1
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Venkatakrishnan V, Thomsson KA, Padra M, Andersson A, Brundin B, Christenson K, Bylund J, Karlsson NG, Lindén A, Lindén SK. Protein N-glycosylation in the bronchoalveolar space differs between never-smokers and long-term smokers with and without COPD. Glycobiology 2023; 33:1128-1138. [PMID: 37656214 PMCID: PMC10876041 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) kills millions of people annually and patients suffering from exacerbations of this disorder display high morbidity and mortality. The clinical course of COPD is associated with dysbiosis and infections, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Glycosylation of proteins play roles in regulating interactions between microbes and immune cells, and knowledge on airway glycans therefore contribute to the understanding of infections. Furthermore, glycans have biomarker potential for identifying smokers with enhanced risk for developing COPD as well as COPD subgroups. Here, we characterized the N-glycosylation in the lower airways of healthy never-smokers (HNS, n = 5) and long-term smokers (LTS) with (LTS+, n = 4) and without COPD (LTS-, n = 8). Using mass spectrometry, we identified 57 highly confident N-glycan structures whereof 38 oligomannose, complex, and paucimannose type glycans were common to BAL samples from HNS, LTS- and LTS+ groups. Hybrid type N-glycans were identified only in the LTS+ group. Qualitatively and quantitatively, HNS had lower inter-individual variation between samples compared to LTS- or LTS+. Cluster analysis of BAL N-glycosylation distinguished LTS from HNS. Correlation analysis with clinical parameters revealed that complex N-glycans were associated with health and absence of smoking whereas oligomannose N-glycans were associated with smoking and disease. The N-glycan profile from monocyte-derived macrophages differed from the BAL N-glycan profiles. In conclusion, long-term smokers display substantial alterations of N-glycosylation in the bronchoalveolar space, and the hybrid N-glycans identified only in long-term smokers with COPD deserve to be further studied as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina A Thomsson
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Médea Padra
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Andersson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 3, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12F, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bylund
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12F, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Eugeniavägen 3, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Efferocytosis in lung mucosae: implications for health and disease. Immunol Lett 2022; 248:109-118. [PMID: 35843361 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is imperative to maintain lung homeostasis and control inflammation. Populations of lung macrophages are the main efferocytes in this tissue, responsible for controlling immune responses and avoiding unrestrained inflammation and autoimmunity through the expression of a plethora of receptors that recognize multiple 'eat me' signals on apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is essentially anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic. However, in some situations, apoptotic cells phagocytosis can elicit inflammatory and immunogenic immune responses. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of the mechanisms of efferocytosis, and how any abnormality in this process may have an important contribution to the lung pathophysiology of many chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. Further, we consider the consequences of the dual role of efferocytosis on the susceptibility or resistance to pulmonary microbial infections. Understanding how efferocytosis works in different contexts will be useful to the development of new and more effective strategies to control the diversity of lung diseases.
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3
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Shanthikumar S, Ranganathan SC, Saffery R, Neeland MR. Mapping Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation in Preschool Aged Children With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733217. [PMID: 34721395 PMCID: PMC8554310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune landscape of the paediatric respiratory system remains largely uncharacterised and as a result, the mechanisms of globally important childhood respiratory diseases remain poorly understood. In this work, we used high parameter flow cytometry and inflammatory cytokine profiling to map the local [bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)] and systemic (whole blood) immune response in preschool aged children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and aged-matched healthy controls. We demonstrate that children with CF show pulmonary infiltration of CD66b+ granulocytes and increased levels of MIP-1α, MIG, MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6 in BAL relative to healthy control children. Proportions of systemic neutrophils positively correlated with age in children with CF, whilst systemic CD4 T cells and B cells were inversely associated with age. Inflammatory cells in the BAL from both CF and healthy children expressed higher levels of activation and migration markers relative to their systemic counterparts. This work highlights the utility of multiplex immune profiling and advanced analytical pipelines to understand mechanisms of lung disease in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanthan Shanthikumar
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath C Ranganathan
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie R Neeland
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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4
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Fujii W, Kapellos TS, Baßler K, Händler K, Holsten L, Knoll R, Warnat-Herresthal S, Oestreich M, Hinkley ER, Hasenauer J, Pizarro C, Thiele C, Aschenbrenner AC, Ulas T, Skowasch D, Schultze JL. Alveolar macrophage transcriptomic profiling in COPD shows major lipid metabolism changes. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00915-2020. [PMID: 34527724 PMCID: PMC8435801 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00915-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Changes in the distribution and cellular functions of major immune cells, such as alveolar macrophages (AMs) and neutrophils are well known; however, their transcriptional reprogramming and contribution to the pathophysiology of COPD are still not fully understood. Method To determine changes in transcriptional reprogramming and lipid metabolism in the major immune cell type within bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, we analysed whole transcriptomes and lipidomes of sorted CD45+Lin−HLA-DR+CD66b−Autofluorescencehi AMs from controls and COPD patients. Results We observed global transcriptional reprogramming featuring a spectrum of activation states, including pro- and anti-inflammatory signatures. We further detected significant changes between COPD patients and controls in genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as fatty acid biosynthesis in GOLD2 patients. Based on these findings, assessment of a total of 202 lipid species in sorted AMs revealed changes of cholesteryl esters, monoacylglycerols and phospholipids in a disease grade-dependent manner. Conclusions Transcriptome and lipidome profiling of COPD AMs revealed GOLD grade-dependent changes, such as in cholesterol metabolism and interferon-α and γ responses. AMs from COPD patients undergo GOLD grade-specific transcriptional reprogramming and acquire a complex activation profile. Among the observed changes are gene programmes involved in lipid metabolism that translate into alterations in the AM lipidome.https://bit.ly/3sYAqgd
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fujii
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Co-first authors
| | - Theodore S Kapellos
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Co-first authors
| | - Kevin Baßler
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Co-first authors
| | - Kristian Händler
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Holsten
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Knoll
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie Oestreich
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emily R Hinkley
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Interdisciplinary Research Unit Mathematics and Life Sciences, Dept of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carmen Pizarro
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Section of Pneumology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Membrane Biochemistry, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna C Aschenbrenner
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Dept of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Skowasch
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Bonn, Section of Pneumology, Bonn, Germany.,Co-senior authors
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics (PRECISE), German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Co-senior authors
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5
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Lugg ST, Scott A, Parekh D, Naidu B, Thickett DR. Cigarette smoke exposure and alveolar macrophages: mechanisms for lung disease. Thorax 2021; 77:94-101. [PMID: 33986144 PMCID: PMC8685655 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. It causes chronic lung disease and predisposes individuals to acute lung injury and pulmonary infection. Alveolar macrophages are sentinel cells strategically positioned in the interface between the airway lumen and the alveolar spaces. These are the most abundant immune cells and are the first line of defence against inhaled particulates and pathogens. Recently, there has been a better understanding about the ontogeny, phenotype and function of alveolar macrophages and their role, not only in phagocytosis, but also in initiating and resolving immune response. Many of the functions of the alveolar macrophage have been shown to be dysregulated following exposure to cigarette smoke. While the mechanisms for these changes remain poorly understood, they are important in the understanding of cigarette smoking-induced lung disease. We review the mechanisms by which smoking influences alveolar macrophage: (1) recruitment, (2) phenotype, (3) immune function (bacterial killing, phagocytosis, proteinase/anti-proteinase release and reactive oxygen species production) and (4) homeostasis (surfactant/lipid processing, iron homeostasis and efferocytosis). Further understanding of the mechanisms of cigarette smoking on alveolar macrophages and other lung monocyte/macrophage populations may allow novel ways of restoring cellular function in those patients who have stopped smoking in order to reduce the risk of subsequent infection or further lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Lugg
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Babu Naidu
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Thickett
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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6
