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Xing Y, Hou Y, Fan T, Gao R, Feng X, Li B, Pang J, Guo W, Shu T, Li J, Yang J, Mao Q, Luo Y, Qi X, Yang P, Liang C, Zhao H, Chen W, Wang J, Wang C. Endothelial phosphodiesterase 4B inactivation ameliorates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary hypertension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1726-1741. [PMID: 38572107 PMCID: PMC10985131 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disorder characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and obstruction. The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) family hydrolyzes cyclic AMP (cAMP) and is comprised of four subtypes (PDE4A-D). Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of pan-PDE4 inhibitors in rodent PH; however, this class of drugs is associated with side effects owing to the broad inhibition of all four PDE4 isozymes. Here, we demonstrate that PDE4B is the predominant PDE isozyme in lungs and that it was upregulated in rodent and human PH lung tissues. We also confirmed that PDE4B is mainly expressed in the lung endothelial cells (ECs). Evaluation of PH in Pde4b wild type and knockout mice confirmed that Pde4b is important for the vascular remodeling associated with PH. In vivo EC lineage tracing demonstrated that Pde4b induces PH development by driving endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and mechanistic studies showed that Pde4b regulates EndMT by antagonizing the cAMP-dependent PKA-CREB-BMPRII axis. Finally, treating PH rats with a PDE4B-specific inhibitor validated that PDE4B inhibition has a significant pharmacological effect in the alleviation of PH. Collectively, our findings indicate a critical role for PDE4B in EndMT and PH, prompting further studies of PDE4B-specific inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Yangfeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tianfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, China
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaohang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bolun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Junling Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Jinqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qilong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ya Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xianmei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peiran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Lung Transplantation, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Lung Transplantation, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China–Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Puertas-Umbert L, Alonso J, Hove-Madsen L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. PDE4 Phosphodiesterases in Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Pathophysiological Players and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17017. [PMID: 38069339 PMCID: PMC10707411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger critically involved in the control of a myriad of processes with significant implications for vascular and cardiac cell function. The temporal and spatial compartmentalization of cAMP is governed by the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. Through the fine-tuning of cAMP signaling, PDE4 enzymes could play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmogenesis, while it decisively influences vascular homeostasis through the control of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and contraction, as well as regulating endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, monocyte/macrophage activation and cardiomyocyte function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding the contribution of the PDE4 subfamily to cardiovascular function and underscores the intricate challenges associated with targeting PDE4 enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Alonso
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Targeted treprostinil delivery inhibits pulmonary arterial remodeling. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 923:174700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rolipram Prevents the Formation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) in Mice: PDE4B as a Target in AAA. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030460. [PMID: 33809405 PMCID: PMC8000788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common life-threatening condition characterized by exacerbated inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Pharmacological treatments to slow AAA progression or to prevent its rupture remain a challenge. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been verified as an effective therapeutic strategy for an array of inflammatory conditions; however, no studies have assessed yet PDE4 in AAA. Here, we used angiotensin II (AngII)-infused apolipoprotein E deficient mice to study the involvement of the PDE4 subfamily in aneurysmal disease. PDE4B but not PDE4D was upregulated in inflammatory cells from both experimental and human AAA. The administration of the PDE4 selective inhibitor rolipram (3 mg/kg/day) to AngII-challenged mice (1000 ng/kg bodyweight/min) protected against AAA formation, limiting the progressive increase in the aortic diameter without affecting the blood pressure. The drug strongly attenuated the rise in vascular oxidative stress (superoxide anion) induced by AngII, and decreased the expression of inflammatory markers, as well as the recruitment of macrophages (MAC3+), lymphocytes (CD3+), and neutrophils (ELANE+) into the vessel wall. Rolipram also normalized the vascular MMP2 expression and MMP activity, preserving the elastin integrity and improving the vascular remodelling. These results point to PDE4B as a new therapeutic target for AAA.
