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Renshaw L, Kim P, Crici M, Fazelinia H, Spruce L, Oliver P, Moser E. The Ubiquitin Ligase Itch Skews Light Zone Selection in Germinal Centers. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1473-1481. [PMID: 36929899 PMCID: PMC10159933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ig diversification occurs in peripheral lymphoid organs after establishment of central tolerance during B cell development. In germinal centers (GCs), somatic hypermutation of Ig genes occurs in dark zones, followed by selection of mutated clones in light zones (LZs). This generates high-affinity Ig receptors to pathogens but can also produce autoreactive Ig receptors, which are removed by selection mechanisms that are incompletely understood. The ubiquitin ligase Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease and autoantibodies in humans and mice, and patients lacking Itch develop potentially fatal autoimmune diseases; yet, how Itch regulates GC B cells is not well understood. By studying Itch-deficient mice, we have recently shown that Itch directly limits the magnitude of GC responses. Proteomic profiling of GC B cells uncovered that Itch-deficient cells exhibit high mTORC1 and Myc activity, hallmarks of positive selection. Bone marrow chimera and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that B cell Itch restricts noncycling LZ cells. These results support, to our knowledge, a novel role for Itch in skewing selection of GC B cells to restrict LZ accumulation and shape GC-derived humoral immunity. Determining how B cells integrate cues within GCs to navigate through LZs and dark zones will aid in understanding how autoreactive clones emerge from GCs in people with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Renshaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Peter Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Macaul Crici
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Lynn Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paula Oliver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Moser
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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2
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Asano Y, Matsumoto Y, Wada J, Rottapel R. E3-ubiquitin ligases and recent progress in osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120710. [PMID: 36911671 PMCID: PMC9996189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is a post-transcriptional protein modification that is comprised of various components including the 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub), Ub-activating enzyme (E1), Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2), ubiquitin ligase (E3), deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) and proteasome. We and others have recently provided genetic evidence showing that E3-ubiquitin ligases are associated with bone metabolism, the immune system and inflammation through ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of their substrates. Dysregulation of the E3-ubiquitin ligase RNF146-mediated degradation of the adaptor protein 3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2) causes cherubism, an autosomal dominant disorder associated with severe inflammatory craniofacial dysmorphia syndrome in children. In this review, on the basis of our discoveries in cherubism, we summarize new insights into the roles of E3-ubiquitin ligases in the development of human disorders caused by an abnormal osteoimmune system by highlighting recent genetic evidence obtained in both human and animal model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Asano
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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ITCH deficiency clinical phenotype expansion and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 33:100932. [PMID: 36338154 PMCID: PMC9634006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune Disease, Multisystem, with Facial Dysmorphism (ADMFD) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to pathogenic variants in the ITCH gene. It is characterized by failure to thrive, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and systemic autoimmunity that can manifest variably with autoimmune hepatitis, thyroiditis, and enteropathy, among other organ manifestations. It was originally described in 10 consanguineous Old Order Amish patients, and more recently in two patients of White British and Black German ethnicities. While the role of ITCH protein in apoptosis and inflammation has previously been characterized, a defect in cellular bioenergetics has not yet been reported in ITCH deficiency. Here we present a Caucasian female originally evaluated for possible mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, who ultimately was found to have two novel variants in ITCH with absence of ITCH protein in patient derived fibroblasts. Clinical studies of patient muscle showed mitochondrial DNA copy number of 57% compared to controls. Functional studies in skin fibroblasts revealed decreased activity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, and decreased overall ATP production. Our findings confirm mitochondrial energy dysfunction in a patient with ITCH deficiency offering the opportunity to assess alternative therapeutic options.