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Chiang AJ, Thanabalasuriar A, Boo CC. Proteomics: An advanced tool to unravel the role of alveolar macrophages in respiratory diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 134:105966. [PMID: 33677070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As we learn more about chronic lung diseases, we are seeing that an unbalanced immune system plays a key role in disease pathogenesis. Innate immune cells, particularly tissue-resident macrophages, are important navigators of immunity, both during infection and in non-communicable lung disease. In the lung, alveolar macrophages are considered some of the most critical and diverse immune cells, yet despite an array of studies over the years, alveolar macrophages remain poorly understood. In this review, we highlight the importance of alveolar macrophages in health and disease, and discuss how proteomics can be used to elucidate mechanistic information and identify potential targets for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby J Chiang
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Chelsea C Boo
- Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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7
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Ween MP, White JB, Tran HB, Mukaro V, Jones C, Macowan M, Hodge G, Trim PJ, Snel MF, Hodge SJ. The role of oxidised self-lipids and alveolar macrophage CD1b expression in COPD. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4106. [PMID: 33602992 PMCID: PMC7892841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells are increased, and their phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AM) is decreased alongside bacterial phagocytosis. Epithelial cellular lipids, including those exposed on uncleared apoptotic bodies, can become oxidized, and may be recognized and presented as non-self by antigen presenting cells. CD1b is a lipid-presenting protein, previously only described in dendritic cells. We investigated whether CD1b is upregulated in COPD AM, and whether lipid oxidation products are found in the airways of cigarette smoke (CS) exposed mice. We also characterise CD1b for the first time in a range of macrophages and assess CD1b expression and phagocytic function in response to oxidised lipid. Bronchoalveolar lavage and exhaled breath condensate were collected from never-smoker, current-smoker, and COPD patients and AM CD1b expression and airway 8-isoprostane levels assessed. Malondialdehyde was measured in CS-exposed mouse airways by confocal/immunofluorescence. Oxidation of lipids produced from CS-exposed 16HBE14o- (HBE) bronchial epithelial cells was assessed by spectrophotometry and changes in lipid classes assessed by mass spectrometry. 16HBE cell toxicity was measured by flow cytometry as was phagocytosis, CD1b expression, HLA class I/II, and mannose receptor (MR) in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). AM CD1b was significantly increased in COPD smokers (4.5 fold), COPD ex-smokers (4.3 fold), and smokers (3.9 fold), and AM CD1b significantly correlated with disease severity (FEV1) and smoking pack years. Airway 8-isoprostane also increased in smokers and COPD smokers and ex-smokers. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased in the bronchial epithelium of CS-exposed mice (MFI of 18.18 vs 23.50 for control). Oxidised lipid was produced from CS-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (9.8-fold of control) and showed a different overall lipid makeup to that of control total cellular lipid. This oxidised epithelial lipid significantly upregulated MDM CD1b, caused bronchial epithelial cell toxicity, and reduced MDM phagocytic capacity and MR in a dose dependent manner. Increased levels of oxidised lipids in the airways of COPD patients may be responsible for reduced phagocytosis and may become a self-antigen to be presented by CD1b on macrophages to perpetuate disease progression despite smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jake B White
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Violet Mukaro
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Jones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gregory Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra J Hodge
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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8
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Tejwani V, Moughames E, Suresh K, Tang SE, Mair LG, Romero K, Putcha N, Alexis NE, Woo H, D’Alessio FR, Hansel NN. Black Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages is Associated with Reduced CD80 Expression and Increased Exacerbations in Former Smokers With COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2021; 8:91-99. [PMID: 33156984 PMCID: PMC8047619 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2020.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by recurrent exacerbations. Macrophages play a critical role in immune response and tissue repair in COPD. Airway macrophages (AM) are exposed to environmental exposures which are retained in the cytoplasmic material. Both biomass and particulate matter have been linked to higher AM black carbon. It is unknown if AM black carbon is associated with COPD morbidity and macrophage phenotype. METHODS Former smokers with COPD were enrolled and sputum induction was performed to obtain airway macrophages. Macrophages underwent black carbon quantification and flow cytometry phenotyping. Health information was obtained the same day as sputum induction and prospective exacerbations were assessed by monthly telephone calls. RESULTS We studied 30 former smokers with COPD who had a mean age of 67 years and mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)% predicted of 60.8%. Higher AM black carbon content was associated with increased total exacerbations and severe exacerbations and reduced CD80 expression. CONCLUSION AM black carbon association with respiratory morbidity is largely unexplored and this is the first study to identify association with prospective exacerbations. Macrophages expressed reduced CD80, a surface marker providing costimulatory signals required for development of antigen-specific immune responses. Our findings suggest that reduced CD80 expression is the pathophysiologic mechanism for the association of AM black carbon content and increased exacerbations. Therefore, beyond solely serving as a marker for increased exposures, AM black carbon content may be a predictor of future exacerbations given a macrophage less equipped to respond to an acute infectious exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickram Tejwani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eric Moughames
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Karthik Suresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Shih-En Tang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laura G. Mair
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Karina Romero
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Nirupama Putcha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Neil E. Alexis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Han Woo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Franco R. D’Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- **These authors share senior authorship
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- **These authors share senior authorship
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9
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Ween MP, Moshensky A, Thredgold L, Bastian NA, Hamon R, Badiei A, Nguyen PT, Herewane K, Jersmann H, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, Reynolds PN, Crotty Alexander LE, Hodge SJ. E-cigarettes and health risks: more to the flavor than just the name. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L600-L614. [PMID: 33295836 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in regulating flavored E-liquids must incorporate understanding of the "flavoring profile" of each E-liquid-which flavorings (flavoring chemicals) are present and at what concentrations not just focusing on the flavor on the label. We investigated the flavoring profile of 10 different flavored E-liquids. We assessed bronchial epithelial cell viability and apoptosis, phagocytosis of bacteria and apoptotic cells by macrophages after exposure to E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE). We validated our data in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and alveolar macrophages (AM) from healthy donors. We also assessed cytokine release and validated in the saliva from E-cigarette users. Increased necrosis/apoptosis (16.1-64.5% apoptosis) in 16HBE cells was flavor dependent, and NHBEs showed an increased susceptibility to flavors. In THP-1 differentiated macrophages phagocytosis was also flavor dependent, with AM also showing increased susceptibility to flavors. Further, Banana and Chocolate were shown to reduce surface expression of phagocytic target recognition receptors on alveolar macrophages. Banana and Chocolate increased IL-8 secretion by NHBE, whereas all 4 flavors reduced AM IL-1β secretion, which was also reduced in the saliva of E-cigarette users compared with healthy controls. Flavorant profiles of E-liquids varied from simple 2 compound mixtures to complex mixtures containing over a dozen flavorants. E-liquids with high benzene content, complex flavoring profiles, high chemical concentration had the greatest impacts. The Flavorant profile of E-liquids is key to disruption of the airway status quo by increasing bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis, causing alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, and altering airway cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Moshensky
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - L Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N A Bastian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Badiei
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P T Nguyen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Herewane
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J Shin
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - P N Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - S J Hodge
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Tang T, Cheng X, Truong B, Sun L, Yang X, Wang H. Molecular basis and therapeutic implications of CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107709. [PMID: 33091428 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a soluble form generated by proteolytic cleavage or alternative splicing. CD40 and CD40L are widely expressed in various types of cells, among which B cells and myeloid cells constitutively express high levels of CD40, and T cells and platelets express high levels of CD40L upon activation. CD40L self-assembles into functional trimers which induce CD40 trimerization and downstream signaling. The canonical CD40/CD40L signaling is mediated by recruitment of TRAFs and NF-κB activation, which is supplemented by signal pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPKs and JAK3/STATs. CD40/CD40L immune checkpoint leads to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells via two-way signaling. CD40/CD40L interaction also participates in regulating thrombosis, tissue inflammation, hematopoiesis and tumor cell fate. Because of its essential role in immune activation, CD40/CD40L interaction has been regarded as an attractive immunotherapy target. In recent years, significant advance has been made in CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy. Various types of agents, including agonistic/antagonistic monoclonal antibodies, cellular vaccines, adenoviral vectors and protein antagonist, have been developed and evaluated in early-stage clinical trials for treating malignancies, autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. In general, these agents have demonstrated favorable safety and some of them show promising clinical efficacy. The mechanisms of benefits include immune cell activation and tumor cell lysis/apoptosis in malignancies, or immune cell inactivation in autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, processing, cellular expression pattern, signaling and effector function of CD40/CD40L checkpoint molecules. In addition, we summarize the progress, targeted diseases and outcomes of current ongoing and completed clinical trials of CD40/CD40L-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Billy Truong
