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Sim S, Choi Y, Park HS. Potential Metabolic Biomarkers in Adult Asthmatics. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070430. [PMID: 34209139 PMCID: PMC8306564 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic airway inflammation, with multiple phenotypes caused by complicated interactions of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. To date, various determinants have been suggested for asthma pathogenesis by a new technology termed omics, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In particular, the systematic analysis of all metabolites in a biological system, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids, has helped identify a novel pathway related to complex diseases. These metabolites are involved in the regulation of hypermethylation, response to hypoxia, and immune reactions in the pathogenesis of asthma. Among them, lipid metabolism has been suggested to be related to lung dysfunction in mild-to-moderate asthma. Sphingolipid metabolites are an important mediator contributing to airway inflammation in obese asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Although how these molecular variants impact the disease has not been completely determined, identification of new causative factors may possibly lead to more-personalized and precise pathway-specific approaches for better diagnosis and treatment of asthma. In this review, perspectives of metabolites related to asthma and clinical implications have been highlighted according to various phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hae-Sim Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-5196; Fax: +82-31-219-5154
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Sharma NK, Gupta A, Prabhakar S, Singh R, Bhatt AK, Anand A. CC chemokine receptor-3 as new target for age-related macular degeneration. Gene 2013; 523:106-11. [PMID: 23566847 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) is involved in angiogenic processes. Recently, CCR3 was accounted to participate in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and CCR3 targeting was reported to be superior to standard antivascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) administration when tested in an artificially induced CNV in animals. As human CCR3 studies are lacking in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients we sought to determine if CCR3 has any association with inflammatory processes that occur in CNV. A total of 176 subjects were included on the basis of inclusion criteria. Real time PCR was used to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism in CCR3 of AMD (115) and normal controls (n=61). Genotype frequency was adjusted for possible confounders like cigarette smoking, alcohol, meat consumption and other risk factors. Chi-square test was used for analysis of polymorphism. The genotype distribution of CCR3 (rs3091250) polymorphism was significantly different in AMD patients in the Indian population. GT (heterozygous) and TT (homozygous) at the rs3091250 SNP increased risk of AMD as compared to the GG genotypes (OR=4.8, CI 95%=2.2-10.8 and OR=4.1, CI 95%=1.6-10.1 respectively). Subgroup analysis of AMD patients in wet and dry revealed no significant differences. There was no significant difference for rs3091312 in AMD and control group. A significant association between AMD and CCR3 (rs3091250) polymorphism localized on chromosome 3p21.3 was detected. The results suggest the possible contribution of rs3091250, a new predisposing allele in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Kamal Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Hou S, Xiao X, Li F, Jiang Z, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Two-stage association study in Chinese Han identifies two independent associations in CCR1/CCR3 locus as candidate for Behçet's disease susceptibility. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1841-50. [PMID: 22829007 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous GWAS studies from Turkey suggested a potential risk locus at CCR1/CCR3 for Behçet's disease. However, this locus did not reach the GWAS significance threshold and has not yet been examined in other ethnic populations. The current study aimed to explore whether this locus was associated with Behçet's disease in Chinese Han and the functional role of the identified variants. A two-stage association study was performed in 653 patients and 1,685 controls using the iPLEX system. Real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression level of CCR1 and CCR3 genes. Haplotype analysis was used to construct the haplotype block. Logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate the independence of multiple associations. Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple testing. First stage analysis showed that ten SNPs, located in 3'UTR, 5'UTR in CCR1 or 5'UTR in CCR3, were significantly associated with Behçet's disease (P(c) = 0.018 to 1.3 × 10(-3)). The associations of six SNPs within this locus are independent after control for the genetic effect of rs17282391 using logistic regression analysis. Haplotype analysis identified three associated haplotypes: H3 (GTGAC), H6 (CCATTA) and H9 (CGA) (P(c) = 0.04 to 7.79 × 10(-4)). Three SNPs rs13084057, rs13092160 and rs13075270 showed consistent association in replication and combining studies (replication P(c) = 5.31 × 10(-5) to 1.44 × 10(-5); combining P(c) = 2.76 × 10(-7) to 6.50 × 10(-8)). Interestingly, eQTLs database reveals that SNP rs13092160 is eQTLs SNP, suggesting that this SNP is likely to be functional SNP that directly affects gene expression. The expression of CCR1 and CCR3 was increased in individuals with the CT genotype of rs13092160 (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found for the mRNA level of CCR1 and CCR3 between Behçet's patients and controls. These findings strongly indicate CCR1/CCR3 as a novel locus underlying Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Hou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road 1, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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Lacy P, Munitz A. Mutations in CCR3 render it missing in action. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:158-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wise EL, Bonner KT, Williams TJ, Pease JE. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CCR3 gene ablates receptor export to the plasma membrane. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:150-7.e2. [PMID: 20541248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine receptor CCR3 orchestrates the migration of eosinophils, basophils, T(H)2 lymphocytes, and mast cells during the allergic response, with CCR3 blockade a potential means of therapeutic intervention. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ccr3 gene have previously been described, with little information regarding their effects on CCR3 function. OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of nonsynonymous SNPs within the ccr3 gene. METHODS Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate N-terminally tagged mutant CCR3 constructs corresponding to reported SNPs. Cell transfectants expressing either wild-type or mutant CCR3 were studied by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy and examined for their ability to migrate to the CC chemokine ligand CCL11/eotaxin. RESULTS An L324P mutant CCR3 protein corresponding to the previously identified T971C SNP was not expressed at the cell surface, and cells remained unresponsive to CCL11 in chemotaxis assays. Confocal microscopy confirmed that L324P-CCR3 had a predominantly intracellular distribution compared with wild-type CCR3. A L324A variant of CCR3 had an identical phenotype to the L324P mutant, suggesting that L324 per se is critical for successful trafficking of nascent CCR3 to the cell membrane. The processes involved appear to be specific for CCR3, because an identical mutation in the homologous receptor CCR1 had minor effects. CONCLUSION Trafficking to the cell surface of nascent CCR3 is critically dependent on a C-terminal leucine residue, suggestive of specific mechanisms for CCR3 export. Manipulation of these mechanisms may suggest novel means of antagonizing CCR3 function in the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wise
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kim SH, Yang EM, Lee HN, Choi GS, Ye YM, Park HS. Association of the CCR3 gene polymorphism with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease. Respir Med 2009; 104:626-32. [PMID: 20022477 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin hypersensitivity represents two distinct clinical syndromes, such as aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and aspirin-intolerant chronic urticaria/angioedema (AICU) which have different clinical phenotypes resulting from different genetic backgrounds in a Korean population. Persistent eosinophilic inflammation in airway is a characteristic feature of AERD and chemokine CC motif receptor 3 (CCR3) plays an important role in eosinophilic infiltration into the asthmatic airway. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the association between CCR3 gene polymorphisms and aspirin hypersensitivity, including AERD and AICU. METHODS CCR3 mRNA expression was measured after an aspirin provocation test by real-time PCR. In total, 330 patients with aspirin hypersensitivity (191 AERD and 139 AICU) and 217 normal healthy controls (NC) were genotyped for two CCR3 promoter polymorphisms (-520T/G and -174C/T), and the functional effects of the polymorphisms were analyzed applying a luciferase reporter assay and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS CCR3 mRNA expression was significantly increased after aspirin provocation in AERD patients (P=0.002) but not in AICU patients. An in vitro functional study showed that the reporter construct having a -520G allele exhibited significantly higher promoter activity compared with the construct having a -520T allele in human myeloid (U937), lymphoid (Jurkat), and mast (HMC-1) cell lines (P<0.001). We found -520G and -174T specific bands on EMSA. CONCLUSION This result suggests that the CCR3 genetic polymorphisms may contribute to the development of the AERD phenotype and may be used as a genetic marker for differentiating between the two major aspirin hypersensitivity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Association of four-locus gene interaction with aspirin-intolerant asthma in Korean asthmatics. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:336-42. [PMID: 18379861 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), a major clinical presentation of aspirin hypersensitivity, affects 10% of adult asthmatics. The genetic risk factors involved in the susceptibility to AIA have recently been investigated, but multilocus single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with this susceptibility has not been evaluated. METHODS We examined 246 asthmatic patients: 94 having aspirin intolerance and 152 having aspirin tolerance. We selected 23 SNPs of 13 candidate genes and genotyped each SNP using a primer extension method. Multilocus genetic interactions were examined using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) to test all multilocus SNP combinations to identify a useful SNP set for predicting the AIA phenotype. RESULTS We identified the best model using the MDR method, which consisted of a four-locus gene-gene interaction with 65.16% balanced accuracy and a cross-validation consistency of 70% in predicting AIA disease risk among asthmatic patients. This model included four SNPs such as B2ADR 46A>G, CCR3-520T>G, CysLTR1-634C>T, and FCER1B-109T>C. DISCUSSION These results suggest that a multilocus SNP acts in combination to influence the susceptibility to aspirin intolerance in asthmatics and could be a useful genetic marker for the diagnosis of AIA.