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4
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Liu T, Huang T, Shang M, Han G. CircRNA ITCH: Insight Into Its Role and Clinical Application Prospect in Tumor and Non-Tumor Diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:927541. [PMID: 35910224 PMCID: PMC9335290 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.927541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CircRNA E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (ITCH) (circRNA ITCH, circ-ITCH), a stable closed-loop RNA derived from the 20q11.22 region of chromosome 20, is a new circRNA discovered in the cytoplasm in recent decades. Studies have shown that it does not encode proteins, but regulates proteins expression at different levels. It is down-regulated in tumor diseases and is involved in a number of biological activities, including inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoting apoptosis. It can also alter disease progression in non-tumor disease by affecting the cell cycle, inflammatory response, and critical proteins. Circ-ITCH also holds a lot of promise in terms of tumor and non-tumor clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy. As a result, in order to aid clinical research in the hunt for a new strategy for diagnosing and treating human diseases, this study describes the mechanism of circ-ITCH as well as its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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5
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Monogenic autoimmunity and infectious diseases: the double-edged sword of immune dysregulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:230-238. [PMID: 34265589 PMCID: PMC8452259 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of monogenic autoimmune diseases has provided key insights into molecular mechanisms involved in development of autoimmunity and immune tolerance. It has also become clear that such inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) frequently present clinically not only with autoimmune diseases, but also frequently have increased susceptibility to infection. The genes associated with monogenic autoimmunity influence diverse functional pathways, and the resulting immune dysregulation also impacts the complex and coordinated immune response to pathogens, for example type I interferon and cytokine signaling, the complement pathway and proper differentiation of the immune response. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted how monogenic autoimmunity can increase risk for serious infection with the discovery of severe disease in patients with pre-existing antibodies to Type I IFNs. This review discusses recent insight into the relationship between monogenic autoimmunity and infectious diseases.
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Patel T, Henrickson SE, Moser EK, Field NS, Maurer K, Dawany N, Conrad M, Bunin N, Freedman JL, Heimall J, Arnold DE, Wang J, Markowitz JE, Payne-Poff SB, Williams KW, Russo PA, Wherry EJ, Devoto M, Oliver P, Sullivan KE, Kelsen JR. Immune Dysregulation in Human ITCH Deficiency Successfully Treated with Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:2885-2893.e3. [PMID: 33894394 PMCID: PMC9053103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in ITCH, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, can result in systemic autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. The clinical phenotype and mechanism of disease have not been fully characterized, resulting in a paucity of therapeutic options for this potentially fatal disease. OBJECTIVE We aimed to (1) expand the understanding about the phenotype of human ITCH deficiency (2) further characterize the associated immune dysregulation, and (3) report the first successful hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) in a patient with ITCH deficiency. METHODS Disease profiling was performed in a patient with multisystem immune dysregulation. Whole exome sequencing with trio analysis and functional validation of candidate disease variants were performed, including mRNA and protein expression. Analyses to further delineate the immunophenotype included quantitative evaluation of lymphoid and myeloid subsets with flow cytometry and mass cytometry. RESULTS A patient with multisystem immune dysregulation presenting with growth failure, very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, uveitis, psoriasis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus underwent whole exome sequencing, which identified novel compound heterozygous mutations in ITCH. Reduced expression of ITCH mRNA and absent ITCH protein were found. Abnormalities in both lymphoid and myeloid lineages were identified. The patient underwent HCT. He demonstrated excellent immune reconstitution and resolution of many manifestations of his systemic disease. CONCLUSIONS Here we report ITCH deficiency with unique clinical features of colonic very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and uveitis in the setting of immune dysregulation and further characterize the underlying immune dysregulation. We demonstrate that HCT can be an effective, and potentially curative, therapy for ITCH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trusha Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
| | - Sarah E Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Natania S Field
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kelly Maurer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Noor Dawany
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Maire Conrad
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Nancy Bunin
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jason L Freedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Blood and Marrow Transplant Section, Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jennifer Heimall
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Danielle E Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan E Markowitz
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Prisma Health Children's Hospital Upstate, Greenville, SC; University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC
| | - Sarah Beth Payne-Poff
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC; Pediatric Rheumatology, Prisma Health Children's Hospital Upstate, Greenville, SC
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Pierre A Russo
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Pa; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paula Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Judith R Kelsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
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7