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - LiZhe Sun
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - XiaoFeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
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11
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Dong Y, Arif AA, Guo J, Ha Z, Lee-Sayer SSM, Poon GFT, Dosanjh M, Roskelley CD, Huan T, Johnson P. CD44 Loss Disrupts Lung Lipid Surfactant Homeostasis and Exacerbates Oxidized Lipid-Induced Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:29. [PMID: 32082314 PMCID: PMC7002364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are CD44 expressing cells that reside in the alveolar space where they maintain lung homeostasis by serving critical roles in immunosurveillance and lipid surfactant catabolism. AMs lacking CD44 are unable to bind the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, which compromises their survival and leads to reduced numbers of AMs in the lung. Using RNA sequencing, lipidomics and multiparameter flow cytometry, we demonstrate that CD44−/− mice have impaired AM lipid homeostasis and increased surfactant lipids in the lung. CD44−/− AMs had increased expression of CD36, a lipid scavenger receptor, as well as increased intracellular lipid droplets, giving them a foamy appearance. RNA sequencing revealed the differential expression of genes associated with lipid efflux and metabolism in CD44−/− AMs. Lipidomic analysis showed increased lipids in both the supernatant and cell pellet extracted from the bronchoalveolar lavage of CD44−/− mice. Phosphatidylcholine species, cholesterol, oxidized phospholipids and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in CD44−/− AMs. Oxidized phospholipids were more cytotoxic to CD44−/− AMs and induced greater lung inflammation in CD44−/− mice. Reconstitution of CD44+/+ mice with CD44−/− bone marrow as well as adoptive transfer of CD44−/− AMs into CD44+/+ mice showed that lipid accumulation in CD44−/− AMs occurred irrespective of the lung environment, suggesting a cell intrinsic defect. Administration of colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF-2), a critical factor in AM development and maintenance, increased AM numbers in CD44−/− mice and decreased phosphatidylcholine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage, but was unable to decrease intracellular lipid accumulation in CD44−/− AMs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), downstream of CSF-2 signaling and a regulator of lipid metabolism, was reduced in the nucleus of CD44−/− AMs, and PPARγ inhibition in normal AMs increased their lipid droplets. Thus, CD44 deficiency causes defects in AMs that lead to abnormal lipid accumulation and oxidation, which exacerbates oxidized lipid-induced lung inflammation. Collectively, these findings implicate CD44 as a regulator of lung homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zongyi Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grace F T Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Lung Macrophage Functional Properties in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030853. [PMID: 32013028 PMCID: PMC7037150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the chronic exposure of the lungs to toxic particles and gases. These exposures initiate a persistent innate and adaptive immune inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissues. Lung macrophages (LMs) are key innate immune effector cells that identify, engulf, and destroy pathogens and process inhaled particles, including cigarette smoke and particulate matter (PM), the main environmental triggers for COPD. The number of LMs in lung tissues and airspaces is increased in COPD, suggesting a potential key role for LMs in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response that underpins the progressive nature of COPD. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the origins of LMs, their functional properties (chemotaxis, recruitment, mediator production, phagocytosis and apoptosis) and changes in these properties due to exposure to cigarette smoke, ambient particulate and pathogens, as well as their persistent altered functional properties in subjects with established COPD. We also explore the potential to therapeutically modulate and restore LMs functional properties, to improve impaired immune system, prevent the progression of lung tissue destruction, and improve both morbidity and mortality related to COPD.
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13
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Sadofsky LR, Hayman YA, Vance J, Cervantes JL, Fraser SD, Wilkinson HN, Williamson JD, Hart SP, Morice AH. Characterisation of a New Human Alveolar Macrophage-Like Cell Line (Daisy). Lung 2019; 197:687-698. [PMID: 31732808 PMCID: PMC6861369 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose There is currently no true macrophage cell line and in vitro experiments requiring these cells currently require mitogenic stimulation of a macrophage precursor cell line (THP-1) or ex vivo maturation of circulating primary monocytes. In this study, we characterise a human macrophage cell line, derived from THP-1 cells, and compare its phenotype to the THP-1 cells. Methods THP-1 cells with and without mitogenic stimulation were compared to the newly derived macrophage-like cell line (Daisy) using microscopy, flow cytometry, phagocytosis assays, antigen binding assays and gene microarrays. Results We show that the cell line grows predominantly in an adherent monolayer. A panel of antibodies were chosen to investigate the cell surface phenotype of these cells using flow cytometry. Daisy cells expressed more CD11c, CD80, CD163, CD169 and CD206, but less CD14 and CD11b compared with mitogen-stimulated THP-1 cells. Unlike stimulated THP-1 cells which were barely able to bind immune complexes, Daisy cells showed large amounts of immune complex binding. Finally, although not statistically significant, the phagocytic ability of Daisy cells was greater than mitogen-stimulated THP-1 cells, suggesting that the cell line is more similar to mature macrophages. Conclusions The observed phenotype suggests that Daisy cells are a good model of human macrophages with a phenotype similar to human alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Sadofsky
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Yvette A Hayman
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jesse Vance
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge L Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Simon D Fraser
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Holly N Wilkinson
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - James D Williamson
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Simon P Hart
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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14
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Ween MP, Hamon R, Macowan MG, Thredgold L, Reynolds PN, Hodge SJ. Effects of E‐cigarette E‐liquid components on bronchial epithelial cells: Demonstration of dysfunctional efferocytosis. Respirology 2019; 25:620-628. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda P. Ween
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Rhys Hamon
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Matthew G. Macowan
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public HealthUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Paul N. Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic MedicineRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide SA Australia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Sandra J. Hodge
- School of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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15
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Provost KA, Smith M, Miller-Larsson A, Gudleski GD, Sethi S. Bacterial regulation of macrophage bacterial recognition receptors in COPD are differentially modified by budesonide and fluticasone propionate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207675. [PMID: 30677037 PMCID: PMC6345465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Patients with COPD have an increased risk for community-acquired pneumonia, which is further increased by inhaled corticosteroids. Objective To assess effects of the corticosteroids, budesonide and fluticasone propionate, on macrophage bacterial responses in COPD. Methods Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) generated from blood monocytes from 10 non-smoker controls (NoS), 20 smokers without COPD (Sm), and 40 subjects with moderate to severe COPD (21 ex-smokers (COPD-ES) and 19 current smokers (COPD-S)) were pre-treated with budesonide or fluticasone (10 nM—1 μM) and challenged with live non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) or Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP). Cell surface bacterial recognition receptor expression (flow cytometry) and cytokine release (bead array) were analyzed. Results NTHI and SP reduced bacterial recognition receptor expression on MDMs from COPD and Sm, but not NoS (except TLR4). SR-AI and MARCO were reduced by both NTHI and SP, whereas other receptors by either NTHI or SP. Among COPD subjects, COPD-ES demonstrated a greater number of reductions as compared to COPD-S. NTHI reduced SR-AI, MARCO, CD11b, CD35 and CD206 in COPD-ES while only SR-AI and CD11b in COPD-S. SP reduced SRA-1, CD1d, TLR2 and TLR4 in both COPD-ES and COPD-S, and reduced MARCO and CD93 only in COPD-ES. All receptors reduced in COPD by NTHI and most by SP, were also reduced in Sm. Budesonide counteracted the receptor reductions induced by both NTHI (CD206 p = 0.03, MARCO p = 0.08) and SP (SR-AI p = 0.02) in COPD-ES. Fluticasone counteracted only SP-induced reductions in TLR2 (p = 0.008 COPD-ES and p = 0.04 COPD-S) and TLR4 (p = 0.02 COPD-ES). Cytokine release was equivalently reduced by both corticosteroids. Conclusions Reduction in macrophage bacterial recognition receptors during bacterial exposure could provide a mechanism for the increased pneumonia risk in COPD. Differential effects of budesonide and fluticasone propionate on macrophage bacterial recognition receptor expression may contribute to the higher pneumonia incidence reported with fluticasone propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A. Provost
- Veterans Health Administration, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System at Buffalo, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Miyuki Smith
- Veterans Health Administration, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System at Buffalo, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory D. Gudleski
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Veterans Health Administration, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System at Buffalo, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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16
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Immunodeficiency in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Inflammation 2019; 41:1582-1589. [PMID: 30047000 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by progressive airway inflammation and irreversible airflow limitation, leads to serious decline in life quality. The acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) results in high healthcare costs as well as a significant mortality rate. The most common cause of acute exacerbation is infection. Immune deficiency, which induces dysfunction of anti-infection, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation. As described in this review, the immune dysfunction in patients with AECOPD can be a major focus of efforts to therapeutic strategy.