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Lugnier C, Al-Kuraishy HM, Rousseau E. PDE4 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for improvement of pulmonary dysfunctions in Covid-19 and cigarette smoking. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114431. [PMID: 33515531 PMCID: PMC7842152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the binding-site and entry-point for SARS-CoV-2 in human and highly expressed in the lung. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the leading cause of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic CS leads to upregulation of bronchial ACE2 inducing a high vulnerability in COVID-19 smoker patients. Interestingly, CS-induced dysregulation of pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in part contributing into the potential pathogenesis COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Since, CS-mediated ACE2 activations is not the main pathway for increasing the risk of COVID-19, it appeared that AngII/AT1R might induce an inflammatory-burst in COVID-19 response by up-regulating cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4), which hydrolyses specifically the second intracellular messenger 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP). It must be pointed out that CS might induce PDE4 up-regulation similarly to the COVID-19 inflammation, and therefore could potentiate COVID-19 inflammation opening the potential therapeutic effects of PDE4 inhibitor in both COVID-19-inflammation and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- Directeur de Recherche 1 CNRS/université de Strasbourg, Institut de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, CRBS, UR3072: "Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire", 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Medical Faculty College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Eric Rousseau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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6
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Blanco-Rivero J, Xavier FE. Therapeutic Potential of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Endothelial Dysfunction- Related Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3633-3651. [PMID: 32242780 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403172736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered a major health problem worldwide, being the main cause of mortality in developing and developed countries. Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decline in nitric oxide production and/or bioavailability, increased oxidative stress, decreased prostacyclin levels, and a reduction of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor is considered an important prognostic indicator of various CVD. Changes in cyclic nucleotides production and/ or signalling, such as guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP), also accompany many vascular disorders that course with altered endothelial function. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are metallophosphohydrolases that catalyse cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis, thereby terminating the cyclic nucleotide-dependent signalling. The development of drugs that selectively block the activity of specific PDE families remains of great interest to the research, clinical and pharmaceutical industries. In the present review, we will discuss the effects of PDE inhibitors on CVD related to altered endothelial function, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, stroke, aging and cirrhosis. Multiple evidences suggest that PDEs inhibition represents an attractive medical approach for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. Selective PDE inhibitors, especially PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors are proposed to increase vascular NO levels by increasing antioxidant status or endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation and to improve the morphological architecture of the endothelial surface. Thereby, selective PDE inhibitors can improve the endothelial function in various CVD, increasing the evidence that these drugs are potential treatment strategies for vascular dysfunction and reinforcing their potential role as an adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiano E Xavier
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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7
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Nadur NF, de Azevedo LL, Caruso L, Graebin CS, Lacerda RB, Kümmerle AE. The long and winding road of designing phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113123. [PMID: 33412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes known to play a critical role in the indirect regulation of several intracellular metabolism pathways through the selective hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of specific second messenger substrates such as cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and cGMP (3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate), influencing the hypertrophy, contractility, apoptosis and fibroses in the cardiovascular system. The expression and/or activity of multiple PDEs is altered during heart failure (HF), which leads to changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides and function of cardiac muscle. Within the cardiovascular system, PDEs 1-5, 8 and 9 are expressed and are interesting targets for the HF treatment. In this comprehensive review we will present a briefly description of the biochemical importance of each cardiovascular related PDE to the HF, and cover almost all the "long and winding road" of designing and discovering ligands, hits, lead compounds, clinical candidates and drugs as PDE inhibitors in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fonseca Nadur
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luiz de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caruso
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eugen Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
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El Tabaa MM, El Tabaa MM. New putative insights into neprilysin (NEP)-dependent pharmacotherapeutic role of roflumilast in treating COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173615. [PMID: 33011243 PMCID: PMC7527794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents the most serious inflammatory respiratory disease worldwide. Despite many proposed therapies, no effective medication has yet been approved. Neutrophils appear to be the key mediator for COVID-19-associated inflammatory immunopathologic, thromboembolic and fibrotic complications. Thus, for any therapeutic agent to be effective, it should greatly block the neutrophilic component of COVID-19. One of the effective therapeutic approaches investigated to reduce neutrophil-associated inflammatory lung diseases with few adverse effects was roflumilast. Being a highly selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (PDE4i), roflumilast acts by enhancing the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), that probably potentiates its anti-inflammatory action via increasing neprilysin (NEP) activity. Because activating NEP was previously reported to mitigate several airway inflammatory ailments; this review thoroughly discusses the proposed NEP-based therapeutic properties of roflumilast, which may be of great importance in curing COVID-19. However, further clinical studies are required to confirm this strategy and to evaluate its in vivo preventive and therapeutic efficacy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Egypt.