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Kiyohara C, Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Genetic susceptibility to atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2008; 57:39-56. [PMID: 18209506 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.r-07-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with an increasing prevalence in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of allergic disorders that includes food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. A multifactorial background for AD has been suggested, with genetic as well as environmental factors influencing disease development. Recent breakthroughs in genetic methodology have greatly augmented our understanding of the contribution of genetics to susceptibility to AD. A candidate gene association study is a general approach to identify susceptibility genes. Fifty three candidate gene studies (50 genes) have identified 19 genes associated with AD risk in at least one study. Significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokines (chymase 1-1903A > G), cytokines (interleukin13 Arg144Gln), cytokine receptors (interleukin 4 receptor 1727G > A) and SPINK 1258G > A have been replicated in more than one studies. These SNPs may be promising for identifying at-risk individuals. SNPs, even those not strongly associated with AD, should be considered potentially important because AD is a common disease. Even a small increase in risk can translate to a large number of AD cases. Consortia and international collaborative studies, which may maximize study efficacy and overcome the limitations of individual studies, are needed to help further illuminate the complex landscape of AD risk and genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kiyohara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Lee JH, Chang HS, Kim JH, Park SM, Lee YM, Uh ST, Rhim T, Chung IY, Kim YH, Park BL, Park CS, Shin HD. Genetic effect of CCR3 and IL5RA gene polymorphisms on eosinophilia in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 120:1110-7. [PMID: 17983872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic infiltration and peripheral blood eosinophilia in asthma require the cooperation of eosinophil-specific cytokines and chemokines and their receptors. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of polymorphisms in CCR3 and IL5RA with asthma susceptibility or peripheral blood eosinophilia and the effects of the polymorphisms on receptor expression. METHODS Polymorphisms in CCR3 and IL5RA were identified and genotyped in 576 asthmatic patients and 180 healthy control subjects. CCR3 and IL-5 receptor alpha (IL-5R alpha) protein expression on eosinophils was measured by means of flow cytometry. RESULTS Although polymorphisms in CCR3 were not associated with asthma susceptibility, the CCR3 haplotype ht2 showed a negative gene dose effect on the eosinophil count (P = .003-.009). IL5RA c.-5091G>A was weakly associated with eosinophil count. The effects of ht2 were greater when paired with IL5RA c.-5091A (P = .001-.002). CCR3 protein expression was higher on eosinophils of asthmatic patients without ht2 than in those with ht2. Asthmatic patients with the IL5RA c.-5091A allele showed higher IL-5R alpha expression than those who were homozygous for the G allele. CONCLUSION The genetic association between CCR3 polymorphisms and the number of circulating eosinophils was revealed as a novel finding. These associations were more pronounced when the CCR3 polymorphisms were paired with polymorphisms in IL5RA. The protein expression levels of CCR3 and IL-5R alpha on peripheral blood eosinophils are associated with the polymorphisms on their own genes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of CCR3 and IL5RA might be useful in developing markers for intermediate phenotypes of eosinophil number and in designing strategies to control diseases related to hypereosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Hyuk Lee
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
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Matsumoto K, Tamari M, Saito H. Involvement of eosinophils in the onset of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 121:26-7. [PMID: 18061649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang TN, Chiang W, Tseng HI, Chu YT, Chen WY, Shih NH, Ko YC. The polymorphisms of Eotaxin 1 and CCR3 genes influence on serum IgE, Eotaxin levels and mild asthmatic children in Taiwan. Allergy 2007; 62:1125-30. [PMID: 17845580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disorder, which is known to be affected by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The human Eotaxin 1 and CCR3 attract eosinophils and Th2-lymphocytes to migrate to the inflammatory foci that could represent a key mechanism in allergy and asthma. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that Eotaxin1 gene Ala23Thr and A-384 G, and CCR3 gene T51C polymorphisms are associated with plasma Eotaxin levels and predispose individuals to asthma pathogenesis. METHODS One hundred seventy-eight hospital-based asthmatic children and 277 community-based controls aged from 5 to 12 years were recruited in southern Taiwan. Whole blood samples and questionnaires were collected. In this study, we addressed genetic effects of Eotaxin 1 and CCR3 genes on asthma, plasma IgE and Eotaxin 1 levels. RESULTS In comparison with subjects with Ala23Ala genotype, Ala23Thr polymorphism of the Eotaxin 1 gene showed a significant protective effect on asthma (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.37-0.92). We demonstrated that the mean Eotaxin 1 concentration was significantly higher in subjects with Ala23Ala than in subjects with Thr23Thr (P = 0.005) or Ala23Thr (P = 0.07), which showed a gene-dose dependent relationship. But, we observed that the A-384G polymorphism of Eotaxin 1 gene and T51C polymorphism of CCR3 gene are not associated with asthma. CONCLUSION This study finding provide a strong evidence that Eotaxin 1 Thr23Thr homozygote has a protective effect on asthma and significantly decreases plasma Eotaxin 1 concentrations in asthmatics in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-N Wang
- Faculty of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Breunis WB, Biezeveld MH, Geissler J, Kuipers IM, Lam J, Ottenkamp J, Hutchinson A, Welch R, Chanock SJ, Kuijpers TW. Polymorphisms in chemokine receptor genes and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:83-90. [PMID: 17672867 PMCID: PMC2219275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis occurring in young children. Its aetiology is unknown, but an infectious agent is assumed. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been reported in KD. Genetic variation in these genes and the receptors for these genes could influence the regulation of cytokines and chemokines. In a case-control study of 170 Dutch Caucasian KD patients and 300 healthy Dutch Caucasian controls, common genetic variants in chemokine receptor genes CCR3, CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1, CXCR1 and CXCR2 were analysed. Of the eight studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CCR3-CCR2-CCR5 gene cluster, four showed a significant association with susceptibility to KD. Moreover the CCR5-Delta32 was observed with an allele frequency of 10.7% in the control population compared to 6.5% in the KD patients (P = 0.04). Two haplotypes of the CCR3-CCR2-CCR5 gene-cluster appear to be at risk haplotypes for KD and one a protective haplotype. No association was observed with the studied SNPs in CX3CR1, CXCR1 and CXCR2. In conclusion, in a Dutch cohort of KD patients an association of KD occurrence with common genetic variants in the chemokine receptor gene-cluster CCR3-CCR2-CCR5 was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Breunis
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airways disease, with a rising prevalence, particularly in childhood, and is considered an important public health problem. Its familial transmission is recognised, while the description and identification of the genes implicated in this disease are a challenge. In this revision paper the authors give a comprehensive explanation of the associated genes as well as the laboratorial methods that allow their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alexandra Videira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria no. 130, 1169-056 Lisbon
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Nakamura H, Higashikawa F, Nobukuni Y, Miyagawa K, Endo T, Imai T, Hatta K, Ozasa K, Motohashi Y, Matsuzaki I, Sasahara S, Ogino K, Akimaru K, Eboshida A. Genotypes and Haplotypes of CCR2 and CCR3 Genes in Japanese Cedar Pollinosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:329-34. [PMID: 17135764 DOI: 10.1159/000097502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome scan analyses have revealed that the chromosomal region 3p21.3, which contains a gene cluster of the CC chemokine receptor, is possibly critical for the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Japanese cedar pollinosis is mediated by a type I allergy and induces seasonal rhinitis and conjunctivitis in humans as the most common form of hay fever in spring in Japan, although the candidate genes for cedar pollinosis remain to be elucidated. We sequenced CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CCXCR1 using the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method in subjects with cedar pollinosis and controls. We found 8 polymorphisms of A111G, Arg127Cys and Arg252Gln in CCXCR1, T885C in CCR1, Val64Ile and T780C in CCR2, T51C in CCR3 and Arg223Gln in CCR5. The transmission disequilibrium test using 60 children with pollinosis and their parents and an association study using unrelated adult subjects (151 patients and 157 controls) showed a significant association of 64Ile in CCR2 and 51C in CCR3 with cedar pollinosis. The frequency of haplotype 64Ile/780C/51C in pollinosis was significantly higher than in controls. Our results suggest that CCR2 and CCR3 genes are candidate genes for Japanese cedar pollinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi University School of Medicine, Kochi, Nankoku, Japan.