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Hulina-Tomašković A, Rajković MG, Somborac-Bačura A, Čeri A, Dabelić S, Rumora L. Extracellular Hsp70 modulates the inflammatory response of cigarette smoke extract in NCI-H292 cells. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1704-1716. [PMID: 30298576 DOI: 10.1113/ep087180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does extracellular heat shock protein 70 (eHsp70) alter cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammatory responses in NCI-H292 bronchial epithelial cells? What is the main finding and its importance? eHsp70 modulates inflammatory responses and TLR2, TLR4 and Hsp70 gene expression, and protects NCI-H292 cells against CSE-induced cytotoxicity. eHsp70 might be implicated in development of inflammatory diseases affected by cigarette smoke, such as COPD. ABSTRACT One of the major risk factors for development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is cigarette smoke. Extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) is increased in sera of COPD patients, and can act as damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In this study, we explored inflammatory parameters (cytokine concentrations, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 and Hsp70 expression, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and cytotoxicity) after exposure of bronchial-epithelial NCI-H292 cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone (2.5 and 15%) and in combinations with recombinant human (rh) Hsp70 (0.3, 1 and 3 μg ml-1 ). We applied specific MAPKs, NF-κB and Hsp70 inhibitors to elucidate rhHsp70 inflammation-associated responses. CSE alone and combinations of 15% CSE with rhHsp70 stimulated IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8 release. However, rhHsp70 applied with 2.5% CSE decreased secretion of cytokines indicating antagonistic effects. Individual and combined treatments with 2.5% CSE suppressed TLR2 expression. CSE at 15% induced TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression, whereas rhHsp70 abolished that effect. rhHsp70 and 15% CSE alone reduced, while their combination increased, intracellular Hsp70 mRNA level. CSE alone and in combination with rhHsp70 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPKs, while inhibition of MAPKs, NF-κB and Hsp70 attenuated IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. CSE at 15% reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis, as shown by MTS and caspases-3/7 assays. CSE at 2.5% alone stimulated lactate dehydrogenase release, but cellular membrane integrity remained intact in co-treatments with rhHsp70. rhHsp70 might modulate the inflammatory response of CSE and could also protect NCI-H292 cells against CSE cytotoxicity. Those effects are implemented via MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hulina-Tomašković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Grdić Rajković
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Somborac-Bačura
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Čeri
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Dabelić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Rumora
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Zagreb, Croatia
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NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammasome activation is decreased in alveolar macrophages in patients with lung cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205242. [PMID: 30365491 PMCID: PMC6203254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The interaction of cancer cells with their microenvironment, results in tumor escape or elimination. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a significant role in lung immunoregulation, however their role in LC has been outshined by the study of tumor associated macrophages. Inflammasomes are key components of innate immune responses and can exert either tumor-suppressive or oncogenic functions, while their role in lung cancer is largely unknown. We thus investigated the NLRP3 pathway in Bronchoalveolar Lavage derived alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with primary lung cancer and healthy individuals. IL-1β and IL-18 secretion was significantly higher in unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes from LC patients, while IL-1β secretion could be further increased upon NLRP3 stimulation. In contrast, in LC AMs, we observed a different profile of IL-1β secretion, characterized mainly by the impairment of IL-1β production in NLRP3 stimulated cells. AMs also exhibited an impaired TLR4/LPS pathway as shown by the reduced induction of IL-6 and TNF-α. Our results support the hypothesis of tumour induced immunosuppression in the lung microenvironment and may provide novel targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Thammason H, Khetkam P, Pabuprapap W, Suksamrarn A, Kunthalert D. Ethyl rosmarinate inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E 2 production in alveolar macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:17-23. [PMID: 29391157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of rosmarinic acid and analogs were investigated for their anti-inflammatory potential against LPS-induced alveolar macrophages (MH-S). Our results showed that, among the test compounds, ethyl rosmarinate (3) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on NO production in LPS-induced MH-S cells, with low cytotoxicity. Compound 3 exhibited remarkable inhibition of the production of PGE2 in LPS-induced MH-S cells. The inhibitory potency of compound 3 against LPS-induced NO and PGE2 release was approximately two-fold higher than that of dexamethasone. Compound 3 significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 and suppressed p65 expression in the nucleus in LPS-induced MH-S cells. These results suggested that compound 3 inhibited NO and PGE2 production, at least in part, through the down-regulation of NF-κB activation. Analysis of structure-activity relationship revealed that the free carboxylic group did not contribute to inhibitory activity and that the alkyl group of the corresponding alkyl ester analogs produced a strong inhibitory effect. We concluded that compound 3, a structurally modified rosmarinic acid, possessed potent inhibitory activity against lung inflammation, which strongly supported the development of this compound as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of macrophage-mediated lung inflammatory diseases, such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathairat Thammason
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Pichit Khetkam
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Wachirachai Pabuprapap
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
| | - Duangkamol Kunthalert
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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20
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Dysregulated Functions of Lung Macrophage Populations in COPD. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2349045. [PMID: 29670919 PMCID: PMC5835245 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2349045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a diverse respiratory disease characterised by bronchiolitis, small airway obstruction, and emphysema. Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in the disease's progression, and in particular, lung macrophages exploit their prevalence and strategic localisation to orchestrate immune responses. To date, alveolar and interstitial resident macrophages as well as blood monocytes have been described in the lungs of patients with COPD contributing to disease pathology by changes in their functional repertoire. In this review, we summarise recent evidence from human studies and work with animal models of COPD with regard to altered functions of each of these myeloid cell populations. We primarily focus on the dysregulated capacity of alveolar macrophages to secrete proinflammatory mediators and proteases, induce oxidative stress, engulf microbes and apoptotic cells, and express surface and intracellular markers in patients with COPD. In addition, we discuss the differences in the responses between alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages/monocytes in the disease and propose how the field should advance to better understand the implications of lung macrophage functions in COPD.
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21
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Szabó M, Sárosi V, Balikó Z, Bodó K, Farkas N, Berki T, Engelmann P. Deficiency of innate-like T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2017; 18:197. [PMID: 29179729 PMCID: PMC5704534 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the phenotypic and functional characteristics unconventional T-lymphocytes such as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells link the innate and adaptive immune responses. Up to now data are scarce about their involvement in pulmonary disorders including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study explores simultaneously the frequencies of iNKT and MAIT cells in the peripheral blood and sputum of stable and exacerbating COPD patients. Methods By means of multicolor flow cytometry frequencies of total iNKT and MAIT cells and their subsets were enumerated in peripheral blood and sputum samples of healthy controls, and COPD patients. In addition, gene expression of TCR for iNKT, MAIT cells, and CD1d, MR1 were assessed by qPCR in the study cohorts. Results Percentages of total iNKT and MAIT cells were dramatically dropped in blood, and reduced numbers of iNKT cells were observed in the sputum of COPD patients. Furthermore decreased DN and increased CD4+ iNKT subsets, while increased DN and decreased CD8+ MAIT subpopulations were measured in the blood of COPD patients. Reduced invariant TCR mRNA levels in COPD patients had confirmed these previous findings. The mRNA expression of CD1d and MR1 were increased in stable and exacerbating COPD patients; however both molecules were decreased upon antibiotic and systemic steroid treatments. Conclusions Our results support the notion that both invariant T-cell populations are affected in COPD. Further detailed analysis of invariant T cells could shed more light into the complex interactions of these lymphocyte groups in COPD pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0671-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Szabó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary.
| | - Veronika Sárosi
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balikó
- Division of Pulmonology, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Rákóczi u. 2, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Department of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, Pécs, H-7643, Hungary.
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22
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Characterisation of lung macrophage subpopulations in COPD patients and controls. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7143. [PMID: 28769058 PMCID: PMC5540919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophage subpopulations have been identified based on size. We investigated characteristics of small and large macrophages in the alveolar spaces and lung interstitium of COPD patients and controls. Alveolar and interstitial cells were isolated from lung resection tissue from 88 patients. Macrophage subpopulation cell-surface expression of immunological markers and phagocytic ability were assessed by flow cytometry. Inflammatory related gene expression was measured. Alveolar and interstitial macrophages had subpopulations of small and large macrophages based on size and granularity. Alveolar macrophages had similar numbers of small and large cells; interstitial macrophages were mainly small. Small macrophages expressed significantly higher cell surface HLA-DR, CD14, CD38 and CD36 and lower CD206 compared to large macrophages. Large alveolar macrophages showed lower marker expression in COPD current compared to ex-smokers. Small interstitial macrophages had the highest pro-inflammatory gene expression levels, while large alveolar macrophages had the lowest. Small alveolar macrophages had the highest phagocytic ability. Small alveolar macrophage CD206 expression was lower in COPD patients compared to smokers. COPD lung macrophages include distinct subpopulations; Small interstitial and small alveolar macrophages with more pro-inflammatory and phagocytic function respectively, and large alveolar macrophages with low pro-inflammatory and phagocytic ability.