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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10
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Yougbare I, Belemnaba L, Morin C, Abusnina A, Senouvo YF, Keravis T, Lugnier C, Rousseau E. NCS 613, a Potent PDE4 Inhibitor, Displays Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Properties on A549 Lung Epithelial Cells and Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Explants. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32973507 PMCID: PMC7466439 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a deleterious process occurring in several pulmonary diseases; it is a driving force promoting tumorigenesis. By regulating local cyclic nucleotide concentration, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) govern important biological processes, including inflammation and proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of NCS 613, a specific PDE4 inhibitor, on TNFα-treated human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) and on human lung adenocarcinoma explants. PDE4 isoforms and inflammatory pathways mediated by p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and IκBα were analyzed by Western blot and immunostainings. Proliferation were performed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation under different experimental conditions. TNFα-stimulation increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, which was abolished by NCS 613 treatment. Concomitantly, NCS 613 restores IκBα detection level in human adenocarcinoma. An IC50 value of 8.5 μM was determined for NCS 613 on anti-proliferative properties while ERK1/2 signaling was down-regulated in A549 cells and lung adenocarcinoma explants. These findings shed light on PDE4 signaling as a key regulator of chronic inflammation and cancer epithelial cell proliferation. It suggests that PDE4 inhibition by NCS 613 represent potential and interesting strategy for therapeutic intervention in tackling chronic inflammation and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issaka Yougbare
- Le Bilarium, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonics and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Lazare Belemnaba
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonics and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Caroline Morin
- Le Bilarium, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Abdurazzag Abusnina
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonics and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yannick F Senouvo
- Le Bilarium, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Thérèse Keravis
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonics and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Claire Lugnier
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonics and Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Institute of Physiology, FMTS-EA 3072, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Rousseau
- Le Bilarium, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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11
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Zhao L, Luo H, Li X, Li T, He J, Qi Q, Liu Y, Yu Z. Exosomes Derived from Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells Shift the Balance between Proliferation and Apoptosis of Smooth Muscle Cells. Cardiology 2017; 137:43-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000453544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The overproliferation of pulmonary vascular cells is noted in pulmonary hypertension. The role of exosomes from pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) in the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) remains unclear. Methods: Exosomes were isolated and purified from the culture medium of PAEC using a commercial kit. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypoxia, and hydrogen peroxide were utilized to induce PAEC injury. Coculture of PAEC and PASMC was conducted using Transwell plates, and GW4869 was applied to inhibit exosome release. The proliferation and apoptosis level of PASMC was assayed by MTT assay, apoptosis staining, and cleaved caspase-3 immunoblotting. Plasma exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. Results: LPS or hypoxia enhance exosome release from PAEC. Release of PAEC-derived exosomes positively correlates with LPS concentration. The coculture of LPS-disposed PAEC with PASMC leads to overproliferation and apoptosis resistance in PASMC, and the exosome inhibitor GW4869 can partly cancel out this effect. Exosomes derived from PAEC could be internalized into PASMC, and thus promote proliferation and induce apoptosis resistance in PASMC. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients exhibit a higher circulation level of endothelium-derived exosomes. Conclusions: Inflammation and hypoxia could induce PAEC to release exosomes. PAEC- derived exosomes are involved in overproliferation and apoptosis resistance in PASMC, by which they may contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
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12
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Benza RL, Gomberg-Maitland M, Demarco T, Frost AE, Torbicki A, Langleben D, Pulido T, Correa-Jaque P, Passineau MJ, Wiener HW, Tamari M, Hirota T, Kubo M, Tiwari HK. Endothelin-1 Pathway Polymorphisms and Outcomes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 192:1345-54. [PMID: 26252367 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0196oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive fatal disease. Variable response and tolerability to PAH therapeutics suggests that genetic differences may influence outcomes. The endothelin pathway is central to pulmonary vascular function, and several polymorphisms and/or mutations in the genes coding for endothelin (ET)-1 and its receptors correlate with the clinical manifestations of other diseases. OBJECTIVES To examine the interaction of ET-1 pathway polymorphisms and treatment responses of patients with PAH treated with ET receptor antagonists (ERAs). METHODS A total of 1,198 patients with PAH were prospectively enrolled from 45 U.S. and Canadian pulmonary hypertension centers or retrospectively from global sites participating in the STRIDE (Sitaxsentan To Relieve Impaired Exercise) trials. Comprehensive objective measures including a 6-minute-walk test, Borg dyspnea score, functional class, and laboratory studies were completed at baseline, before the initiation of ERAs, and repeated serially. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms from ET-1 pathway candidate genes were selected from a completed genome-wide association study performed on the study cohort. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient efficacy outcomes were analyzed for a relationship between ET-1 pathway polymorphisms and clinical efficacy using predefined, composite positive and negative outcome measures in 715 European descent samples. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs11157866) in the G-protein alpha and gamma subunits gene was significantly associated, accounting for multiple testing, with a combined improvement in functional class and 6-minute-walk distance at 12 and 18 months and marginally significant at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS ET-1 pathway associated polymorphisms may influence the clinical efficacy of ERA therapy for PAH. Further prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Benza