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Zhang T, Sun J, Cheng J, Yin W, Li J, Miller H, Herrada AA, Gu H, Song H, Chen Y, Gong Q, Liu C. The role of ubiquitinase in B cell development and function. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:395-405. [PMID: 32816356 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0720-185rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitinases are a select group of enzymes that modify target proteins through ubiquitination, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of protein degradation, location, and function. B lymphocytes that originated from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), exert humoral immune functions by differentiating into plasma cells and producing antibodies. Previous studies have shown that ubiquitination is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and signal transduction important for B lymphocyte development and function. In this review, how ubiquitinases regulate B cell development, activation, apoptosis, and proliferation is discussed, which could help in understanding the physiological processes and diseases related to B cells and also provides potential new targets for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of hematology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Department of Intracellular Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés A Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Heng Gu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 1, Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Fang Y, He Y, Zhai B, Hou C, Xu R, Xing C, Wang X, Ma N, Han G, Wang R. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch deficiency promotes antigen-driven B-cell responses in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:103-114. [PMID: 32652569 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of Itch, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, usually induced severe systemic and progressive autoimmune disease. The Itch function is well studied in T cells but not in B cells. We hypothesize that B-cell-specific Itch deficiency promoted antigen-induced B-cell activation and antibody-expressing plasma cell (PC) production. We found that unlike Itch KO, Itch cKO (CD19cre Itchf/f ) mice did not demonstrated a significant increase in the sizes of spleens and LNs, antibody level, and base mutation of antibody gene. However, in line with the fact that Itch expression decreased in GC B cells, PCs, and plasmablast (PB)-like SP 2/0 cells, Itch deficiency promoted B-cell activation and antibody production induced by antigens including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). Mechanistically, we found that Itch deficiency promotes antigen-induced cytokine production because Itch controls the proteins (e.g., eIF3a, eIF3c, eIF3h) with translation initiation factor activity. Altogether, our data suggest that Itch deficiency promotes antigen-driven B-cell response. This may provide hints for Itch-targeted treatment of patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youdi He
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhai
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Staidson (Beijing) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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9
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Field NS, Moser EK, Oliver PM. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:353-362. [PMID: 32356405 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Moser EK, Roof J, Dybas JM, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Cancro MP, Oliver PM. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch restricts antigen-driven B cell responses. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2170-2183. [PMID: 31311822 PMCID: PMC6719427 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates antibody levels and prevents autoimmune disease in humans and mice, yet how Itch regulates B cell fate or function is unknown. We now show that Itch directly limits B cell activity. While Itch-deficient mice displayed normal numbers of preimmune B cell populations, they showed elevated numbers of antigen-experienced B cells. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Itch acts within B cells to limit naive and, to a greater extent, germinal center (GC) B cell numbers. B cells lacking Itch exhibited increased proliferation, glycolytic capacity, and mTORC1 activation. Moreover, stimulation of these cells in vivo by WT T cells resulted in elevated numbers of GC B cells, PCs, and serum IgG. These results support a novel role for Itch in limiting B cell metabolism and proliferation to suppress antigen-driven B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Moser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Lynn A Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Paula M Oliver
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA .,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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11
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Zou J. Autoinflammatory characteristics and short-term effects of delivering high-dose steroids to the surface of the intact endolymphatic sac and incus in refractory Ménière's disease. J Otol 2019; 14:40-50. [PMID: 31223300 PMCID: PMC6570643 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate immune-related genetic background in intractable Meniere’s disease (MD) and the immediate results of a novel therapy by delivering steroids to the surface of the intact endolymphatic sac (ES) and incus in a sustainable manner. Case report and methods Candidate genes involved in immune regulation were sequenced using a next-generation sequencing method in a patient with intractable MD. Mutations were confirmed using the Sanger sequencing method. The ES was exposed, and gelatin sponge particles were immersed in high-dose methylprednisolone solution and placed onto the surface of ES. “L”-shaped gelatin sponge strips were immersed in dexamethasone solution and served as a guiding device for the steroids by touching the incus and gelatin sponge particles on the surface of the ES. Gelatin sponge particles immersed in dexamethasone solution were placed around the gelatin sponge strips and sealed using fibrin glue. Results Autoinflammation in the refractory MD case was indicated by genotype, including novel heterozygous mutations of PRF1, UNC13D, SLC29A3, ITCH, and JAK3, as well as phenotype. The vertigo was fully relieved immediately after operation. Tinnitus and aural fullness were resolved 3 weeks after operation, whereas hearing improved in 2 mon postoperation. No recurrence was noted during the 5-monfollow-up, and the final MRI supported the novel therapeutic hypothesis. Conclusion Autoinflammation was involved in a refractory MD. This novel therapy, which involves the delivery of steroids to the surface of the intact ES and incus, is effective in relieving vertigo and tinnitus and improves hearing function of refractory MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of Chinese PLA, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Regulation of autoimmune disease by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103916. [PMID: 31126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a HECT type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required to prevent the development of autoimmune disease in both mice and humans. Itch is expressed in most mammalian cell types, and, based on published data, it regulates many cellular pathways ranging from T cell differentiation to liver tumorigenesis. Since 1998, when Itch was first discovered, hundreds of publications have described mechanisms through which Itch controls various biologic activities in both immune and non-immune cells. Other studies have provided insight into how Itch catalytic activity is regulated. However, while autoimmunity is the primary clinical feature that occurs in both mice and humans lacking Itch, and Itch control of immune cell function has been well-studied, it remains unclear how Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease. In this review, we explore recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how Itch regulates immune cell biology, and the extent to which these clarify how Itch prevents autoimmune disease. Additionally, we discuss how molecular regulators of Itch impact its ability to control these processes, as this may provide clues on how to therapeutically target Itch to treat patients with autoimmune disease.