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Khalaf RM, Lea SR, Metcalfe HJ, Singh D. Mechanisms of corticosteroid insensitivity in COPD alveolar macrophages exposed to NTHi. Respir Res 2017; 18:61. [PMID: 28420398 PMCID: PMC5395788 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) infection is common in COPD. Corticosteroids can have limited therapeutic effects in COPD patients. NTHi causes corticosteroid insensitive cytokine production from COPD alveolar macrophages. We investigated the mechanisms by which NTHi causes corticosteroid insensitive inflammatory responses, and the effects of NTHi exposure on COPD macrophage polarisation. Method Alveolar macrophages from COPD patients and controls were exposed to NTHi in conjunction with the corticosteroid dexamethasone and/or the p38 MAPK inhibitor BIRB-796. Cytokine release, GR phosphorylation and modulation and macrophage phenotype were analysed. Results Dexamethasone significantly inhibited NTHi induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 from COPD macrophages but, CXCL8 was not suppressed. BIRB-796 combined with dexamethasone caused significantly greater inhibition of all cytokines than either drug alone (p < 0.05 all comparisons). NTHi caused phosphorylation of GR S226 reducing GR nuclear localisation, an effect regulated by p38 MAPK. NTHi altered macrophage polarisation by increasing IL-10 and decreasing CD36, CD206, CD163 and HLA-DR. Conclusion NTHi exposure causes p38 MAPK dependent GR phosphorylation associated with decreased GR function in COPD alveolar macrophages. Combining a p38 MAPK inhibitor with corticosteroids can enhance anti-inflammatory effects during NTHi exposure of COPD alveolar macrophages. NTHi causes macrophage polarisation that favours bacterial persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0539-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Khalaf
- The University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Thi-Qar University, College of Medicine, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Simon R Lea
- The University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. .,Thi-Qar University, College of Medicine, Nasiriyah, Iraq.
| | - Hannah J Metcalfe
- The University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Thi-Qar University, College of Medicine, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Dave Singh
- The University of Manchester, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Thi-Qar University, College of Medicine, Nasiriyah, Iraq
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24
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Abstract
In the healthy lung, macrophages maintain homeostasis by clearing inhaled particles, bacteria, and removing apoptotic cells from the local pulmonary environment. However, in respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and cystic fibrosis, macrophages appear to be dysfunctional and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. In COPD, phagocytosis of bacterial species and apoptotic cells by both alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages is significantly reduced, leading to colonization of the lung with pathogenic bacteria. COPD macrophages also release high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL8, TGFβ, and CCL2, driving recruitment of other inflammatory cells including neutrophils and monocytes to the lungs and promoting disease progression.In asthma, defective phagocytosis and efferocytosis have also been reported, and macrophages appear to have altered cell surface receptor expression; however, it is as yet unclear how this contributes to disease progression but may be important in driving Th2-mediated inflammation. In cystic fibrosis, macrophages also display defective phagocytosis, and reduced bacterial killing, which may be driven by the pro-inflammatory environment present in the lungs of these patients.The mechanisms behind defective macrophage function in lung diseases are not currently understood, but potential mechanisms include alterations in phagocytic receptor expression levels, oxidative stress, but also the possibility that specific diseases are associated with a specific, altered, macrophage phenotype that displays reduced function. Identification of the mechanisms responsible may present novel therapeutic opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B R Belchamber
- Department of Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Department of Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
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25
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Grabiec AM, Hussell T. The role of airway macrophages in apoptotic cell clearance following acute and chronic lung inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:409-23. [PMID: 26957481 PMCID: PMC4896990 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the lung are associated with the accumulation of large quantities of immune and structural cells undergoing apoptosis, which need to be engulfed by phagocytes in a process called ‘efferocytosis’. Apoptotic cell recognition and removal from the lung is mediated predominantly by airway macrophages, though immature dendritic cells and non-professional phagocytes, such as epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, can also display this function. Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells from the airways is essential for successful resolution of inflammation and the return to lung homeostasis. Disruption of this process leads to secondary necrosis of accumulating apoptotic cells, release of necrotic cell debris and subsequent uncontrolled inflammatory activation of the innate immune system by the released ‘damage associated molecular patterns’ (DAMPS). To control the duration of the immune response and prevent autoimmune reactions, anti-inflammatory signalling cascades are initiated in the phagocyte upon apoptotic cell uptake, mediated by a range of receptors that recognise specific phospholipids or proteins externalised on, or secreted by, the apoptotic cell. However, prolonged activation of apoptotic cell recognition receptors, such as the family of receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM), may delay or prevent inflammatory responses to subsequent infections. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism controlling apoptotic cell recognition and removal from the lung in homeostasis and during inflammation, the contribution of defective efferocytosis to chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and cystic fibrosis, and implications of the signals triggered by apoptotic cells in the susceptibility to pulmonary microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander M Grabiec
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
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26
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Ricciardolo FLM, Varahram M, Jamaati H, Velayati AA, Folkerts G, Garssen J. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lactobacillus Rahmnosus and Bifidobacterium Breve on Cigarette Smoke Activated Human Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136455. [PMID: 26317628 PMCID: PMC4552661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem with cigarette smoke (CS) as the main risk factor for its development. Airway inflammation in COPD involves the increased expression of inflammatory mediators such as CXCL-8 and IL-1β which are important mediators for neutrophil recruitment. Macrophages are an important source of these mediators in COPD. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and Befidobacterium breve (B. breve) attenuate the development of 'allergic asthma' in animals but their effects in COPD are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on CS and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. DESIGN We stimulated the human macrophage cell line THP-1 with CS extract in the presence and absence of L. rhamnosus and B. breve and measured the expression and release of inflammatory mediators by RT-qPCR and ELISA respectively. An activity assay and Western blotting were used to examine NF-κB activation. RESULTS Both L. rhamnosus and B. breve were efficiently phagocytized by human macrophages. L. rhamnosus and B. breve significantly suppressed the ability of CS to induce the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, TNFα, CXCL-8 and HMGB1 release (all p<0.05) in human THP-1 macrophages. Similar suppression of TLR4- and TLR9-induced CXCL8 expression was also observed (p<0.05). The effect of L. rhamnosus and B. breve on inflammatory mediator release was associated with the suppression of CS-induced NF-κB activation (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This data indicate that these probiotics may be useful anti-inflammatory agents in CS-associated disease such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom
- Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic respiratory research center, National Research and Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Chatterjee S. The Lung Immune Niche in Tuberculosis: Insights from Studies on Human Alveolar Macrophages. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The observation that macrophages are increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are associated with COPD severity has led to a large number of studies on macrophage function in COPD. These studies have provided evidence that these cells contribute to tissue injury through the release of various mediators, including proteases such as matrix metalloprotease-12. In addition, it was found that macrophages in COPD have an impaired ability to clear respiratory pathogens and apoptotic cells. Macrophage phagocytic function in COPD can be restored at least in part, as shown by in vitro studies. In a search to further understand this altered function of macrophages in COPD, several studies have used a range of markers to phenotype macrophages in COPD. Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous cell population, and, currently, proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 and M2-like cells are considered to represent the extremes of a pattern of macrophage polarization. In COPD, there is no clear evidence for a predominance of one of these phenotypes, and an intermediate phenotype may be present. Future studies are needed to establish the nature of this apparent COPD-specific macrophage subset, and to link macrophage dysfunction to COPD phenotypes.
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29
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Liao SY, Lin X, Christiani DC. Genome-wide association and network analysis of lung function in the Framingham Heart Study. Genet Epidemiol 2014; 38:572-8. [PMID: 25044411 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms have been found to be associated with pulmonary function using genome-wide association studies. However, lung function is a complex trait that is likely to be influenced by multiple gene-gene interactions besides individual genes. Our goal is to build a cellular network to explore the relationship between pulmonary function and genotypes by combining SNP level and network analyses using longitudinal lung function data from the Framingham Heart Study. We analyzed 2,698 genotyped participants from the Offspring cohort that had an average of 3.35 spirometry measurements per person for a mean length of 13 years. Repeated forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ) and the ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) were used as outcomes. Data were analyzed using linear-mixed models for the association between lung function and alleles by accounting for the correlation among repeated measures over time within the same subject and within-family correlation. Network analyses were performed using dmGWAS and validated with data from the Third Generation cohort. Analyses identified SMAD3, TGFBR2, CD44, CTGF, VCAN, CTNNB1, SCGB1A1, PDE4D, NRG1, EPHB1, and LYN as contributors to pulmonary function. Most of these genes were novel that were not found previously using solely SNP-level analysis. These novel genes are involving the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB)-SMAD pathway, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, etc. Therefore, combining SNP-level and network analyses using longitudinal lung function data is a useful alternative strategy to identify risk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Liao
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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30
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Forbes B, O'Lone R, Allen PP, Cahn A, Clarke C, Collinge M, Dailey LA, Donnelly LE, Dybowski J, Hassall D, Hildebrand D, Jones R, Kilgour J, Klapwijk J, Maier CC, McGovern T, Nikula K, Parry JD, Reed MD, Robinson I, Tomlinson L, Wolfreys A. Challenges for inhaled drug discovery and development: Induced alveolar macrophage responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:15-33. [PMID: 24530633 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) responses are commonly induced in inhalation toxicology studies, typically being observed as an increase in number or a vacuolated 'foamy' morphology. Discriminating between adaptive AM responses and adverse events during nonclinical and clinical development is a major scientific challenge. When measuring and interpreting induced AM responses, an understanding of macrophage biology is essential; this includes 'sub-types' of AMs with different roles in health and disease and mechanisms of induction/resolution of AM responses to inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this context, emerging assay techniques, the utility of toxicokinetics and the requirement for new biomarkers are considered. Risk assessment for nonclinical toxicology findings and their translation to effects in humans is discussed from a scientific and regulatory perspective. At present, when apparently adaptive macrophage-only responses to inhaled investigational products are observed in nonclinical studies, this poses a challenge for risk assessment and an improved understanding of induced AM responses to inhaled pharmaceuticals is required.