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Park BL, Han IK, Lee HS, Kim LH, Kim SJ, Shin JS, Kim SY, Shin HD. Association of interleukin 10 haplotype with low bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. BMB Rep 2005; 37:691-9. [PMID: 15607028 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2004.37.6.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by exaggerated loss of bone mass, with as much as 50 to 85% of the variation in bone mineral density (BMD) commonly accepted as being genetically determined. Although intensive studies have attempted to elucidate the genetic effects of polymorphisms on BMD and/or osteoporosis in several genes, the genes involved are still largely unknown. The possible associations of genetic variants in five-candidate genes (IL10, CCR3, MCP1, MCP2 and GC) with spinal BMD were investigated in Korean postmenopausal women (n = 370). Fourteen SNPs in five candidate genes were genotyped, and the haplotypes of each gene constructed. The associations of adjusted spinal BMD by age, year since menopause (YSM) and body mass index (BMI), with genetic polymorphisms, were analyzed using multiple regression models. Genetic association analysis of Korean postmenopausal women revealed that IL10 -592A > C and/or IL10 ht2 were associated with decreased bone mass, whereas no significant associations were observed with all polymorphisms in other genes. The levels of spinal BMD in individuals bearing the IL10 -592CC genotype were lower (0.78 +/- 0.16) than those in others (0.85 +/- 0.17) (P = 0.02), and the BMD of IL10 ht2 bearing individuals were also lower (0.82 +/- 0.15) than those in others (0.85 +/- 0.17) (P = 0.04). Our results suggest that variants of IL10 might play a role in the decreased BMD, although additional study might need to be followed-up in a more powerful cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Lae Park
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., 11th Floor, Maehun B/D, 13 Chongro 4 Ga, Chongro Gu, Seoul 110-834, Korea
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Stemmler S, Arinir U, Klein W, Rohde G, Hoffjan S, Wirkus N, Reinitz-Rademacher K, Bufe A, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Epplen JT. Association of interleukin-8 receptor α polymorphisms with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Genes Immun 2005; 6:225-30. [PMID: 15772681 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are common complex diseases characterized by airflow obstruction and inflammatory processes in the small airways. lnterleukin 8 (IL-8) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine which interacts with the IL-8 receptor alpha (IL8RA, CXCR1) and beta (IL8RB, CXCR2), leading to activation and migration of leukocytes. In order to evaluate the role of the IL8RA gene in the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma, we screened the coding region of IL8RA for mutations by means of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis in 50 COPD patients and identified three exchanges (M31R, S276T and R335C). These three polymorphisms were subsequently genotyped in 182 adult patients with COPD, 68 adult patients and 130 children with asthma as well as 454 healthy controls. The frequencies of the IL8RA 31R and 335C alleles were significantly increased in patients with COPD and in children with asthma compared to healthy controls (P=0.0073 and 0.023, respectively). Thus, these polymorphisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stemmler
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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Tsunemi Y, Sekiya T, Saeki H, Hirai K, Ohta K, Nakamura K, Kakinuma T, Fujita H, Asano N, Wakugawa M, Torii H, Tamaki K. Lack of association of CCR3 single nucleotide polymorphism with atopic dermatitis in Japanese population. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 33:130-3. [PMID: 14581140 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mascheretti S, Hinrichsen H, Ross S, Buggisch P, Hampe J, Foelsch UR, Schreiber S. Genetic variants in the CCR gene cluster and spontaneous viral elimination in hepatitis C-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:328-33. [PMID: 15086398 PMCID: PMC1809016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in chronic hepatitis in more than 80% of infected patients while 10-20% of patients recover spontaneously. Host genetic factors may influence the ability to clear the virus after infection. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms and a 32 bp deletion in the genes coding for CCR3, CCR2 and CCR5 (which are all located in a cluster on chromosome 3) were investigated in 465 consecutively recruited patients infected with HCV and 370 matched controls. Genetic variants were tested for association with spontaneous viral elimination and, in the chronically infected patients, stage of fibrosis and response to antiviral therapy. The G190A polymorphism (variant allele Ile64) in the first transmembrane domain of CCR2 was under-represented in the 29 patients who had cleared the hepatitis C virus spontaneously (P = 0.018). None of the other variants in the CCR gene cluster showed association with the natural course of the infection, stage of fibrosis or response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mascheretti
- Medical Department I, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Hoffjan S, Nicolae D, Ober C. Association studies for asthma and atopic diseases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Respir Res 2003; 4:14. [PMID: 14748924 PMCID: PMC314398 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of genetic association studies on asthma-related phenotypes have been conducted in different populations. To date, variants in 64 genes have been reported to be associated with asthma or related traits in at least one study. Of these, 33 associations were replicated in a second study, 9 associations were not replicated either in a second study or a second sample in the same study, and 22 associations were reported in just a single published study. These results suggest the potential for a great amount of heterogeneity underlying asthma. However, many of these studies are methodologically limited and their interpretation hampered by small sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hoffjan