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for B-cell development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:421. [PMID: 30674954 PMCID: PMC6344599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch interacts with Foxo1 and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation during follicular helper T-cell differentiation, whereas the transcription factor Foxo1 plays a critical role in B-cell development. Thus, we proposed that Itch mediates B-cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, we found that Itch deficiency downregulated Foxo1 expression in B cells. Itch cKO (conditional knock out in B cells) mice had fewer pro-B cells in the bone marrow, more small resting IgM−IgD−B cells in the periphery, and lower B-cell numbers in the lymph nodes through decreased Foxo1-mediated IL-7Rα, RAG, and CD62L expression, respectively. Importantly, Itch deficiency reduced Foxo1 mRNA expression by up-regulating JunB-mediated miR-182. Finally, Foxo1 negatively regulated JunB expression by up-regulating Itch. Thus, we have identified a novel regulatory axis between Itch and Foxo1 in B cells, suggesting that Itch is essential for B-cell development.
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14
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Azizi G, Yazdani R, Rae W, Abolhassani H, Rojas M, Aghamohammadi A, Anaya JM. Monogenic polyautoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1028-1039. [PMID: 30107266 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) consist of a large group of genetic disorders that affect distinct components of the immune system. PID patients are susceptible to infection and non-infectious complications, particularly autoimmunity. A specific group of monogenic PIDs are due to mutations in genes that are critical for the regulation of immunological tolerance and immune responses. This group of monogenic PIDs is at high risk of developing polyautoimmunity (i.e., the presence of more than one autoimmune disease in a single patient) because of their impaired immunity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of autoimmunity in PIDs and the characteristics of polyautoimmunity in the following PIDs: IPEX; monogenic IPEX-like syndrome; LRBA deficiency; CTLA4 deficiency; APECED; ALPS; and PKCδ deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wiliam Rae
- Department of Immunology, MP8, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia.
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15
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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16
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The ubiquitin ligase ITCH coordinates small intestinal epithelial homeostasis by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Differentiation 2017; 99:51-61. [PMID: 29309986 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of the intestinal mucosa is driven by local signals that coordinate epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and turnover in order to separate antigenic luminal contents from the host's immune system. Breaches in this barrier promote gastrointestinal pathologies ranging from inflammatory bowel disease to cancer. The ubiquitin ligase ITCH is known to regulate immune responses, and loss of function of ITCH has been associated with gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, particularly in the colon. However, the small intestine appears to be spared from this pathology. Here we explored the physiological mechanism that underlies the preservation of mucosal homeostasis in the small intestine in mice lacking ITCH (Itcha18H/a18H). Histological analysis of the small intestines from young adult mice revealed architectural changes in animals deficient for ITCH, including villus blunting with cell crowding, crypt expansion, and thickening of the muscularis propria relative to age-matched mice sufficient for ITCH. These differences were more prominent in the distal part of the small intestine and were not dependent upon lymphoid cells. Underlying the observed changes in the epithelium were expansion of the Ki67+ proliferating transit amplifying progenitor population and increased numbers of terminally differentiated mucus-secreting goblet and anti-microbial producing Paneth cells, which are both important in controlling local inflammation in the small intestine and are known to be dysregulated in inflammatory bowel disease. Homeostasis in the small intestine of Itcha18H/a18H animals was maintained by increased cell turnover, including accelerated migration of epithelial cells along the crypt-villus axis and increased apoptosis of epithelial cells at the crypt-villus junction. Consistent with this enhanced turnover, Itcha18H/a18H mice carrying the Min mutation (Itcha18H/a18H; ApcMin/+) displayed a 76% reduction in tumor burden as compared to ApcMin/+ littermates with normal levels of ITCH. These findings highlight the role of ITCH as an important modulator of intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
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17