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31
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Agustí A, Barberà JA, Wouters EFM, Peinado VI, Jeffery PK. Lungs, bone marrow, and adipose tissue. A network approach to the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 188:1396-406. [PMID: 24175885 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201308-1404pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer other concomitant disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders, that influence significantly (and independently of lung function) their health status and prognosis. Thus, COPD is not a single organ condition, and disturbances of a complex network of interorgan connected responses occur and modulate the natural history of the disease. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis that considers a vascularly connected network with (1) the lungs as the main external sensor of the system and a major source of "danger signals"; (2) the endothelium as an internal sensor of the system (also a potential target tissue); and (3) two key responding elements, bone marrow and adipose tissue, which produce both inflammatory and repair signals. According to the model, the development of COPD, and associated multimorbidities (here we focus on cardiovascular disease as an important example), depend on the manner in which the vascular connected network responds, adapts, or fails to adapt (dictated by the genetic and epigenetic background of the individual) to the inhalation of particles and gases, mainly in cigarette smoke. The caveats and limitations of the hypothesis, as well as the experimental and clinical research needed to test and explore the proposed model, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Agustí
- 1 Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Tu C, Mammen MJ, Li J, Shen X, Jiang X, Hu Q, Wang J, Sethi S, Qu J. Large-scale, ion-current-based proteomics investigation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:627-639. [PMID: 24188068 DOI: 10.1021/pr4007602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients may provide new biomarkers and deeper understanding of the disease mechanisms but remains challenging. Here we describe an ion-current-based strategy for comparative analysis of BALF proteomes from patients with moderate and stable COPD versus healthy controls. The strategy includes an efficient preparation procedure providing quantitative recovery and a nano-LC/MS analysis with a long, heated column. Under optimized conditions, high efficiency and reproducibility were achieved for each step, enabling a "20-plex" comparison of clinical subjects (n = 10/group). Without depletion/fractionation, a total of 423 unique protein groups were quantified under stringent criteria with at least two quantifiable peptides. Seventy-six proteins were determined as significantly altered in COPD, which represent a diversity of biological processes such as alcohol metabolic process, gluconeogenesis/glycolysis, inflammatory response, proteolysis, and oxidation reduction. Interestingly, altered alcohol metabolism responding to oxidant stress is a novel observation in COPD. The prominently elevated key enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism (e.g., ADH1B, ALDH2, and ALDH3A1) may provide a reasonable explanation for a bewildering observation in COPD patients known for decades: the underestimation of the blood alcohol concentrations through breath tests. These discoveries could provide new insights for identifying novel biomarkers and pathological mediators in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Xiaosheng Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY14203
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY14203
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- University at Buffalo, SUNY.,WNY VA Healthcare System, NY 14203 USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, 701 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
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33
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The proportion and function of peripheral myeloid-derived suppressor cells do not correlate with systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:5-9. [PMID: 24090682 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been implicated in the regulation of chronic inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves persistent inflammation, but the role of MDSC has not been explored. Here, proportions of MDSC (CD14(-)HLA-DR(-)CD33(+)CD11b(+) cells) were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients with 'stable' COPD (n = 12), smokers with no evidence of COPD (n = 11) and healthy non-smokers (n = 11). The proportions of MDSC were similar in all groups. MDSC function was assessed by comparing T-cell and cytokine responses of whole and MDSC-depleted PBMC stimulated with Staphylococcus enterotoxin-B (SEB). Depletion of MDSC did not enhance CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell activation and proliferation, or alter IFNγ and IL-17 production in response to SEB. However production of TGFβ decreased after depletion of MDSC, so MDSC may be a source of this cytokine. In conclusion, COPD was not associated with perturbations in the proportion or function of MDSC in peripheral blood.
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The role of macrophages in obstructive airways disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Cytokine 2013; 64:613-25. [PMID: 24084332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major cellular component of the innate immune system, and play an important role in the recognition of microbes, particulates, and immunogens and to the regulation of inflammatory responses. In the lung, macrophages react with soluble proteins that bind microbial products in order to remove pathogens and particles and to maintain the sterility of the airway tract. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract which contributes to disease progression. In the case of COPD, there is increasing evidence that lung macrophages orchestrate inflammation through the release of chemokines that attract neutrophils, monocytes and T cells and the release of several proteases. On the other hand, in asthma, it seems that alveolar macrophages are inappropriately activated and are implicated in the development and progression of the disease. In this review we summarize the current basic and clinical research studies which highlight the role of macrophages in asthma and COPD.
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35
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Ficheux A, Sibiril Y, Parent-Massin D. Effects of beauvericin, enniatin b and moniliformin on human dendritic cells and macrophages: An in vitro study. Toxicon 2013; 71:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Alternative reprogramming of M1/M2 phenotype of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro with interferon-γ and interleukin-4. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 152:548-51. [PMID: 22803130 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An important role in the development of the immune response is played by macrophages that acquire either anti-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype depending on their microenvironment. The possibility of targeted reprogramming of the initial M2 macrophage phenotype towards M1 phenotype and vice versa using macrophage reprogramming factors IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively, was demonstrated. We showed that macrophages of genetically different mouse strains did not practically differ by their reprogramming capacity. Our findings suggest that macrophage programming not only participates in the triggering of the immune response, but also can ensure plasticity of functional activity during the developing response.
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37
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Noguera A, Gomez C, Faner R, Cosio B, González-Périz A, Clària J, Carvajal A, Agustí A. An investigation of the resolution of inflammation (catabasis) in COPD. Respir Res 2012; 13:101. [PMID: 23148928 PMCID: PMC3546860 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by an enhanced inflammatory response to smoking that persists despite quitting. The resolution of inflammation (catabasis) is a complex and highly regulated process where tissue resident macrophages play a key role since they phagocytose apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), preventing their secondary necrosis and the spill-over of their pro-inflammatory cytoplasmic content, and release pro-resolution and tissue repair molecules, such as TGFβ, VEGF and HGF. Because inflammation does not resolve in COPD, we hypothesized that catabasis may be abnormal in these patients. METHODS To explore this hypothesis, we studied lung tissue samples obtained at surgery from 21 COPD patients, 22 smokers with normal spirometry and 13 non-smokers controls. In these samples we used: (1) immunohistochemistry to assess the expression of CD44, CD36, VEGF and TGFβ in lung macrophages; (2) real time PCR to determine HGF, PPARγ, TGFβ, VEGF and MMP-9 gene expression; and, (3) ELISA to quantify lipoxin A4, a lipid mediator of catabasis. RESULTS We found that current and former smokers with COPD showed: (1) more inflammation (higher MMP-9 expression); (2) reduced macrophage surface expression of CD44, a key efferocytosis receptor; and, (3) similar levels of TGFβ, VEGF, HGF, PPARγ, and lipoxin A4 than smokers with normal spirometry, despite the presence of inflammation and disease. CONCLUSIONS These results identify several potential abnormalities of catabasis in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Noguera
- Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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38
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Abstract
Maintaining an airway clear of inhaled particles, pathogens, and cellular debris is paramount for lung homeostasis. In healthy individuals, the phagocytes of the innate immune system act as sentinels to patrol the airway and ensure sterility. However, in airways diseases, including asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis, there is a propensity for bacterial colonization that may contribute to disease worsening. Evidence suggests that this may be due to dysfunctional phagocytosis. In patients with COPD, phagocytosis of several bacterial species and removal of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) by alveolar macrophages are significantly reduced; however, these cells can remove inert beads normally. Attenuated phagocytosis is also apparent in monocyte-derived macrophages from the same patients, suggesting an inherent defect in these cells. Reduced expression of cell surface recognition receptors has been suggested as one mechanism for these observations; however, the literature is currently contradictory and requires further clarification. In cystic fibrosis, a similar defect is also observed in both airway neutrophils and macrophages, leading to ineffective bacterial uptake and subsequent killing. In asthma and other airways diseases, there are also reports of defective phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens, although the relevance to disease pathophysiology is not understood. Oxidative stress is emerging as a common mechanism that may be altering both macrophage and neutrophil functions that can be reversed by various antioxidant strategies. The identification of this and other mechanisms underlying phagocyte dysfunction may present novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of many of these intractable diseases and improve patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England.