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mardi Gomberg-Maitland
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Teresa Demarco
- 3 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Adam Torbicki
- 5 Department of Pulmonary Circulation and Thromboembolic Diseases, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ECZ, Otwock, Poland
| | - David Langleben
- 6 Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomas Pulido
- 7 Cardiopulmonary Department, National Heart Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Priscilla Correa-Jaque
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Passineau
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Mayumi Tamari
- 9 Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- 9 Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- 9 Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hemant K Tiwari
- 10 Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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Prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia by CREB-mediated p21 induction: An insight from a plant polyphenol. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 103:40-52. [PMID: 26807478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) signaling cascade negatively regulates platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB)-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, which is a critical event in the initiation and development of restenosis and atherosclerotic lesions. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is one of the most abundant polyphenols extracted from salvia. The aim of this study is to investigate whether SAA exerts an action on PDGF-BB-induced proliferation via cAMP/PKA/CREB mechanism. SAA blunts PDGF-BB-induced human umbilical artery smooth muscle cell (hUASMC) proliferation via p21 induction, as evidenced by its increased mRNA and protein expression levels. The SAA-induced upregulation of p21 involves the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway; a cAMP analog mimicked the effects of SAA and a specific cAMP/PKA inhibitor opposed these effects. SAA also activated CREB, including phosphorylation at Ser133, and induced its nuclear translocation. Deletion and mutational analysis of p21 promoters, co-immunoprecipitation, and western blot analysis showed that CRE is essential for SAA-induced p21 protein expression. Transfection of dominant-negative CREB (mutated Ser133) plasmids into hUASMCs attenuated SAA-stimulated p21 expression. SAA upregulated p21 expression and activated CREB in the neointima of balloon-injured arteries in vivo. Our results indicate that SAA promotes p21 expression in SMCs through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling cascade in vitro and prevents injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia.
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14
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Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:177-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Zhang H, Gong Y, Wang Z, Jiang L, Chen R, Fan X, Zhu H, Han L, Li X, Xiao J, Kong X. Apelin inhibits the proliferation and migration of rat PASMCs via the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal and the inhibition of autophagy under hypoxia. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:542-53. [PMID: 24447518 PMCID: PMC3955159 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is highly expressed in the lungs, especially in the pulmonary vasculature, but the functional role of apelin under pathological conditions is still undefined. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is the most common cause of acute right heart failure, which may involve the remodeling of artery and regulation of autophagy. In this study, we determined whether treatment with apelin regulated the proliferation and migration of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) under hypoxia, and investigated the underlying mechanism and the relationship with autophagy. Our data showed that hypoxia activated autophagy significantly at 24 hrs. The addition of exogenous apelin decreased the level of autophagy and further inhibited pulmonary arterial SMC (PASMC) proliferation via activating downstream phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/the mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathways. The inhibition of the apelin receptor (APJ) system by siRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of apelin in PASMCs under hypoxia. This study provides the evidence that exogenous apelin treatment contributes to inhibit the proliferation and migration of PASMCs by regulating the level of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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McIvor RA. Roflumilast: systemic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 2:539-49. [DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Roflumilast inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in human differentiated bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69670. [PMID: 23936072 PMCID: PMC3720563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes acute exacerbations in COPD and asthma. RSV infects bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) that trigger RSV associated lung pathology. This study explores whether the phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor Roflumilast N-oxide (RNO), alters RSV infection of well-differentiated HBE (WD-HBE) in vitro. WD-HBE were RSV infected in the presence or absence of RNO (0.1-100 nM). Viral infection (staining of F and G proteins, nucleoprotein RNA level), mRNA of ICAM-1, ciliated cell markers (digital high speed videomicroscopy, β-tubulin immunofluorescence, Foxj1 and Dnai2 mRNA), Goblet cells (PAS), mRNA of MUC5AC and CLCA1, mRNA and protein level of IL-13, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, formation of H2O2 and the anti-oxidative armamentarium (mRNA of Nrf2, HO-1, GPx; total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured at day 10 or 15 post infection. RNO inhibited RSV infection of WD-HBE, prevented the loss of ciliated cells and markers, reduced the increase of MUC5AC and CLCA1 and inhibited the increase of IL-13, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα and ICAM-1. Additionally RNO reversed the reduction of Nrf2, HO-1 and GPx mRNA levels and consequently restored the TAC and reduced the H2O2 formation. RNO inhibits RSV infection of WD-HBE cultures and mitigates the cytopathological changes associated to this virus.
