Piehler J, Tvorogov D, Ross DM, Lopez AF, Gotlib J, Thomas D. Next-Generation JAK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Lessons from Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approaches. Blood Cancer Discov 2023; 4:352-364. [PMID: 37498362 PMCID: PMC10472187 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-22-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) 2 have been in demand since the discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation present in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN); however, the structural basis of V617F oncogenicity has only recently been elucidated. New structural studies reveal a role for other JAK2 domains, beyond the kinase domain, that contribute to pathogenic signaling. Here we evaluate the structure-based approaches that led to recently-approved type I JAK2 inhibitors (fedratinib and pacritinib), as well as type II (BBT594 and CHZ868) and pseudokinase inhibitors under development (JNJ7706621). With full-length JAK homodimeric structures now available, superior selective and mutation-specific JAK2 inhibitors are foreseeable. SIGNIFICANCE The JAK inhibitors currently used for the treatment of MPNs are effective for symptom management but not for disease eradication, primarily because they are not strongly selective for the mutant clone. The rise of computational and structure-based drug discovery approaches together with the knowledge of full-length JAK dimer complexes provides a unique opportunity to develop better targeted therapies for a range of conditions driven by pathologic JAK2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Nair
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David M. Ross
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F. Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jason Gotlib
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Greenfield G, McMullin MF, Mills K. Molecular pathogenesis of the myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:103. [PMID: 34193229 PMCID: PMC8246678 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) compromise a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid stem cell disorders comprising polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis. Despite distinct clinical entities, these disorders are linked by morphological similarities and propensity to thrombotic complications and leukaemic transformation. Current therapeutic options are limited in disease-modifying activity with a focus on the prevention of thrombus formation. Constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway is a hallmark of pathogenesis across the disease spectrum with driving mutations in JAK2, CALR and MPL identified in the majority of patients. Co-occurring somatic mutations in genes associated with epigenetic regulation, transcriptional control and splicing of RNA are variably but recurrently identified across the MPN disease spectrum, whilst epigenetic contributors to disease are increasingly recognised. The prognostic implications of one MPN diagnosis may significantly limit life expectancy, whilst another may have limited impact depending on the disease phenotype, genotype and other external factors. The genetic and clinical similarities and differences in these disorders have provided a unique opportunity to understand the relative contributions to MPN, myeloid and cancer biology generally from specific genetic and epigenetic changes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular pathophysiology of MPN exploring the role of driver mutations, co-occurring mutations, dysregulation of intrinsic cell signalling, epigenetic regulation and genetic predisposing factors highlighting important areas for future consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Greenfield
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | | | - Ken Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Bhoopalan SV, Huang LJS, Weiss MJ. Erythropoietin regulation of red blood cell production: from bench to bedside and back. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1153. [PMID: 32983414 PMCID: PMC7503180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26648.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years of efforts to identify the major cytokine responsible for red blood cell (RBC) production (erythropoiesis) led to the identification of erythropoietin (EPO) in 1977 and its receptor (EPOR) in 1989, followed by three decades of rich scientific discovery. We now know that an elaborate oxygen-sensing mechanism regulates the production of EPO, which in turn promotes the maturation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Engagement of the EPOR by EPO activates three interconnected signaling pathways that drive RBC production via diverse downstream effectors and simultaneously trigger negative feedback loops to suppress signaling activity. Together, the finely tuned mechanisms that drive endogenous EPO production and facilitate its downstream activities have evolved to maintain RBC levels in a narrow physiological range and to respond rapidly to erythropoietic stresses such as hypoxia or blood loss. Examination of these pathways has elucidated the genetics of numerous inherited and acquired disorders associated with deficient or excessive RBC production and generated valuable drugs to treat anemia, including recombinant human EPO and more recently the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which act partly by stimulating endogenous EPO synthesis. Ongoing structure-function studies of the EPOR and its essential partner, tyrosine kinase JAK2, suggest that it may be possible to generate new "designer" drugs that control selected subsets of cytokine receptor activities for therapeutic manipulation of hematopoiesis and treatment of blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Velan Bhoopalan
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lily Jun-shen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Held MA, Greenfest-Allen E, Su S, Stoeckert CJ, Stokes MP, Wojchowski DM. Phospho-PTM proteomic discovery of novel EPO- modulated kinases and phosphatases, including PTPN18 as a positive regulator of EPOR/JAK2 Signaling. Cell Signal 2020; 69:109554. [PMID: 32027948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of erythroid progenitor cells depends sharply upon erythropoietin (EPO), its cell surface receptor (erythropoietin receptor, EPOR), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Clinically, recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) additionally is an important anti-anemia agent for chronic kidney disease (CKD), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chemotherapy, but induces hypertension, and can exert certain pro-tumorigenic effects. Cellular signals transduced by EPOR/JAK2 complexes, and the nature of EPO-modulated signal transduction factors, therefore are of significant interest. By employing phospho-tyrosine post-translational modification (p-Y PTM) proteomics and human EPO- dependent UT7epo cells, we have identified 22 novel kinases and phosphatases as novel EPO targets, together with their specific sites of p-Y modification. New kinases modified due to EPO include membrane palmitoylated protein 1 (MPP1) and guanylate kinase 1 (GUK1) guanylate kinases, together with the cytoskeleton remodeling kinases, pseudopodium enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1) and AP2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1). Novel EPO- modified phosphatases include protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type A (PTPRA), phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 (PHPT1), tensin 2 (TENC1), ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B (UBASH3B) and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 18 (PTPN18). Based on PTPN18's high expression in hematopoietic progenitors, its novel connection to JAK kinase signaling, and a unique EPO- regulated PTPN18-pY389 motif which is modulated by JAK2 inhibitors, PTPN18's actions in UT7epo cells were investigated. Upon ectopic expression, wt-PTPN18 promoted EPO dose-dependent cell proliferation, and survival. Mechanistically, PTPN18 sustained the EPO- induced activation of not only mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 3 (ERK1/2), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1-3 (AKT), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A and 5B (STAT5), but also JAK2. Each effect further proved to depend upon PTPN18's EPO- modulated (p)Y389 site. In analyses of the EPOR and the associated adaptor protein RHEX (regulator of hemoglobinization and erythroid cell expansion), wt-PTPN18 increased high molecular weight EPOR forms, while sharply inhibiting the EPO-induced phosphorylation of RHEX-pY141. Each effect likewise depended upon PTPN18-Y389. PTPN18 thus promotes signals for EPO-dependent hematopoietic cell growth, and may represent a new druggable target for myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Held
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States of America
| | - Emily Greenfest-Allen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Su Su
- Molecular Medicine Department, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, United States of America
| | - Christian J Stoeckert
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States of America
| | - Matthew P Stokes
- Proteomics Division, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, 01923., United States of America
| | - Don M Wojchowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States of America.
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JAKs to STATs: A tantalizing therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Rev 2019; 40:100634. [PMID: 31677846 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Janus Associated Kinase-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in hematopoietic growth factor signaling. Hyperactive JAK-STAT signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The significant headway in understanding the biology of AML has led to an explosion of novel therapeutics with mechanistic rationale for the treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML. Most importantly, selective targeting of the JAK-STAT pathway has proven to be an effective therapeutic strategy in myeloproliferative neoplasms and is also being evaluated in related myeloid malignancies, including AML. This comprehensive review will focus on the apparent and evolving potential of JAK-STAT pathway inhibition in AML with emphasis on JAK inhibitors, highlighting both success and failure with this experimental approach in the clinic, and identifying rationally based combinatorial approaches.