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Moser EK, Field NS, Oliver PM. Aberrant Th2 inflammation drives dysfunction of alveolar macrophages and susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:480-492. [PMID: 28260794 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin ligase, Itch, is required to prevent autoinflammatory disease in mice and humans. Itch-deficient mice develop lethal pulmonary inflammation characterized by the production of Th2 cytokines (for example, interleukin-4 (IL-4)); however, the contribution of Itch to immune defense against respiratory pathogens has not been determined. We found that Itch-deficient mice were highly susceptible to intranasal infection with the respiratory pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infected Itch-deficient mice exhibited increased immune cell infiltration, cytokine levels and bacterial burden in the respiratory tract compared with control mice. However, numbers of resident alveolar macrophages were reduced in the lungs from Itch-deficient mice both before and after infection. High levels of Th2 cytokines in the respiratory tract correlated with deceased alveolar macrophages, and genetic ablation of IL-4 restored alveolar macrophages and host defense to K. pneumoniae in Itch-deficient mice, suggesting that loss of alveolar macrophages occurred as a consequence of Th2 inflammation. Adoptive transfer of Itch-/- CD4+ T cells into Rag-/- mice was sufficient to drive reduction in numbers of Itch-replete alveolar macrophages. Finally, we found that Stat6 signaling downstream of the IL-4 receptor directly reduced fitness of alveolar macrophages when these cells were exposed to the Itch-/- inflamed respiratory tract. These data suggest that Th2 inflammation directly impairs alveolar macrophage fitness in Itch-/- mice, and elucidate a previously unappreciated link between Th2 cells, alveolar macrophages and susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Moser
- Cell Pathology Division, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Cell Pathology Division, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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19
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Abstract
Itch or itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase was initially discovered by genetic studies on the mouse coat color changes, and its deletion results in an itchy phenotype with constant skin scratching and multi-organ inflammation. It is a member of the homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type family of E3 ligases, with the protein-interacting WW-domains for the recruitment of substrate and the HECT domain for the transfer of ubiquitin to the substrate. Since its discovery, numerous studies have demonstrated that Itch is involved in the control of many aspects of immune responses including T-cell activation and tolerance and T-helper cell differentiation. Itch is also implicated in other biological contexts such as tumorigenesis, development, and stress responses. Many signaling pathways are regulated by Itch-promoted ubiquitylation of diverse target proteins. Itch is also involved in human diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress in understanding the biological significance of Itch-promoted protein ubiquitylation in the immune and other systems and in Itch-mediated regulation of signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Aki
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a crucial role in host defense against parasite infections. However, inappropriate IgE responses are also involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The generation of IgE antibodies is a tightly controlled process regulated by multiple transcription factors, cytokines, and immune cells including γδ T cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that γδ T cells play a critical role in regulating IgE responses; however, both IgE-enhancing and IgE-suppressive effects are suggested for these cells in different experimental systems. In this review, we examine the available evidence and discuss the role of γδ T cells in IgE regulation both in the context of antigen-induced immune responses and in the state of partial immunodeficiency.
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21
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Itch is required for lateral line development in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111799. [PMID: 25369329 PMCID: PMC4219781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish posterior lateral line is formed during early development by the deposition of neuromasts from a migrating primordium. The molecular mechanisms regulating the regional organization and migration of the primordium involve interactions between Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the establishment of specific cxcr4b and cxcr7b cytokine receptor expression domains. Itch has been identified as a regulator in several different signaling pathways, including Wnt and Cxcr4 signaling. We identified two homologous itch genes in zebrafish, itcha and itchb, with generalized expression patterns. By reducing itchb expression in particular upon morpholino knockdown, we demonstrated the importance of Itch in regulating lateral line development by perturbing the patterns of cxcr4b and cxcr7b expression. Itch knockdown results in a failure to down-regulate Wnt signaling and overexpression of cxcr4b in the primordium, slowing migration of the posterior lateral line primordium and resulting in abnormal development of the lateral line.