- Departments of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dan Nicolae
- Departments of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Departments of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Hakonarson H, Halapi E. Genetic analyses in asthma: current concepts and future directions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 2:155-66. [PMID: 12383022 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200202030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex genetic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions among many genes and between these genes and the environment. Numerous loci and candidate genes have been reported to show linkage and association of asthma and the asthma-associated phenotypes, atopy, elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness to alleles of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within specific cytokine/chemokine, and IgE regulating genes. While many studies reporting these observations are compelling, only one asthma gene conferring high risk has been mapped. In this review, we present studies that support linkage and/or associations to the various genetic loci and genes in asthma. The first genome-wide scan for linkage to quantitative traits underlying asthma identified linkage on chromosome 4q, 6, 7, 11q, 13q and 16. A genome scan in American families from three racial groups revealed linkage to chromosome 2q, 5q, 6p, 12q, 13q and 14q. A two-stage scan in Hutterite families from the US found linkage on chromosome 5q, 12q, 19q and 21q. A screen in German families identified linkage to asthma on chromosome 2q, 6p, 9 and 12q and a two-stage genome scan in French families found replicated linkage on chromosomes 1p, 12q and 17q. A study of asthma in Finland showed linkage to high IgE on 7q14. Apart from a European linkage study of 199 families with atopic dermatitis, which demonstrated significant linkage to chromosome 3q21, three other studies have reported linkage results of genome-wide significance, including a linkage study in 175 Icelandic asthma families (14q24), a study in 533 Chinese families with bronchial hyper-responsiveness (chromosome 2) and a study in 47 Japanese families with mite-sensitive atopic asthma (5q31), suggesting that these regions may harbor genes contributing to the development of asthma and allergies. While significant progress has been made in the field of asthma genetics in the past decade, the clinical implications of the genes and genetic variations within the numerous candidate asthma genes that have been found to associate with the expression of the asthmatic phenotype, remain undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Respiratory and Pharmacogenomics Research, deCODE Genetics, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
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21
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Abstract
This article discusses the potential for clinical translation of the large amount of information on the molecular basis of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions that has been collected over the last twenty years. Areas of current interest include the identification of adhesion molecule expression in inflammation by diagnostic imaging, understanding variability in inflammatory responsiveness and disease susceptibility through identification of adhesion molecule and chemokine polymorphisms and the application to the treatment of inflammatory diseases of monoclonal antibodies and conventional drugs with specific actions on leukocyte adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Marshall
- BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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22
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Vercelli D. The functional genomics of CD14 and its role in IgE responses: an integrated view. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:14-21. [PMID: 11799359 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies in recent years have suggested that there is a strong genetic component in the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated diseases. Epidemiologic studies have identified a number of genes that carry single base changes (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with parameters of allergy. What remain to be established are the mechanisms whereby genetic variation results in dysregulation of IgE-mediated responses. This is the task of functional genomics. In this article, some of the most powerful approaches that have been devised to provide a mechanistic explanation for the effects of genetic variation on the regulation of gene expression and function are discussed. Recent data on the impact of genetic variation on the regulation of CD14 are explored in the context of the potential role played by this gene in the pathogenesis of allergy. Also discussed is the notion that taken individually, each instance of variation might result in small effects. It is the combination of variations in the same gene and/or in genes arrayed along one functional pathway that might eventually lead to dysregulation strong enough to cause disease. In this scenario, the environment is likely to play an essential role in determining the functional outcome of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Vercelli
- Arizona Respiratory Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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