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Funakoshi-Tago M, Tsuruya R, Ueda F, Ishihara A, Kasahara T, Tamura H, Tago K. Tyrosine-phosphorylated SOCS3 negatively regulates cellular transformation mediated by the myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated JAK2 V617F mutant. Cytokine 2019; 123:154753. [PMID: 31255914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) patients, a point mutation, V617F has been found in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene, and this JAK2 mutant provoked aberrant signaling pathway. In the current study, we found that suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins 3 (SOCS3) possessed the tumor suppressive activity against the JAK2 V617F mutant-provoked cellular transformation. The knockdown of SOCS3 increased the expression level of the JAK2 V617F mutant, which enhanced the activation of signaling mediators, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and 5 (STAT3, STAT5) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and also increased of the proliferation rate and tumorigenesis activity of Ba/F3 cells expressing the JAK2 V617F mutant and erythropoietin receptor (EpoR). In contrast, the enforced expression of SOCS3 significantly inhibited the JAK2 V617F mutant-induced activation of downstream signaling molecules, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis by down-regulating the expression level of the JAK2 V617F mutant. SOCS3 interacted with the JAK2V617F mutant through its SH2 domain and was phosphorylated at Tyr-204 and Tyr-221 in its SOCS box by the JAK2V617F mutant. SOCS3 mutants carrying a mutation in the SH2 domain (R71E) and a substitution at Tyr-221 (Y221F) failed to exert inhibitory effects on JAK2V617F mutant-induced cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Collectively, these results imply that SOCS3 plays a negative role in the JAK2 V617F mutant-induced oncogenic signaling pathway through its SH2 domain and the phosphorylation of Tyr-221 in its SOCS box.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Funakoshi-Tago
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Rina Tsuruya
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ueda
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Aki Ishihara
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- International University of Health and Welfare, Graduate School, 1-3-3 Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tamura
- Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenji Tago
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan.
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BCR: a promiscuous fusion partner in hematopoietic disorders. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2738-2754. [PMID: 31105873 PMCID: PMC6505627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of hematopoietic cancers. The discovery of the BCR-ABL fusion protein over 50 years ago has brought about a new era of therapeutic progress and overall improvement in patient care, mainly due to the development and use of personalized medicine and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, since the detection of BCR-ABL, BCR has been identified as a commonly occurring fusion partner in hematopoietic disorders. BCR has been discovered fused to additional tyrosine kinases, including: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1), Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha (PDGFRA), Ret Proto-Oncogene (RET), and Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). While BCR translocations are infrequent in hematopoietic malignancies, clinical evidence suggests that patients who harbor these mutations benefit from TKIs and additional personalized therapies. The improvement of further methodologies for characterization of these fusions is crucial to determine a patient’s treatment regimen, and optimal outcome. However, potential relapse and drug resistance among patients’ highlights the need for additional treatment options and further understanding of these oncogenic fusion proteins. This review explores the mechanisms behind cancer progression of these BCR oncogenic fusion proteins, comparing their similarities and differences, examining the significance of BCR as a partner gene, and discussing current treatment options for these translocation-induced hematopoietic malignancies.
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Hu M, Xu C, Yang C, Zuo H, Chen C, Zhang D, Shi G, Wang W, Shi J, Zhang T. Discovery and evaluation of ZT55, a novel highly-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of JAK2 V617F against myeloproliferative neoplasms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:49. [PMID: 30717771 PMCID: PMC6360668 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JAK2-STAT signaling pathway plays a critical role in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). An activating mutation in JAK2 (V617F) is present in ~ 95% of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis cases. This study aims to explore the selective JAK2V617F inhibitor, evaluate the efficacy and possible mechanism of ZT55 on MPN. METHODS HTRF assays were conducted to evaluate the selective inhibition of ZT55 for JAKs. Cell apoptosis, proliferation, and cycle arrest assays were performed to examine the effect of ZT55 on HEL cell line with JAK2V617F mutation in vitro. Western analysis was used to monitor the expression and activity of proteins on JAK2/STAT pathway. A mice xenograft model was established to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of ZT55 in vivo. Peripheral blood samples from patients with the JAK2V617F mutation were collected to estimate the effect of ZT55 on erythroid colony formation by colony-forming assay. RESULTS We found that ZT55 showed a selective inhibition of a 0.031 μM IC50 value against JAK2. It exhibited potent effects on the cellular JAK-STAT pathway, inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation in JAK2V617F and downstream STAT3/5 transcription factors. ZT55 inhibited the proliferation of the JAK2V617F-expressing HEL cell line, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Notably, ZT55 also significantly suppressed the growth of HEL xenograft tumors in vivo. Further evaluation indicated that ZT55 blocked erythroid colony formation of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitors from patients carrying the JAK2V617F mutation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ZT55 is a highly-selective JAK2 inhibitor that can induce apoptosis of human erythroleukemia cells by inhibiting the JAK2-STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chengbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Hongli Zuo
- Department of Hematology, 307 Hospital of the PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chengjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Gaona Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiangong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tiantai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Vargas-Hernández A, Forbes LR. JAK/STAT proteins and their biological impact on NK cell development and function. Mol Immunol 2019; 115:21-30. [PMID: 30704805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are important early effectors in the innate immune response to a variety of viral infections and for elimination of tumor cells. The JAK/STAT signaling cascade is critical for NK cell development, maturation, survival, and proliferation, therefore, it is important to understand the role of this pathway in NK cell biology. Many cytokines can activate multiple JAK/STAT protein family members, creating a severe phenotype when mutations impair their function or expression. Here we discuss the impact of defective JAK/STAT signaling pathways on NK cell development, activation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Feng R, Wang X, Li J, Chen K, Guo G, Liao Y, Sun L, Huang S, Chen JL. Interaction of Abl Tyrosine Kinases with SOCS3 Impairs Its Suppressor Function in Tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1095-1105. [PMID: 30236924 PMCID: PMC6143717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is involved in Bcr-Abl–induced tumorigenesis. However, how SOCS3 interacts with Bcr-Abl and is regulated by Abl kinases remains largely unknown. Since c-Abl plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, we asked whether SOCS3 is regulated by c-Abl–dependent phosphorylation. Here, we found that SOCS3 interacted with all three Abl kinases (Bcr-Abl, v-Abl, and c-Abl), and SH1 domain of the Abl kinases was critically required for such interaction. Furthermore, the SH2 domain of SOCS3 was sufficient to pull down the SH1 domain but not the full length of Bcr-Abl. Importantly, SOCS3 was highly tyrosine phosphorylated by c-Abl, leading to impairment of its ability to suppress JAK8+72 activity. In addition, disrupting the tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 promoted apoptosis of c-Abl–expressing cells and impeded xenograft growth of these tumor cells in nude mice. The results demonstrate that SOCS3 is highly tyrosine phosphorylated by c-Abl and that tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 is required for the survival and tumorigenesis of certain cells. Our findings provide novel insights into complicated mechanisms underlying the oncogenic function of Abl kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyue Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guijie Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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11
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Pagano F, Comoglio F, Grinfeld J, Li J, Godfrey A, Baxter J, Silber Y, Green AR. MicroRNA-101 expression is associated with JAK2V617F activity and regulates JAK2/STAT5 signaling. Leukemia 2018; 32:1826-1830. [PMID: 29483713 PMCID: PMC5989937 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Janus Kinase 2/genetics
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Mutation
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pagano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Federico Comoglio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jacob Grinfeld
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juan Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anna Godfrey
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joanna Baxter
- Cambridge Blood and Stem Cell Biobank, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, National Health Service Blood and Transplant Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yvonne Silber
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anthony R Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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12
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Molecular Markers and Prognosis of Myelofibrosis in the Genomic Era: A Meta-analysis. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:558-568. [PMID: 29970342 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular markers are important in guiding treatment and predicting outcome in the genomic era. Meta-analysis of molecular markers in myelofibrosis through a search of PubMed and Medline through October 31, 2017 was performed. Markers with more than 3 studies that compared overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) were analyzed. A total of 16 studies were included. Hazard ratios (HRs) for OS were as follows: IDH 2.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66-4.21), SRSF2 2.12 (95% CI, 1.18-3.79), high-risk myeloma 2.11 (95% CI, 1.70-2.61), ASXL1 1.92 (95% CI, 1.60-2.32), EZH2 1.88 (95% CI, 1.32-2.67), JAK2 1.41 (95% CI, 1.04-1.93) in the univariate analysis and 1.49 (95% CI, 0.42-5.30) in the multivariate analysis. LFS of JAK2 and SRSF2 had HRs of 1.81 (95% CI, 0.42-5.30) and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.02-6.48), respectively. In conclusion, mutations in IDH, SRSF2, and ASXL1 had worse prognosis in OS with HRs around 2. JAK2 and SRSF2 mutation were not associated with increased leukemia transformation. The adverse effect of triple-negative, which was often compared with CALR mutation, needs to be explored.