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, England
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Sepper R, Prikk K, Metsis M, Sergejeva S, Pugatsjova N, Bragina O, Marran S, Fehniger TE. Mucin5B expression by lung alveolar macrophages is increased in long-term smokers. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:319-24. [PMID: 22591690 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the expression of MUC5B by AMs in the lungs of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. We analyzed MUC5B expression by measuring the levels of apomucin and mRNA in human BALF cells from 50 subjects (20 nonsmokers, 17 patients with CB, and 13 patients with COPD). apoMUC5B was observed in BALF mononuclear cells in 60% of all subjects, but a significantly higher frequency of apoMUC5B(+) cells was found in subjects with CB (95% CI, 4.5-24.9) or COPD (95% CI, 6.2-39.6) than in nonsmokers (95% CI, 0.5-2.5). apoMUC5B(+) mononuclear cells showed strong expression of CD163, confirming their identity as AMs. MUC5B mRNA expression was detected by ISH in AMs of subjects investigated, and real-time qPCR analysis confirmed MUC5B mRNA expression. In conclusion, MUC5B is expressed in a subset of lung AMs and long-term cigarette smoking may increase the level of MUC5B produced by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sepper
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Chen Y, Huang P, Ai W, Li X, Guo W, Zhang J, Yang J. Histone deacetylase activity is decreased in peripheral blood monocytes in patients with COPD. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:10. [PMID: 22443498 PMCID: PMC3359164 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is an enzyme that regulates chromatin structure and inflammatory gene expression. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while accumulating evidence indicates that the activity of HDAC is decreased in lung tissue alveolar macrophages, HDAC activity in peripheral inflammatory cells has not yet been evaluated in detail. Methods HDAC activities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were investigated in patients with stable COPD (n = 26), non-smoking controls (n = 13), and smoking controls (n = 10), respectively. HDAC activity was measured using an HDAC Activity/Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Serum interleukine-8 (CXCL8) levels were determined by ELISA techniques. Lung function test was carried out according to the ATS/ERS guidelines. Results Compared with healthy non-smokers, HDAC activity in the PBMCs of COPD patients was decreased by 40% (13.06 ± 5.95 vs. 21.39 ± 4.92 (μM/μg), p < 0.001). In patients with COPD, HDAC activity was negatively correlated to smoke intensity (r = -0.867, p < 0.001). In COPD patients who had smoked for more than 40 pack-years, HDAC activity in PBMC was 40% lower than that in COPD patients who had smoked fewer than 40 pack-years. Moreover, serum CXCL8 levels in patients with COPD were significantly higher than that in controls and were negatively correlated to HDAC activities. Conclusion In patients with COPD, HDAC activity in the PBMCs is lower than that in healthy controls. The reduction of HDAC activity may be associated with smoking exposure through inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, ZhongNan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China.
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Agustí A, Vestbo J. Current controversies and future perspectives in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:507-13. [PMID: 21680951 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201103-0405pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been much research and interest in COPD. As a result, the understanding and management of the disease has improved significantly. Yet, there are many uncertainties and controversies that require further work. This review discusses these controversies and anticipates some of the changes that may occur in the near future in the field of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Agustí
- Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona and Centro deInvestigación Biomèdica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias and Centro Internacional de Medicina Respiratoria Avanzada, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Harvey CJ, Thimmulappa RK, Sethi S, Kong X, Yarmus L, Brown RH, Feller-Kopman D, Wise R, Biswal S. Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:78ra32. [PMID: 21490276 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have innate immune dysfunction in the lung largely due to defective macrophage phagocytosis. This deficiency results in periodic bacterial infections that cause acute exacerbations of COPD, a major source of morbidity and mortality. Recent studies indicate that a decrease in Nrf2 (nuclear erythroid-related factor 2) signaling in patients with COPD may hamper their ability to defend against oxidative stress, although the role of Nrf2 in COPD exacerbations has not been determined. Here, we test whether activation of Nrf2 by the phytochemical sulforaphane restores phagocytosis of clinical isolates of nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHI) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) by alveolar macrophages from patients with COPD. Sulforaphane treatment restored bacteria recognition and phagocytosis in alveolar macrophages from COPD patients. Furthermore, sulforaphane treatment enhanced pulmonary bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages and reduced inflammation in wild-type mice but not in Nrf2-deficient mice exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 months. Gene expression and promoter analysis revealed that Nrf2 increased phagocytic ability of macrophages by direct transcriptional up-regulation of the scavenger receptor MARCO. Disruption of Nrf2 or MARCO abrogated sulforaphane-mediated bacterial phagocytosis by COPD alveolar macrophages. Our findings demonstrate the importance of Nrf2 and its downstream target MARCO in improving antibacterial defenses and provide a rationale for targeting this pathway, via pharmacological agents such as sulforaphane, to prevent exacerbations of COPD caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Harvey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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[Structural abnormalities and inflammation in COPD: a focus on small airways]. Rev Mal Respir 2011; 28:749-60. [PMID: 21742236 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation associated with airway remodelling and inflammation of both large and small airways. The site of airflow obstruction in COPD is located in the small airways, justifying a focus on this compartment. The structural abnormalities that are found in bronchioles with a diameter less than 2mm are characterized by increased airway wall thickness with peribronchial fibrosis, and by luminal obstruction by mucous exudates. Destruction of alveolar walls, the hallmark of emphysema, may be related to protease-antiprotease imbalance, and to mechanisms involving apoptosis, senescence, and autoimmunity. Cigarette smoke inhalation triggers the recruitment of innate immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and putatively adaptive immunity mediated via T and B lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles in the small airways. These data suggest a potential role for therapies that can target remodelling and inflammation in the small airways of patients with COPD.