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22
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Marino A, Menghini R, Fabrizi M, Casagrande V, Mavilio M, Stoehr R, Candi E, Mauriello A, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Gómez-Serrano M, Peral B, Melino G, Lauro R, Fernandez Real JM, Federici M. ITCH deficiency protects from diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:550-61. [PMID: 24170694 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Classically activated macrophages (M1) secrete proinflammatory cytokine and are predominant in obese adipose tissue. M2 macrophages, prevalent in lean adipose tissue, are induced by IL-13 and IL-4, mainly secreted by Th2 lymphocytes, and produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. ITCH is a ubiquitously expressed E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in T-cell differentiation and in a wide range of inflammatory pathways. ITCH downregulation in lymphocytes causes aberrant Th2 differentiation. To investigate the role of Th2/M2 polarization in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance, we compared wild-type and Itch(-/-) mice in a context of diet-induced obesity (high-fat diet [HFD]). When subjected to HFD, Itch(-/-) mice did not show an increase in body weight or insulin resistance; calorimetric analysis suggested an accelerated metabolism. The molecular analysis of metabolically active tissue revealed increased levels of M2 markers and genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Histological examination of livers from Itch(-/-) mice suggested that ITCH deficiency protects mice from obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We also found a negative correlation between ITCH and M2 marker expression in human adipose tissues. Taken together, our data indicate that ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligase deficiency protects from the metabolic disorder caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Marino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Ndfip1 mediates peripheral tolerance to self and exogenous antigen by inducing cell cycle exit in responding CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2067-74. [PMID: 24520172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322739111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The NDFIP1 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated protein 4 family-interacting protein 1) adapter for the ubiquitin ligase ITCH is genetically linked to human allergic and autoimmune disease, but the cellular mechanism by which these proteins enable foreign and self-antigens to be tolerated is unresolved. Here, we use two unique mouse strains--an Ndfip1-YFP reporter and an Ndfip1-deficient strain--to show that Ndfip1 is progressively induced during T-cell differentiation and activation in vivo and that its deficiency causes a cell-autonomous, Forkhead box P3-independent failure of peripheral CD4(+) T-cell tolerance to self and exogenous antigen. In small cohorts of antigen-specific CD4(+) cells responding in vivo, Ndfip1 was necessary for tolerogen-reactive T cells to exit cell cycle after one to five divisions and to abort Th2 effector differentiation, defining a step in peripheral tolerance that provides insights into the phenomenon of T-cell anergy in vivo and is distinct from the better understood process of Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death-mediated apoptosis. Ndfip1 deficiency precipitated autoimmune pancreatic destruction and diabetes; however, this depended on a further accumulation of nontolerant anti-self T cells from strong stimulation by exogenous tolerogen. These findings illuminate a peripheral tolerance checkpoint that aborts T-cell clonal expansion against allergens and autoantigens and demonstrate how hypersensitive responses to environmental antigens may trigger autoimmunity.
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24
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Abstract
T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses and maintenance of their tolerance is critical to prevent autoimmunity. However, in the case of carcinogenesis, the tumor microenvironment aids T-cell tolerance, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor growth. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the intrinsic extracellular (positive and negative costimulatory molecules on APCs) and intracellular mechanisms (E3 ubiquitin ligases, transcriptional and epigenetic repressors), as well as extrinsic mechanisms (Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells) that are required for the implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Ultimately, understanding and manipulating T-cell tolerance will help to break the tolerance state in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology & Center for Inflammation & Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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When ubiquitination meets phosphorylation: a systems biology perspective of EGFR/MAPK signalling. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:52. [PMID: 23902637 PMCID: PMC3734146 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins, has emerged as a ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) whose function extends far beyond its original role as a tag for protein degradation identified three decades ago. Although sharing parallel properties with phosphorylation, ubiquitination distinguishes itself in important ways. Nevertheless, the interplay and crosstalk between ubiquitination and phosphorylation events have become a recurrent theme in cell signalling regulation. Understanding how these two major PTMs intersect to regulate signal transduction is an important research question. In this review, we first discuss the involvement of ubiquitination in the regulation of the EGF-mediated ERK signalling pathway via the EGF receptor, highlighting the interplay between ubiquitination and phosphorylation in this cancer-implicated system and addressing open questions. The roles of ubiquitination in pathways crosstalking to EGFR/MAPK signalling will then be discussed. In the final part of the review, we demonstrate the rich and versatile dynamics of crosstalk between ubiquitination and phosphorylation by using quantitative modelling and analysis of network motifs commonly observed in cellular processes. We argue that given the overwhelming complexity arising from inter-connected PTMs, a quantitative framework based on systems biology and mathematical modelling is needed to efficiently understand their roles in cell signalling.