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13
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Naudin C, Chevalier C, Roche S. The role of small adaptor proteins in the control of oncogenic signalingr driven by tyrosine kinases in human cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11033-55. [PMID: 26788993 PMCID: PMC4905456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation on tyrosine (Tyr) residues has evolved as an important mechanism to coordinate cell communication in multicellular organisms. The importance of this process has been revealed by the discovery of the prominent oncogenic properties of tyrosine kinases (TK) upon deregulation of their physiological activities, often due to protein overexpression and/or somatic mutation. Recent reports suggest that TK oncogenic signaling is also under the control of small adaptor proteins. These cytosolic proteins lack intrinsic catalytic activity and signal by linking two functional members of a catalytic pathway. While most adaptors display positive regulatory functions, a small group of this family exerts negative regulatory functions by targeting several components of the TK signaling cascade. Here, we review how these less studied adaptor proteins negatively control TK activities and how their loss of function induces abnormal TK signaling, promoting tumor formation. We also discuss the therapeutic consequences of this novel regulatory mechanism in human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Naudin
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Clément Chevalier
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Present address: SFR Biosit (UMS CNRS 3480/US INSERM 018), MRic Photonics Platform, University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Serge Roche
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier, CRBM, Montpellier, France.,Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2014, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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14
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Funakoshi-Tago M, Moriwaki T, Ueda F, Tamura H, Kasahara T, Tago K. Phosphorylated CIS suppresses the Epo or JAK2 V617F mutant-triggered cell proliferation through binding to EpoR. Cell Signal 2017; 31:41-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Grinfeld J, Nangalia J, Green AR. Molecular determinants of pathogenesis and clinical phenotype in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Haematologica 2017; 102:7-17. [PMID: 27909216 PMCID: PMC5210228 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders characterized by the overproduction of mature cells in the peripheral blood, together with an increased risk of thrombosis and progression to acute myeloid leukemia. The majority of patients with Philadelphia-chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms harbor somatic mutations in Janus kinase 2, leading to constitutive activation. Acquired mutations in calreticulin or myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene are found in a significant number of patients with essential thrombocythemia or myelofibrosis, and mutations in numerous epigenetic regulators and spliceosome components are also seen. Although the cellular and molecular consequences of many of these mutations remain unclear, it seems likely that they interact with germline and microenvironmental factors to influence disease pathogenesis. This review will focus on the determinants of specific myeloproliferative neoplasm phenotypes as well as on how an improved understanding of molecular mechanisms can inform our understanding of the disease entities themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Grinfeld
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Activation of the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway and its relation to JAK2 V617F mutation status in patients with essential thrombocythemia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016; 27:817-821. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Nguyen HM, Gotlib J. Insights into the molecular genetics of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:411-8. [PMID: 24451773 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2012.32.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular biology of the BCR-ABL1-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has witnessed unprecedented advances since the discovery of the acquired JAK2 V617F mutation in 2005. Despite the high prevalence of JAK2 V617F in polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and the common finding of dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling in these disorders, it is now appreciated that MPN pathogenesis can reflect the acquisition of multiple genetic mutations that alter several biologic pathways, including epigenetic control of gene expression. Although certain gene mutations are identified at higher frequencies with disease evolution to the blast phase, MPN initiation and progression are not explained by a single, temporal pattern of clonal changes. A complex interplay between acquired molecular abnormalities and host genetic background, in addition to the type and allelic burden of mutations, contributes to the phenotypic heterogeneity of MPNs. At the population level, an inherited predisposition to developing MPNs is linked to a relatively common JAK2-associated haplotype (referred to as '46/1'), but it exhibits a relatively low penetrance. This review details the current state of knowledge of the molecular genetics of the classic MPNs PV, ET, and PMF and discusses the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Marie Nguyen
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Jason Gotlib
- From the Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
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18
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Analysis of Jak2 signaling reveals resistance of mouse embryonic hematopoietic stem cells to myeloproliferative disease mutation. Blood 2016; 127:2298-309. [PMID: 26864339 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-664631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence during development provides important information about the basic mechanisms of blood stem cell generation, expansion, and migration. We set out to investigate the role that cytokine signaling pathways play in these early processes and show here that the 2 cytokines interleukin 3 and thrombopoietin have the ability to expand hematopoietic stem and progenitor numbers by regulating their survival and proliferation. For this, they differentially use the Janus kinase (Jak2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k) signaling pathways, with Jak2 mainly relaying the proproliferation signaling, whereas Pi3k mediates the survival signal. Furthermore, using Jak2-deficient embryos, we demonstrate that Jak2 is crucially required for the function of the first HSCs, whereas progenitors are less dependent on Jak2. The JAK2V617F mutation, which renders JAK2 constitutively active and has been linked to myeloproliferative neoplasms, was recently shown to compromise adult HSC function, negatively affecting their repopulation and self-renewal ability, partly through the accumulation of JAK2V617F-induced DNA damage. We report here that nascent HSCs are resistant to the JAK2V617F mutation and show no decrease in repopulation or self-renewal and no increase in DNA damage, even in the presence of 2 mutant copies. More importantly, this unique property of embryonic HSCs is stably maintained through ≥1 round of successive transplantations. In summary, our dissection of cytokine signaling in embryonic HSCs has uncovered unique properties of these cells that are of clinical importance.
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19
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Potential Role of JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in the Neurogenic-to-Gliogenic Shift in Down Syndrome Brain. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7434191. [PMID: 26881131 PMCID: PMC4737457 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7434191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy of human chromosome 21 in Down syndrome (DS) leads to several phenotypes, such as mild-to-severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, and craniofacial dysmorphisms. These are fundamental hallmarks of the disorder that affect the quality of life of most individuals with DS. Proper brain development involves meticulous regulation of various signaling pathways, and dysregulation may result in abnormal neurodevelopment. DS brain is characterized by an increased number of astrocytes with reduced number of neurons. In mouse models for DS, the pool of neural progenitor cells commits to glia rather than neuronal cell fate in the DS brain. However, the mechanism(s) and consequences of this slight neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in DS brain are still poorly understood. To date, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling has been proposed to be crucial in various developmental pathways, especially in promoting astrogliogenesis. Since both human and mouse models of DS brain exhibit less neurons and a higher percentage of cells with astrocytic phenotypes, understanding the role of JAK-STAT signaling in DS brain development will provide novel insight into its role in the pathogenesis of DS brain and may serve as a potential target for the development of effective therapy to improve DS cognition.