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Yubero N, Jiménez-Marín A, Barbancho M, Garrido JJ. Two cDNAs coding for the porcine CD51 (αv) integrin subunit: cloning, expression analysis, adhesion assays and chromosomal localization. Gene 2011; 481:29-40. [PMID: 21549183 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD51 (α(v)) is an integrin chain that associates with multiple β integrin chains to form different receptor complexes that mediate important human processes. Pigs show substantial physiological, immunological and anatomical similarities to humans, and are therefore a good model system to study immunological and pathological processes. Here we report the cloning and characterization of two cDNAs produced by alternative splicing that encode two different porcine CD51 proteins that differ in five amino acid residues. Pig CD51 cDNAs encode polypeptides of 1046 or 1041 amino acid residues, respectively, that share with other mammalian homologous proteins a high percentage amino acid identity and the functional domains. Expression analysis of CD51 was carried out at two different levels. RT-PCR analysis revealed that both CD51 transcripts were expressed ubiquitously but heterogeneously, with the exception of some platelets in which only the smallest CD51 transcript was detected. A specific monoclonal antibody against a pig CD51 recombinant protein was made and used in the immunohistochemical localization of CD51 proteins. It showed that CD51 was mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells of myeloid linage, epithelial and endothelial cells, osteoclasts, nervous fibers and smooth muscle. Adhesion assays showed that in the presence of Mn(++) pig α(v)-CHO-B2 transfected cells increased their attachment to fibronectin and vitonectin, but not to fibrinogen. Finally, we localized the CD51 gene on the porcine chromosome 15 (SSC15), q23-q26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Yubero
- Unidad de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Walsh GM. Statins as emerging treatments for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 2:329-35. [PMID: 20477197 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent increasingly common respiratory conditions with a clear unmet need for more effective and safer therapy. Airway inflammation is key to both asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation of symptoms in COPD. Several lines of evidence are now emerging, demonstrating that, in addition to their established effectiveness in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease, statins also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which may be of relevance for the treatment of chronic lung disease, including asthma and COPD. This review will examine the diverse in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of statins and consider the available evidence that statins represent novel therapeutic interventions for asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry M Walsh
- School of Medicine, IMS Building, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Hodge S, Matthews G, Mukaro V, Ahern J, Shivam A, Hodge G, Holmes M, Jersmann H, Reynolds PN. Cigarette smoke-induced changes to alveolar macrophage phenotype and function are improved by treatment with procysteine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:673-81. [PMID: 20595463 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0459oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective efferocytosis may perpetuate inflammation in smokers with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Macrophages may phenotypically polarize to classically activated M1 (proinflammatory; regulation of antigen presentation) or alternatively activated M2 (poor antigen presentation; improved efferocytosis) markers. In bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-derived macrophages from control subjects and smoker/ex-smoker COPD subjects, we investigated M1 markers (antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex [MHC] Classes I and II), complement receptors (CRs), the high-affinity Fc receptor involved with immunoglobulin binding for phagocytosis (Fc-gamma receptor, FcγR1), M2 markers (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin [DC-SIGN] and arginase), and macrophage function (efferocytosis and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to LPS). The availability of glutathione (GSH) in BAL was assessed, because GSH is essential for both M1 function and efferocytosis. We used a murine model to investigate macrophage phenotype/function further in response to cigarette smoke. In lung tissue (disaggregated) and BAL, we investigated CRs, the available GSH, arginase, and efferocytosis. We further investigated the therapeutic effects of an oral administration of a GSH precursor, cysteine l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (procysteine). Significantly decreased efferocytosis, available GSH, and M1 antigen-presenting molecules were evident in both COPD groups, with increased DC-SIGN and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Increased CR-3 was evident in the current-smoker COPD group. In smoke-exposed mice, we found decreased efferocytosis (BAL and tissue) and available GSH, and increased arginase, CR-3, and CR-4. Treatment with procysteine significantly increased GSH, efferocytosis (BAL: control group, 26.2%; smoke-exposed group, 17.66%; procysteine + smoke-exposed group, 27.8%; tissue: control group, 35.9%; smoke-exposed group, 21.6%; procysteine + smoke-exposed group, 34.5%), and decreased CR-4 in lung tissue. Macrophages in COPD are of a mixed phenotype and function. The increased efferocytosis and availability of GSH in response to procysteine indicates that this treatment may be useful as adjunct therapy for improving macrophage function in COPD and in susceptible smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Lung Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, South Australia, Australia.
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Marcos V, Latzin P, Hector A, Sonanini S, Hoffmann F, Lacher M, Koller B, Bufler P, Nicolai T, Hartl D, Griese M. Expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases. Respir Res 2010; 11:32. [PMID: 20302606 PMCID: PMC2845564 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory lung diseases are a major morbidity factor in children. Therefore, novel strategies for early detection of inflammatory lung diseases are of high interest. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized via Toll-like receptors and CD14. CD14 exists as a soluble (sCD14) and membrane-associated (mCD14) protein, present on the surface of leukocytes. Previous studies suggest sCD14 as potential marker for inflammatory diseases, but their potential role in pediatric lung diseases remained elusive. Therefore, we examined the expression, regulation and significance of sCD14 and mCD14 in pediatric lung diseases. Methods sCD14 levels were quantified in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with infective (pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, CF) and non-infective (asthma) inflammatory lung diseases and healthy control subjects by ELISA. Membrane CD14 expression levels on monocytes in peripheral blood and on alveolar macrophages in BALF were quantified by flow cytometry. In vitro studies were performed to investigate which factors regulate sCD14 release and mCD14 expression. Results sCD14 serum levels were specifically increased in serum of children with pneumonia compared to CF, asthma and control subjects. In vitro, CpG induced the release of sCD14 levels in a protease-independent manner, whereas LPS-mediated mCD14 shedding was prevented by serine protease inhibition. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time the expression, regulation and clinical significance of soluble and membrane CD14 receptors in pediatric inflammatory lung diseases and suggests sCD14 as potential marker for pneumonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marcos
- Children's Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Murugan V, Peck MJ. Signal transduction pathways linking the activation of alveolar macrophages with the recruitment of neutrophils to lungs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp Lung Res 2010; 35:439-85. [PMID: 19842832 DOI: 10.1080/01902140902759290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major and increasing global health problem. It is predicted by the World Health Organization to become the third most common cause of death and the fifth most common cause of disability in the world by 2020. COPD is a complex inflammatory disease involving several types of inflammatory cells and multiple inflammatory mediators. Although abnormal numbers of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes have been documented in COPD, the relationship between these cell types and the sequence of their appearance and persistence is largely unknown. Alveolar macrophages have been identified as one of the major cell types that plays a key role in orchestrating the inflammatory events associated with the pathophysiology of COPD. One of the major functions of macrophages is the secretion of chemotactic factors and this function is markedly increased on exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). This enhanced release of chemoattractants results in increased lung neutrophil infiltration, which is thought to be a key event in the development of COPD. The molecular basis for this amplified inflammatory response is not very clear, but it could be due to an alteration in signal transduction pathways within the macrophage. Based on existing literature, an attempt has been made to create a comprehensive review of the signal transduction pathways that link the activation of macrophages with the increased recruitment of neutrophils into the airways. Some of the major stimuli that activate macrophages and cause them to secrete chemotactic factors have been identified as CS, wood smoke, ozone, bacterial endotoxin, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. These stimuli seem to activate mainly redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and activator protein (AP)-1, both of which play a major role in the synthesis and secretion of chemotactic factors such as IL-8 and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)). The pathways involved in the synthesis and secretion of other factors such as macrophage chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and growth-related oncogene-alpha (Gro-alpha) have also been reviewed.
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Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae clearance by alveolar macrophages is impaired by exposure to cigarette smoke. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4232-42. [PMID: 19620348 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00305-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is an opportunistic gram-negative pathogen that causes respiratory infections and is associated with progression of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke is a main risk factor for development of respiratory infections and chronic respiratory diseases. Glucocorticoids, which are anti-inflammatory drugs, are still the most common therapy for these diseases. Alveolar macrophages are professional phagocytes that reside in the lung and are responsible for clearing infections by the action of their phagolysosomal machinery and promotion of local inflammation. In this study, we dissected the interaction between NTHI and alveolar macrophages and the effect of cigarette smoke on this interaction. We showed that alveolar macrophages clear NTHI infections by adhesion, phagocytosis, and phagolysosomal processing of the pathogen. Bacterial uptake requires host actin polymerization, the integrity of plasma membrane lipid rafts, and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade. Parallel to bacterial clearance, macrophages secrete tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) upon NTHI infection. In contrast, exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) impaired alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, although NTHI-induced TNF-alpha secretion was not abrogated. Mechanistically, our data showed that CSE reduced PI3K signaling activation triggered by NTHI. Treatment of CSE-exposed cells with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone reduced the amount of TNF-alpha secreted upon NTHI infection but did not compensate for CSE-dependent phagocytic impairment. The deleterious effect of cigarette smoke was observed in macrophage cell lines and in human alveolar macrophages obtained from smokers and from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Srinoulprasert Y, Pongtanalert P, Chawengkirttikul R, Chaiyaroj SC. Engagement of Penicillium marneffei conidia with multiple pattern recognition receptors on human monocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:162-72. [PMID: 19302527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
P. marneffei is a thermal dimorphic fungus which causes penicilliosis, an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients in South and Southeast Asia. Little is known about the innate immune response to P. marneffei infection. Therefore, the initial response of macrophages to P. marneffei conidia was evaluated by us. Adhesion between monocytes from healthy humans and fungal conidia was examined and found to be specifically inhibited by MAbs against PRR, such as MR, (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, CD14, CD11a, CD11b, and CD18. To study the consequences of these interactions, cytokines were also examined by ELISA. Binding of P. marneffei conidia to monocytes was significantly inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, by MAbs against MR, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, CD14, CD11b and CD18. When monocytes were co-cultured with the conidia, there was an increase in the amount of surface CD40 and CD86 expression, together with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production, compared to unstimulated controls. In assays containing anti-TLR4 or anti-CD14 antibody, reduction in the amount of TNF-alpha released by monocytes stimulated with P. marneffei conidia was detected. In addition, it was found that production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta from adherent peripheral blood monocytes was partially impaired when heat-inactivated autologous serum, in place of untreated autologous serum, was added to the assay. These results demonstrate that various PRR on human monocytes participate in the initial recognition of P. marneffei conidia, and the engagement of PRR could partly initiate proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Srinoulprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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