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26
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Maelfait J, Beyaert R. Emerging role of ubiquitination in antiviral RIG-I signaling. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:33-45. [PMID: 22390971 PMCID: PMC3294425 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05012-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of viruses by the innate immune system involves the action of specialized pattern recognition receptors. Intracellular RIG-I receptors sense the presence of viral nucleic acids in infected cells and trigger signaling pathways that lead to the production of proinflammatory and antiviral proteins. Over the past few years, posttranslational modification of RIG-I and downstream signaling proteins by different types of ubiquitination has been found to be a key event in the regulation of RIG-I-induced NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation. Multiple ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases, and ubiquitin binding scaffold proteins contribute to both positive and negative regulation of the RIG-I-induced antiviral immune response. A better understanding of the function and activity of these proteins might eventually lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for management of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses, and many autoimmune diseases arise due to a breakdown of self-tolerance in CD4(+) T cells. Activation of CD4(+) T cells is regulated by not only the binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes to T-cell receptor but also costimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells. Recently, there has been progress in understanding the extracellular and intracellular mechanisms that are required for implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell tolerance will lead to development of pharmacological approaches either to promote the tolerance state in terms of autoimmunity or to break tolerance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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The E3 ligase Itch is a negative regulator of the homeostasis and function of hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:399-407. [PMID: 21478879 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the most thoroughly characterized type of adult stem cell, the intricate molecular machinery that regulates their self-renewal properties remains elusive. Here we showed that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch negatively regulated the development and function of HSCs. Itch(-/-) mice had HSCs with enhanced frequency, competence and long-term repopulating activity. Itch-deficient HSCs showed accelerated proliferation rates and sustained progenitor properties, as well as more signaling by the transcription factor Notch1, due to more accumulation of activated Notch1. Knockdown of Notch1 in Itch-mutant HSCs resulted in reversion of the phenotype. Thus, we identify Itch as a previously unknown negative regulator of HSC homeostasis and function.
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29
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Gammadelta T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:467-78. [PMID: 20539306 DOI: 10.1038/nri2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells have several innate cell-like features that allow their early activation following recognition of conserved stress-induced ligands. Here we review recent observations revealing the ability of gammadelta T cells to rapidly produce cytokines that regulate pathogen clearance, inflammation and tissue homeostasis in response to tissue stress. These studies provide insights into how they acquire these properties, through both developmental programming in the thymus and functional polarization in the periphery. Innate features of gammadelta T cells underlie their non-redundant role in several physiopathological contexts and are therefore being exploited in the design of new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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30
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CTLA-4 (CD152) inhibits T cell function by activating the ubiquitin ligase Itch. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1875-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Lohr NJ, Molleston JP, Strauss KA, Torres-Martinez W, Sherman EA, Squires RH, Rider NL, Chikwava KR, Cummings OW, Morton DH, Puffenberger EG. Human ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligase deficiency causes syndromic multisystem autoimmune disease. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:447-53. [PMID: 20170897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Absence of Itch E3 ubiquitin ligase in mice has been shown to cause severe autoimmune disease. Using autozygosity mapping in a large Amish kindred, we identified a linkage region on chromosome 20 and selected candidate genes for screening. We describe, in ten patients, identification of a mutation resulting in truncation of ITCH. These patients represent the first reported human phenotype associated with ITCH deficiency. These patients not only have multisystem autoimmune disease but also display morphologic and developmental abnormalities. This disorder underscores the importance of ITCH ubiquitin ligase in many cellular processes.