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20
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Roncero AM, López-Nieva P, Cobos-Fernández MA, Villa-Morales M, González-Sánchez L, López-Lorenzo JL, Llamas P, Ayuso C, Rodríguez-Pinilla SM, Arriba MC, Piris MA, Fernández-Navarro P, Fernández AF, Fraga MF, Santos J, Fernández-Piqueras J. Contribution of JAK2 mutations to T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma development. Leukemia 2015. [PMID: 26216197 PMCID: PMC4705429 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The JAK-STAT pathway has a substantial role in lymphoid precursor cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Nonetheless, the contribution of JAK2 to T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) development remains poorly understood. We have identified one activating TEL-JAK2 translocation and four missense mutations accumulated in 2 out of 16 T-LBL samples. Two of them are novel JAK2 mutations and the other two are reported for the first time in T-LBL. Notably, R683G and I682T might have arisen owing to RNA editing. Mutated samples showed different mutated transcripts suggesting sub-clonal heterogeneity. Functional approaches revealed that two JAK2 mutations (H574R and R683G) constitutively activate JAK-STAT signaling in γ2A cells and can drive the proliferation of BaF3-EpoR cytokine-dependent cell line. In addition, aberrant hypermethylation of SOCS3 might contribute to enhance the activation of JAK-STAT signaling. Of utmost interest is that primary T-LBL samples harboring JAK2 mutations exhibited increased expression of LMO2, suggesting a mechanistic link between JAK2 mutations and the expression of LMO2, which was confirmed for the four missense mutations in transfected γ2A cells. We therefore propose that active JAK2 contribute to T-LBL development by two different mechanisms, and that the use of pan-JAK inhibitors in combination with epigenetic drugs should be considered in future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Roncero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - P López-Nieva
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Cobos-Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Villa-Morales
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - L González-Sánchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - P Llamas
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ayuso
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - M C Arriba
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Piris
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Fundación IFIMAV, Santander, Spain
| | - P Fernández-Navarro
- Unidad de Epidemiología Ambiental y Cáncer, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IIS Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - A F Fernández
- Unidad de Epigenética del Cáncer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-CSIC), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M F Fraga
- Unidad de Epigenética del Cáncer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-CSIC), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.,Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Santos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - J Fernández-Piqueras
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
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21
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Myeloproliferative neoplasms and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: an overview. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2015; 37:348-53. [PMID: 26408371 PMCID: PMC4685044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are caused by a clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic progenitor. First described in 1951 as ‘Myeloproliferative Diseases’ and reevaluated by the World Health Organization classification system in 2011, myeloproliferative neoplasms include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis in a subgroup called breakpoint cluster region-Abelson fusion oncogene-negative neoplasms. According to World Health Organization regarding diagnosis criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms, the presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation is considered the most important criterion in the diagnosis of breakpoint cluster region-Abelson fusion oncogene-negative neoplasms and is thus used as a clonal marker. The V617F mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene produces an altered protein that constitutively activates the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway and other pathways downstream as a result of signal transducers and activators of transcription which are subsequently phosphorylated. This affects the expression of genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis and regulatory proteins and modifies the proliferation rate of hematopoietic stem cells.
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22
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Deletion of Stat3 enhances myeloid cell expansion and increases the severity of myeloproliferative neoplasms in Jak2V617F knock-in mice. Leukemia 2015; 29:2050-61. [PMID: 26044284 PMCID: PMC4598256 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The JAK2V617F mutation commonly found in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) induces constitutive phosphorylation/activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). However, the contribution of Stat3 in MPN evoked by JAK2V617F remains unknown. To determine the role of Stat3 in JAK2V617F-induced MPN, we generated Stat3-deficient Jak2V617F-expressing mice. Whereas expression of Jak2V617F resulted in a PV-like disease characterized by increased red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit, neutrophils and platelets in the peripheral blood of Jak2V617F knock-in mice, deletion of Stat3 slightly reduced RBC, and hematocrit parameters and modestly increased platelet numbers in Jak2V617F knock-in mice. Moreover, deletion of Stat3 significantly increased the neutrophil counts/percentages and markedly reduced the survival of mice expressing Jak2V617F. These phenotypic manifestations were reproduced upon bone marrow transplantation into wild-type animals. Flow cytometric analysis showed increased hematopoietic stem cell and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor populations in the bone marrow and spleens of Stat3-deficient Jak2V617F mice. Stat3 deficiency also caused a marked expansion of Gr-1+/Mac-1+ myeloid cells in Jak2V617F knock-in mice. Histopathologic analysis revealed marked increase in granulocytes in the bone marrow, spleens and livers of Stat3-deficient Jak2V617F-expressing mice. Together, these results suggest that deletion of Stat3 increases the severity of MPN induced by Jak2V617F.
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23
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Yang JJ, Chen H, Zheng XQ, Li HY, Wu JB, Tang LY, Gao SM. Methylated Alteration of SHP1 Complements Mutation of JAK2 Tyrosine Kinase in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2219-25. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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Arumuggam N, Bhowmick NA, Rupasinghe HPV. A Review: Phytochemicals Targeting JAK/STAT Signaling and IDO Expression in Cancer. Phytother Res 2015; 29:805-17. [PMID: 25787773 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major health problem worldwide. Among many other factors, two regulatory defects that are present in most cancer cells are constitutive activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway and the induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan degradation, through JAK/STAT signaling. Cytokine signaling activates STAT proteins in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival through modulation of target genes. Many phytochemicals can inhibit both JAK/STAT signaling and IDO expression in antigen-presenting cells by targeting different pathways. Some of the promising phytochemicals that are discussed in this review include resveratrol, cucurbitacin, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and others. It is now evident that phytochemicals play key roles in inhibition of tumor proliferation and development and provide novel means for therapeutic targeting of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroshaathevi Arumuggam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
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25
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Mascarenhas JO, Cross NCP, Mesa RA. The future of JAK inhibition in myelofibrosis and beyond. Blood Rev 2014; 28:189-96. [PMID: 25043171 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of aberrant JAK-STAT signaling in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms has served as the basis for the development of a new class of targeted agents. Ruxolitinib, the first-in-class oral small molecule JAK1/2 inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical efficacy and shown a potential overall survival benefit in two randomized phase III clinical trials. However, this agent has not been associated with improvements in cytopenias, molecular remissions, or resolution of bone marrow fibrosis. Therefore, further translational research is needed to improve the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms driving this myeloid malignancy to ultimately address remaining unmet clinical needs. A number of novel JAK inhibitors are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials and the full clinical potential of these newer agents remains incompletely understood. The use of JAK inhibition in combination therapy approaches, as well as mono- and combination therapies in the treatment of advanced forms of polycythemia vera are also under active investigation. This review will update the reader on the current understanding of oncogenic JAK-STAT pathway activity in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms and the current success and limitations of anti-JAK therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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26
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Williams JJL, Munro KMA, Palmer TM. Role of Ubiquitylation in Controlling Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 3 (SOCS3) Function and Expression. Cells 2014; 3:546-62. [PMID: 24886706 PMCID: PMC4092859 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The realisation that unregulated activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is a key driver of a wide range of diseases has identified its components as targets for therapeutic intervention by small molecule inhibitors and biologicals. In this review, we discuss JAK-STAT signalling pathway inhibition by the inducible inhibitor "suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), its role in diseases such as myeloproliferative disorders, and its function as part of a multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In addition, we highlight potential applications of these insights into SOCS3-based therapeutic strategies for management of conditions such as vascular re-stenosis associated with acute vascular injury, where there is strong evidence that multiple processes involved in disease progression could be attenuated by localized potentiation of SOCS3 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J L Williams
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Kirsten M A Munro
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Timothy M Palmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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27
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Varghese LN, Ungureanu D, Liau NPD, Young SN, Laktyushin A, Hammaren H, Lucet IS, Nicola NA, Silvennoinen O, Babon JJ, Murphy JM. Mechanistic insights into activation and SOCS3-mediated inhibition of myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated JAK2 mutants from biochemical and structural analyses. Biochem J 2014; 458:395-405. [PMID: 24354892 PMCID: PMC4085142 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) initiates the intracellular signalling cascade downstream of cell surface receptor activation by cognate haemopoietic cytokines, including erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. The pseudokinase domain (JH2) of JAK2 negatively regulates the catalytic activity of the adjacent tyrosine kinase domain (JH1) and mutations within the pseudokinase domain underlie human myeloproliferative neoplasms, including polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocytosis. To date, the mechanism of JH2-mediated inhibition of JH1 kinase activation as well as the susceptibility of pathological mutant JAK2 to inhibition by the physiological negative regulator SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) have remained unclear. In the present study, using recombinant purified JAK2JH1-JH2 proteins, we demonstrate that, when activated, wild-type and myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated mutants of JAK2 exhibit comparable enzymatic activity and inhibition by SOCS3 in in vitro kinase assays. SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) showed that JAK2JH1-JH2 exists in an elongated configuration in solution with no evidence for interaction between JH1 and JH2 domains in cis. Collectively, these data are consistent with a model in which JAK2's pseudokinase domain does not influence the activity of JAK2 once it has been activated. Our data indicate that, in the absence of the N-terminal FERM domain and thus cytokine receptor association, the wild-type and pathological mutants of JAK2 are enzymatically equivalent and equally susceptible to inhibition by SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila N. Varghese
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Daniela Ungureanu
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Nicholas P. D. Liau
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Samuel N. Young
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Artem Laktyushin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Henrik Hammaren
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Isabelle S. Lucet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicos A. Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jeffrey J. Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - James M. Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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A novel activating, germline JAK2 mutation, JAK2R564Q, causes familial essential thrombocytosis. Blood 2014; 123:1059-68. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-473777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
JAK2R564Q is the first germline JAK2 mutation found to contribute to a familial MPN that involves a residue other than V617. The kinase activity of JAK2R564Q and JAK2V617F are the same, but only V617F is able to escape regulation by SOCS3 and p27.
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29
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Abstract
The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation in the classic BCR-ABL1–negative myeloproliferative neoplasms in 2005 catalyzed a burst of research efforts that have culminated in substantial dividends for patients. Beyond JAK2 V617F, a more detailed picture of the pathobiologic basis for activated JAK-STAT signaling has emerged. In some patients with myelofibrosis (MF), next-generation sequencing technologies have revealed a complex clonal architecture affecting both genetic and epigenetic regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Although these bench-top findings have informed the clinical development of JAK inhibitors in MF, they have also provided scientific context for some of their limitations. The JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib is approved for treatment of MF in North America and Europe and other lead JAK inhibitors discussed herein (fedratinib [SAR302503], momelotinib [CYT387], and pacritinib [SB1518]), have entered advanced phases of trial investigation. Uniformly, these agents share the ability to reduce spleen size and symptom burden. A major challenge for practitioners is how to optimize dosing of these agents to secure clinically relevant and durable benefits while minimizing myelosuppression. Suboptimal responses have spurred a “return to the bench” to characterize the basis for disease persistence and to inform new avenues of drug therapy.
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30
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Gäbler K, Behrmann I, Haan C. JAK2 mutants (e.g., JAK2V617F) and their importance as drug targets in myeloproliferative neoplasms. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25025. [PMID: 24069563 PMCID: PMC3772115 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutant V617F and other JAK mutants are found in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemias. Due to their involvement in neoplasia and inflammatory disorders, Janus kinases are promising targets for kinase inhibitor therapy. Several small-molecule compounds are evaluated in clinical trials for myelofibrosis, and ruxolitinib (INCB018424, Jakafi®) was the first Janus kinase inhibitor to receive clinical approval. In this review we provide an overview of JAK2V617F signaling and its inhibition by small-molecule kinase inhibitors. In addition, myeloproliferative neoplasms are discussed regarding the role of JAK2V617F and other mutant proteins of possible relevance. We further give an overview about treatment options with special emphasis on possible combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Gäbler
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
| | - Iris Behrmann
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
| | - Claude Haan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory; Life Sciences Research Unit; University of Luxembourg; Luxembourg
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31
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Ma L, Clayton JR, Walgren RA, Zhao B, Evans RJ, Smith MC, Heinz-Taheny KM, Kreklau EL, Bloem L, Pitou C, Shen W, Strelow JM, Halstead C, Rempala ME, Parthasarathy S, Gillig JR, Heinz LJ, Pei H, Wang Y, Stancato LF, Dowless MS, Iversen PW, Burkholder TP. Discovery and characterization of LY2784544, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of JAK2V617F. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e109. [PMID: 23584399 PMCID: PMC3641321 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the prevalence of the JAK2V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), its constitutive activity, and ability to recapitulate the MPN phenotype in mouse models, JAK2V617F kinase is an attractive therapeutic target. We report the discovery and initial characterization of the orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine, LY2784544, a potent, selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase. LY2784544 was discovered and characterized using a JAK2-inhibition screening assay in tandem with biochemical and cell-based assays. LY2784544 in vitro selectivity for JAK2 was found to be equal or superior to known JAK2 inhibitors. Further studies showed that LY2784544 effectively inhibited JAK2V617F-driven signaling and cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells (IC50=20 and 55 nM, respectively). In comparison, LY2784544 was much less potent at inhibiting interleukin-3-stimulated wild-type JAK2-mediated signaling and cell proliferation (IC50=1183 and 1309 nM, respectively). In vivo, LY2784544 effectively inhibited STAT5 phosphorylation in Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP (green fluorescent protein) ascitic tumor cells (TED50=12.7 mg/kg) and significantly reduced (P<0.05) Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP tumor burden in the JAK2V617F-induced MPN model (TED50=13.7 mg/kg, twice daily). In contrast, LY2784544 showed no effect on erythroid progenitors, reticulocytes or platelets. These data suggest that LY2784544 has potential for development as a targeted agent against JAK2V617F and may have properties that allow suppression of JAK2V617F-induced MPN pathogenesis while minimizing effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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32
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Ma L, Clayton JR, Walgren RA, Zhao B, Evans RJ, Smith MC, Heinz-Taheny KM, Kreklau EL, Bloem L, Pitou C, Shen W, Strelow JM, Halstead C, Rempala ME, Parthasarathy S, Gillig JR, Heinz LJ, Pei H, Wang Y, Stancato LF, Dowless MS, Iversen PW, Burkholder TP. Discovery and characterization of LY2784544, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of JAK2V617F. Blood Cancer J 2013. [PMID: 23584399 DOI: 10.1038/bcj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the prevalence of the JAK2V617F mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), its constitutive activity, and ability to recapitulate the MPN phenotype in mouse models, JAK2V617F kinase is an attractive therapeutic target. We report the discovery and initial characterization of the orally bioavailable imidazopyridazine, LY2784544, a potent, selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase. LY2784544 was discovered and characterized using a JAK2-inhibition screening assay in tandem with biochemical and cell-based assays. LY2784544 in vitro selectivity for JAK2 was found to be equal or superior to known JAK2 inhibitors. Further studies showed that LY2784544 effectively inhibited JAK2V617F-driven signaling and cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells (IC50=20 and 55 nM, respectively). In comparison, LY2784544 was much less potent at inhibiting interleukin-3-stimulated wild-type JAK2-mediated signaling and cell proliferation (IC50=1183 and 1309 nM, respectively). In vivo, LY2784544 effectively inhibited STAT5 phosphorylation in Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP (green fluorescent protein) ascitic tumor cells (TED50=12.7 mg/kg) and significantly reduced (P<0.05) Ba/F3-JAK2V617F-GFP tumor burden in the JAK2V617F-induced MPN model (TED50=13.7 mg/kg, twice daily). In contrast, LY2784544 showed no effect on erythroid progenitors, reticulocytes or platelets. These data suggest that LY2784544 has potential for development as a targeted agent against JAK2V617F and may have properties that allow suppression of JAK2V617F-induced MPN pathogenesis while minimizing effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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33