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32
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Azakir BA, Desrochers G, Angers A. The ubiquitin ligase Itch mediates the antiapoptotic activity of epidermal growth factor by promoting the ubiquitylation and degradation of the truncated C-terminal portion of Bid. FEBS J 2010; 277:1319-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Enhanced development of CD4+ gammadelta T cells in the absence of Itk results in elevated IgE production. Blood 2009; 114:564-71. [PMID: 19443662 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tec kinase Itk is critical for the development of alphabeta T cells as well as differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into Th2 cells. Itk null mice have defects in the production of Th2 cytokines; however, they paradoxically have significant elevations in serum IgE. Here we show that Itk null mice have increased numbers of gammadelta T cells in the thymus and spleen. This includes elevated numbers of CD4(+) gammadelta T cell, the majority of which carry the Vgamma1.1 and Vdelta6.2/3 gammadelta T-cell receptor with a distinct phenotype. The development of these CD4(+) gammadelta T cells is T cell intrinsic, independent of either major histocompatibility complex class I or class II, and is favored during development in the absence of Itk. Itk null CD4(+) gammadelta T cells secrete significant amounts of Th2 cytokines and can induce the secretion of IgE by wild-type B cells. Our data indicate that Itk plays important role in regulating gammadelta T-cell development and function. In addition, our data indicate that the elevated IgE observed in Itk-deficient mice is due in part to the enhanced development of CD4(+) gammadelta T cells in the absence of Itk.
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36
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Tec kinase Itk in gammadeltaT cells is pivotal for controlling IgE production in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8308-13. [PMID: 19416854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808459106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In conventional alphabeta T cells, the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk is required for signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Itk also regulates alphabeta T cell development, lineage commitment, and effector function. A well established feature of Itk(-/-) mice is their inability to generate T helper type 2 (Th2) responses that produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; yet these mice have spontaneously elevated levels of serum IgE and increased numbers of germinal center B cells. Here we show that the source of this phenotype is gammadelta T cells, as normal IgE levels are observed in Itk(-/-)Tcrd(-/-) mice. When stimulated through the gammadelta TCR, Itk(-/-) gammadelta T cells produce high levels of Th2 cytokines, but diminished IFNgamma. In addition, activated Itk(-/-) gammadelta T cells up-regulate costimulatory molecules important for B cell help, suggesting that they may directly promote B cell activation and Ig class switching. Furthermore, we find that gammadelta T cells numbers are increased in Itk(-/-) mice, most notably the Vgamma1.1(+)Vdelta6.3(+) subset that represents the dominant population of gammadelta NKT cells. Itk(-/-) gammadelta NKT cells also have increased expression of PLZF, a transcription factor required for alphabeta NKT cells, indicating a common molecular program between alphabeta and gammadelta NKT cell lineages. Together, these data indicate that Itk signaling regulates gammadelta T cell lineage development and effector function and is required to control IgE production in vivo.
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Prince AL, Yin CC, Enos ME, Felices M, Berg LJ. The Tec kinases Itk and Rlk regulate conventional versus innate T-cell development. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:115-31. [PMID: 19290924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tec family kinases are important components of antigen receptor signaling pathways in B cells, T cells, and mast cells. In T cells, three members of this family, inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), resting lymphocyte kinase (Rlk), and Tec, are expressed. In the absence of Itk and Rlk, T-cell receptor signaling is impaired, with defects in mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and actin polymerization. During T-cell development in the thymus, no role has been found for these kinases in the CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T-cell lineage decision; however, several studies indicate that Itk and Rlk contribute to the signaling leading to positive and negative selection. In addition, we and others have recently described an important role for Itk and Rlk in the development of conventional as opposed to innate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Natural killer T and gammadelta T-cell populations are also altered in Itk- and Rlk/Itk-deficient mice. These findings strongly suggest that the strength of T-cell receptor signaling during development determines whether T cells mature into conventional versus innate lymphocyte lineages. This lineage decision is also influenced by signaling via signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors. Here we discuss these two signaling pathways that each contribute to conventional versus innate T-cell lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachussets Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Melino G, Gallagher E, Aqeilan RI, Knight R, Peschiaroli A, Rossi M, Scialpi F, Malatesta M, Zocchi L, Browne G, Ciechanover A, Bernassola F. Itch: a HECT-type E3 ligase regulating immunity, skin and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1103-12. [PMID: 18552861 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3) Itch is absent in the non-agouti-lethal 18H or Itchy mice, which develop a severe immunological disease, including lung and stomach inflammation and hyperplasia of lymphoid and hematopoietic cells. The involvement of Itch in multiple signaling pathways and pathological conditions is presently an area of extensive scientific interest. This review aims to bring together a growing body of work exploring Itch-regulated biological processes, and to highlight recent discoveries on the regulatory mechanisms modulating its catalytic activity and substrate recognition capability. Our contribution is also an endeavor to correlate Itch substrate specificity with the pathological defects manifested by the mutant Itchy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Melino
- IDI-IRCCS Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
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