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Vannucchi AM, Pieri L, Guglielmelli P. JAK2 Allele Burden in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Effects on Phenotype, Prognosis and Change with Treatment. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 2:21-32. [PMID: 23556073 DOI: 10.1177/2040620710394474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of Philadelphia-chromosome-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has recently witnessed tremendous advances in the basic knowledge of disease pathophysiology that followed the identification of mutations in JAK2 and MPL. These discoveries led to a revision of the criteria employed for diagnosis by the World Health Organization. The prognostic role of the JAK2V617F mutation and of its allelic burden has been the objective of intensive research using a variety of cellular and animal models as well as in large series of patients. While a definitive position cannot yet been taken on all of the issues, there is a consensus that the presence of higher V617F allele burden, that is on the basis of a stronger activation of intracellular signalling pathways, is associated with the clinical phenotype of polycythemia vera and with defined haematological and clinical markers indicative of a more aggressive phenotype. On the other hand, a low allele burden in myelofibrosis is associated with reduced survival. Finally, a significant reduction of JAK2 V617F allele burden has been demonstrated in patients treated with interferon, while the effects of novel JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors have not yet been fully ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Care, Section of Hematology, University of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, Italy
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34
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35
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Chen CQ, Yu K, Yan QX, Xing CY, Chen Y, Yan Z, Shi YF, Zhao KW, Gao SM. Pure curcumin increases the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in myeloproliferative neoplasms through suppressing class Ι histone deacetylases. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1442-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Ehrentraut S, Nagel S, Scherr ME, Schneider B, Quentmeier H, Geffers R, Kaufmann M, Meyer C, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Ketterling RP, Knudson RA, Feldman AL, Kadin ME, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2 activates SOCS2 and SOCS3 via STAT5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53767. [PMID: 23372669 PMCID: PMC3553112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusions of the tyrosine kinase domain of JAK2 with multiple partners occur in leukemia/lymphoma where they reportedly promote JAK2-oligomerization and autonomous signalling, Affected entities are promising candidates for therapy with JAK2 signalling inhibitors. While JAK2-translocations occur in myeloid, B-cell and T-cell lymphoid neoplasms, our findings suggest their incidence among the last group is low. Here we describe the genomic, transcriptional and signalling characteristics of PCM1-JAK2 formed by t(8;9)(p22;p24) in a trio of cell lines established at indolent (MAC-1) and aggressive (MAC-2A/2B) phases of a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). To investigate signalling, PCM1-JAK2 was subjected to lentiviral knockdown which inhibited 7 top upregulated genes in t(8;9) cells, notably SOCS2/3. SOCS3, but not SOCS2, was also upregulated in a chronic eosinophilic leukemia bearing PCM1-JAK2, highlighting its role as a central signalling target of JAK2 translocation neoplasia. Conversely, expression of GATA3, a key T-cell developmental gene silenced in aggressive lymphoma cells, was partially restored by PCM1-JAK2 knockdown. Treatment with a selective JAK2 inhibitor (TG101348) to which MAC-1/2A/2B cells were conspicuously sensitive confirmed knockdown results and highlighted JAK2 as the active moiety. PCM1-JAK2 signalling required pSTAT5, supporting a general paradigm of STAT5 activation by JAK2 alterations in lymphoid malignancies. MAC-1/2A/2B - the first JAK2–translocation leukemia/lymphoma cell lines described - display conspicuous JAK/STAT signalling accompanied by T-cell developmental and autoimmune disease gene expression signatures, confirming their fitness as CTCL disease models. Our data support further investigation of SOCS2/3 as signalling effectors, prognostic indicators and potential therapeutic targets in cancers with JAK2 rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/agonists
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/genetics
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ehrentraut
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Nagel
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michaela E. Scherr
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Schneider
- University of Rostock, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hilmar Quentmeier
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Genome Analysis, HZI-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corinna Meyer
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Rhett P. Ketterling
- College of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryan A. Knudson
- College of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Feldman
- College of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marshall E. Kadin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Skin Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Hans G. Drexler
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick A. F. MacLeod
- Leibniz Institute, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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Gotlib J. JAK inhibition in the myeloproliferative neoplasms: lessons learned from the bench and bedside. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2013; 2013:529-537. [PMID: 24319228 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation in the classic BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms in 2005 catalyzed a burst of research efforts that have culminated in substantial dividends for patients. Beyond JAK2 V617F, a more detailed picture of the pathobiologic basis for activated JAK-STAT signaling has emerged. In some patients with myelofibrosis (MF), next-generation sequencing technologies have revealed a complex clonal architecture affecting both genetic and epigenetic regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Although these bench-top findings have informed the clinical development of JAK inhibitors in MF, they have also provided scientific context for some of their limitations. The JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib is approved for treatment of MF in North America and Europe and other lead JAK inhibitors discussed herein (fedratinib [SAR302503], momelotinib [CYT387], and pacritinib [SB1518]), have entered advanced phases of trial investigation. Uniformly, these agents share the ability to reduce spleen size and symptom burden. A major challenge for practitioners is how to optimize dosing of these agents to secure clinically relevant and durable benefits while minimizing myelosuppression. Suboptimal responses have spurred a "return to the bench" to characterize the basis for disease persistence and to inform new avenues of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gotlib
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine/Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
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38
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Bai J, Zhang L, Hu X, Xue Y, Long F, Zhang B, Yan S. Investigation of the influence of body weight index to the result of therapeutic erythrocytapheresis in patients with polycythemia vera. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:295-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Qiu X, Guo G, Chen K, Kashiwada M, Druker BJ, Rothman PB, Chen JL. A requirement for SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 phosphorylation in Bcr-Abl-induced tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2012; 14:547-58. [PMID: 22787435 DOI: 10.1596/neo.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 and 3 (SOCS-1 and SOCS-3) are inhibitors of the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway and function in a negative feedback loop during cytokine signaling. Abl transformation is associated with constitutive activation of JAK/STAT-dependent signaling. However, the mechanism by which Abl oncoproteins bypass SOCS inhibitory regulation remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that coexpression of Bcr-Abl with SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 results in tyrosine phosphorylation of these SOCS proteins. Interestingly, SOCS-1 is highly tyrosine phosphorylated in one of five primary chronic myelogenous leukemia samples. Bcr-Abl-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 occurs mainly on Tyr 155 and Tyr 204 residues of SOCS-1 and on Tyr 221 residue of SOCS-3. We observed that phosphorylation of these SOCS proteins was associated with their binding to Bcr-Abl. Bcr-Abl-dependent phosphorylation of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 diminished their inhibitory effects on the activation of JAK and STAT5 and thereby enhanced JAK/STAT5 signaling. Strikingly, disrupting the tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 impaired the expression of Bcl-X(L) protein and sensitized K562 leukemic cells to undergo apoptosis. Moreover, selective mutation of tyrosine phosphorylation sites of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 significantly blocked Bcr-Abl-mediated tumorigenesis in nude mice and inhibited Bcr-Abl-mediated murine bone marrow transformation. Together, these results reveal a mechanism of how Bcr-Abl may overcome SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 inhibition to constitutively activate the JAK/STAT-dependent signaling, and suggest that Bcr-Abl may critically requires tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 to mediate tumorigenesis when these SOCS proteins are present in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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40
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Barcelos MM, Santos-Silva MC. Molecular approach to diagnose BCR/ABL negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2012; 33:290-6. [PMID: 23049320 PMCID: PMC3415756 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms arise from clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. According to the World Health Organization myeloproliferative neoplasms are classified as: chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, hypereosinophilic syndrome, mast cell disease, and unclassifiable myeloproliferative neoplasms. In the revised 2008 WHO diagnostic criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms, mutation screening for JAK2V617F is considered a major criterion for polycythemia vera diagnosis and also for essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, the presence of this mutation represents a clonal marker. There are currently two hypotheses explaining the role of the JAK2V617F mutation in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. According to these theories, the mutation plays either a primary or secondary role in disease development. The discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation has been essential in understanding the genetic basis of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, providing some idea on how a single mutation can result in three different chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm phenotypes. But there are still some issues to be clarified. Thus, studies are still needed to determine specific molecular markers for each subtype of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm.
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41
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Laurence A, Pesu M, Silvennoinen O, O’Shea J. JAK Kinases in Health and Disease: An Update. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:232-44. [PMID: 23028408 PMCID: PMC3460320 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (Jaks) are critical signaling elements for a large subset of cytokines. As a consequence they play pivotal roles in the patho-physiology of many diseases including neoplastic and autoimmune diseases. Small molecule Jak inhibitors as therapeutic agents have become a reality and the palette of such inhibitors will likely expand. This review will summarize our current knowledge on these key enzymes and their associated pharmaceutical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marko Pesu
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, FI-33520 Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine, FI-33520 Tampere University Hospital, Finland
| | - John O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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42
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Anand S, Huntly BJP. Disordered signaling in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26:1017-35. [PMID: 23009935 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have long been associated with abnormal responses to cytokines and activation of signaling pathways, although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these observations were unknown. This situation altered with the discovery of the JAK2 V617F, which presaged the ongoing description of further mutations predicted to activate canonical signaling pathways in MPN. This article covers the nature of these mutations and summarizes functional experiments in model systems and in human MPN cells to define the signaling pathways altered and how these drive and determine the MPN cellular phenotype. Also discussed are recently described, novel noncanonical signaling pathways to chromatin predicted to alter gene transcription more directly and to also contribute to the MPN phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Anand
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Defining an EPOR- regulated transcriptome for primary progenitors, including Tnfr-sf13c as a novel mediator of EPO- dependent erythroblast formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38530. [PMID: 22808010 PMCID: PMC3396641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain concepts concerning EPO/EPOR action modes have been challenged by in vivo studies: Bcl-x levels are elevated in maturing erythroblasts, but not in their progenitors; truncated EPOR alleles that lack a major p85/PI3K recruitment site nonetheless promote polycythemia; and Erk1 disruption unexpectedly bolsters erythropoiesis. To discover novel EPO/EPOR action routes, global transcriptome analyses presently are applied to interrogate EPO/EPOR effects on primary bone marrow-derived CFUe-like progenitors. Overall, 160 EPO/EPOR target transcripts were significantly modulated 2-to 21.8-fold. A unique set of EPO-regulated survival factors included Lyl1, Gas5, Pim3, Pim1, Bim, Trib3 and Serpina 3g. EPO/EPOR-modulated cell cycle mediators included Cdc25a, Btg3, Cyclin-d2, p27-kip1, Cyclin-g2 and CyclinB1-IP-1. EPO regulation of signal transduction factors was also interestingly complex. For example, not only Socs3 plus Socs2 but also Spred2, Spred1 and Eaf1 were EPO-induced as negative-feedback components. Socs2, plus five additional targets, further proved to comprise new EPOR/Jak2/Stat5 response genes (which are important for erythropoiesis during anemia). Among receptors, an atypical TNF-receptor Tnfr-sf13c was up-modulated >5-fold by EPO. Functionally, Tnfr-sf13c ligation proved to both promote proerythroblast survival, and substantially enhance erythroblast formation. The EPOR therefore engages a sophisticated set of transcriptome response circuits, with Tnfr-sf13c deployed as one novel positive regulator of proerythroblast formation.
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Onnebo SMN, Rasighaemi P, Kumar J, Liongue C, Ward AC. Alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia dissected in zebrafish. Haematologica 2012; 97:1895-903. [PMID: 22733019 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.064659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal translocations resulting in alternative fusions of the human TEL (ETV6) and JAK2 genes have been observed in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, but a full understanding of their role in disease etiology has remained elusive. In this study potential differences between these alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions, including their lineage specificity, were investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS TEL-JAK2 fusion types derived from both T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia were generated using the corresponding zebrafish tel and jak2a genes and placed under the control of either the white blood cell-specific spi1 promoter or the ubiquitously-expressed cytomegalovirus promoter. These constructs were injected into zebrafish embryos and their effects on hematopoiesis examined using a range of molecular approaches. In addition, the functional properties of the alternative fusions were investigated in vitro. RESULTS Injection of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-derived tel-jak2a significantly perturbed lymphopoiesis with a lesser effect on myelopoiesis in zebrafish embryos. In contrast, injection of the atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia-derived tel-jak2a resulted in significant perturbation of the myeloid compartment. These phenotypes were observed regardless of whether expressed in a white blood cell-specific or ubiquitous manner, with no overt cellular proliferation outside of the hematopoietic cells. Functional studies revealed subtle differences between the alternative forms, with the acute lymphoblastic leukemia variant showing higher activity, but reduced downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription activation and decreased sensitivity to JAK2 inhibition. JAK2 activity was required to mediate the effects of both variants on zebrafish hematopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the molecular structure of alternative TEL-JAK2 fusions likely contributes to the etiology of disease. The data further suggest that this class of oncogene exerts its effects in a cell lineage-specific manner, which may be due to differences in downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M N Onnebo
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Pavithran K, Pande SB. Janus kinase inhibitors: jackpot or potluck? Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e13. [PMID: 25992203 PMCID: PMC4419642 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reports of a unique mutation in the Janus kinase-2 gene (JAK2) in polycythemia vera by several independent groups in 2005 quickly spurred the development of the Janus kinase inhibitors. In one of the great victories of translational research in recent times, the first smallmolecule Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib entered a phase I trial in 2007. With the approval of ruxolitinib by the US Federal Drug Administration in November 2011 for high-risk and intermediate-2 risk myelofibrosis, a change in paradigm has occurred in the management of a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN): primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis, and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Whereas the current evidence for ruxolitinib only covers high-risk and intermediate-2 risk myelofibrosis, inhibitors with greater potency are likely to offer better disease control and survival advantage in patients belonging to these categories, and possibly to the low-risk and intermediate-1 risk categories of MPN as well. But use of the Janus kinase inhibitors also probably has certain disadvantages, such as toxicity, resistance, withdrawal phenomenon, non-reversal of histology, and an implausible goal of disease clone eradication, some of which could offset the gains. In spite of this, Janus kinase inhibitors are here to stay, and for use in more than just myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keechilat Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
| | - Shripad Brahmanand Pande
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India
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Gnanasambandan K, Sayeski PP. A structure-function perspective of Jak2 mutations and implications for alternate drug design strategies: the road not taken. Curr Med Chem 2012; 18:4659-73. [PMID: 21864276 DOI: 10.2174/092986711797379267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Jak2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in the control of cellular growth and proliferation. Due to its significant role in hematopoiesis, Jak2 is a frequent target for mutations in cancer, especially myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemia and the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). These mutations are common amongst different populations all over the world and there is a great deal of effort to develop therapeutic drugs for the affected patients. Jak2 mutations, whether they are point, deletion, or gene fusion, most commonly result in constitutive kinase activation. Here, we explore the structure-function relation of various Jak2 mutations identified in cancer and understand how they disrupt Jak2 regulation. Current Jak2 inhibitors target the highly conserved active site in the kinase domain and therefore, these inhibitors may lack specificity. Based on our knowledge regarding structure-function correlations as they pertain to regulation of Jak2 kinase activity, an alternative approach for specific Jak2 targeting could be via allosteric inhibitor design. Successful reports of allosteric inhibitors developed against other kinases provide precedent for the development of Jak2 allosteric inhibitors. Here, we suggest plausible target sites in the Jak2 structure for allosteric inhibition. Such targets include the type II inhibitor pocket and substrate binding site in the kinase domain, the kinase-pseudokinase domain interface, SH2-JH2 linker region and the FERM domain. Thus, future Jak2 inhibitors that target these sites via allosteric mechanisms may provide alternative therapeutic strategies to existing ATP competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnanasambandan
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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Dynamic ligand modulation of EPO receptor pools, and dysregulation by polycythemia-associated EPOR alleles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29064. [PMID: 22253704 PMCID: PMC3257245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and its cell surface receptor (EPOR) are essential for erythropoiesis; can modulate non-erythroid target tissues; and have been reported to affect the progression of certain cancers. Basic studies of EPOR expression and trafficking, however, have been hindered by low-level EPOR occurrence, and the limited specificity of anti-EPOR antibodies. Consequently, these aspects of EPOR biology are not well defined, nor are actions of polycythemia- associated mutated EPOR alleles. Using novel rabbit monoclonal antibodies to intracellular, PY- activated and extracellular EPOR domains, the following properties of the endogenous hEPOR in erythroid progenitors first are unambiguously defined. 1) High- Mr EPOR forms become obviously expressed only when EPO is limited. 2) EPOR-68K plus -70K species sequentially accumulate, and EPOR-70K comprises an apparent cell surface EPOR population. 3) Brefeldin A, N-glycanase and associated analyses point to EPOR-68K as a core-glycosylated intracellular EPOR pool (of modest size). 4) In contrast to recent reports, EPOR inward trafficking is shown (in UT7epo cells, and primary proerythroblasts) to be sharply ligand-dependent. Beyond this, when C-terminal truncated hEPOR-T mutant alleles as harbored by polycythemia patients are co-expressed with the wild-type EPOR in EPO-dependent erythroid progenitors, several specific events become altered. First, EPOR-T alleles are persistently activated upon EPO- challenge, yet are also subject to apparent turn-over (to low-Mr EPOR products). Furthermore, during exponential cell growth EPOR-T species become both over-represented, and hyper-activated. Interestingly, EPOR-T expression also results in an EPO dose-dependent loss of endogenous wild-type EPOR's (and, therefore, a squelching of EPOR C-terminal- mediated negative feedback effects). New knowledge concerning regulated EPOR expression and trafficking therefore is provided, together with new insight into mechanisms via which mutated EPOR-T polycythemia alleles dysregulate the erythron. Notably, specific new tools also are characterized for studies of EPOR expression, activation, action and metabolism.
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Analysis of genomic aberrations and gene expression profiling identifies novel lesions and pathways in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood Cancer J 2011; 1:e40. [PMID: 22829077 PMCID: PMC3256752 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2011.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, are myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) with distinct clinical features and are associated with the JAK2V617F mutation. To identify genomic anomalies involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders, we profiled 87 MPN patients using Affymetrix 250K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Aberrations affecting chr9 were the most frequently observed and included 9pLOH (n=16), trisomy 9 (n=6) and amplifications of 9p13.3–23.3 (n=1), 9q33.1–34.13 (n=1) and 9q34.13 (n=6). Patients with trisomy 9 were associated with elevated JAK2V617F mutant allele burden, suggesting that gain of chr9 represents an alternative mechanism for increasing JAK2V617F dosage. Gene expression profiling of patients with and without chr9 abnormalities (+9, 9pLOH), identified genes potentially involved in disease pathogenesis including JAK2, STAT5B and MAPK14. We also observed recurrent gains of 1p36.31–36.33 (n=6), 17q21.2–q21.31 (n=5) and 17q25.1–25.3 (n=5) and deletions affecting 18p11.31–11.32 (n=8). Combined SNP and gene expression analysis identified aberrations affecting components of a non-canonical PRC2 complex (EZH1, SUZ12 and JARID2) and genes comprising a ‘HSC signature' (MLLT3, SMARCA2 and PBX1). We show that NFIB, which is amplified in 7/87 MPN patients and upregulated in PV CD34+ cells, protects cells from apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal.
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Caffarel MM, Zaragoza R, Pensa S, Li J, Green AR, Watson CJ. Constitutive activation of JAK2 in mammary epithelium elevates Stat5 signalling, promotes alveologenesis and resistance to cell death, and contributes to tumourigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:511-22. [PMID: 21941370 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling through the janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) pathway is required at different stages of mammary gland development, and this pathway is frequently hyper-activated in cancer, including tumours of the breast. Stats 3, 5 and 6 have important roles in the differentiation and survival of mammary alveolar cells, but somewhat paradoxically, both Stat3 and 5 can have oncogenic activity in the mammary gland. Constitutive activation of JAK2 could be anticipated to result in hyper-activation of Stats 1, 3, 5 and 6 with concomitant cell transformation, although the outcome is difficult to envisage, particularly since Stats 3 and 5 play opposing roles in normal mammary gland development. Here, we show that expression of a constitutively active JAK2 mutant, JAK2 V617F, leads to hyper-activation of Stat5 in mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and transgenic mice expressing JAK2 V617F specifically in the mammary gland exhibit accelerated alveologenesis during pregnancy and delayed post-lactational regression. Overexpressing JAK2 V617F in MECs in vitro results in elevated proliferation and resistance to cell death. Furthermore, constitutively active JAK2 enhances anchorage-independent cell growth in the presence of a co-operating oncogene and accelerates tumourigenesis in a xenograft model. Taken together, our results provide insights into signalling downstream of constitutively active JAK2 and could be important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of breast tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Caffarel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.
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