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18
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Insel PA, Zhang L, Murray F, Yokouchi H, Zambon AC. Cyclic AMP is both a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic second messenger. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:277-87. [PMID: 21385327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) can either stimulate or inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). Here, we review examples of cell types that show pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic responses to increases in cAMP. We also show that cells can have both such responses, although predominantly having one or the other. Protein kinase A (PKA)-promoted changes in phosphorylation and gene expression can mediate pro-apoptotic responses, such as in murine S49 lymphoma cells, based on evidence that mutants lacking PKA fail to undergo cAMP-promoted, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Mechanisms for the anti-apoptotic response to cAMP likely involve Epac (Exchange protein activated by cAMP), a cAMP-regulated effector that is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the low molecular weight G-protein, Rap1. Therapeutic approaches that activate PKA-mediated pro-apoptosis or block Epac-mediated anti-apoptotisis may provide a means to enhance cell killing, such as in certain cancers. In contrast, efforts to block PKA or stimulate Epac have the potential to be useful in diseases settings (such as heart failure) associated with cAMP-promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0636, USA.
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19
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Achkar JM, Jenny-Avital ER. Incipient and subclinical tuberculosis: defining early disease states in the context of host immune response. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 4:S1179-86. [PMID: 21996700 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (TB) are 2 ends of a spectrum of states ranging from asymptomatic infection to overt disease. While progressing from LTBI to TB, patients often undergo asymptomatic states with detectable manifestations indicative of disease. Such asymptomatic disease states frequently remain undiagnosed, and their manifestations and duration are mostly dependent on host immune response. Various terms referring to such states are used in the literature, often interchangeably and without explicit definitions. Defining these intermediate states in concrete terms is important for pragmatic reasons, as they might impact upon the diagnostic performance of TB biomarkers and could also present targets for therapeutic interventions. We here propose definitions for 2 commonly used terms, "incipient" and "subclinical" TB, to describe asymptomatic disease states occurring at opposite ends of the host response spectrum. We propose using the term "incipient TB" when referring to early, contained disease in asymptomatic, relatively immunocompetent persons. In contrast, we propose using the term "subclinical TB" to refer to disease in asymptomatic, immunocompromised individuals in whom it is largely associated with loss of effective containment. The rationale for this article is to facilitate the discussion of such early disease states, especially in relation to their impact on TB biomarker discovery and assessment of new diagnostics, and with regard to treatment decisions and ultimately outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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20
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Ali OF, Growcott EJ, Butrous GS, Wharton J. Pleiotropic effects of statins in distal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Respir Res 2011; 12:137. [PMID: 21999923 PMCID: PMC3213146 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical data suggest statins have transient but significant effects in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this study we explored the molecular effects of statins on distal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and their relevance to proliferation and apoptosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS Primary distal human PASMCs from patients and controls were treated with lipophilic (simvastatin, atorvastatin, mevastatin and fluvastatin), lipophobic (pravastatin) and nitric-oxide releasing statins and studied in terms of their DNA synthesis, proliferation, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and endothelin-1 release. RESULTS Treatment of human PASMCs with selected statins inhibited DNA synthesis, proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Statins differed in their effectiveness, the rank order of anti-mitogenic potency being simvastatin > atorvastatin > > pravastatin. Nevertheless, a novel nitric oxide-releasing derivative of pravastatin (NCX 6550) was effective. Lipophilic statins, such as simvastatin, also enhanced the anti-proliferative effects of iloprost and sildenafil, promoted apoptosis and inhibited the release of the mitogen and survival factor endothelin-1. These effects were reversed by mevalonate and the isoprenoid intermediate geranylgeranylpyrophosphate and were mimicked by inhibitors of the Rho and Rho-kinase. CONCLUSIONS Lipophilic statins exert direct effects on distal human PASMCs and are likely to involve inhibition of Rho GTPase signalling. These findings compliment some of the recently documented effects in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Ali
- Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.
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21
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de Visser YP, Walther FJ, Laghmani EH, Steendijk P, Middeldorp M, van der Laarse A, Wagenaar GTM. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition attenuates persistent heart and lung injury by neonatal hyperoxia in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L56-67. [PMID: 21949154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00041.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors are potent anti-inflammatory drugs with antihypertensive properties, and their therapeutic role in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is still controversial. We studied the role of PDE4 inhibition with piclamilast on normal lung development and its therapeutic value on pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury, a valuable model for premature infants with severe BPD. The cardiopulmonary effects of piclamilast treatment (5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) were investigated in two models of experimental BPD: 1) daily treatment during continuous exposure to hyperoxia for 10 days; and 2) late treatment and injury-recovery in which pups were exposed to hyperoxia or room air for 9 days, followed by 9 or 42 days of recovery in room air combined with treatment started on day 6 of oxygen exposure until day 18. Prophylactic piclamilast treatment reduced pulmonary fibrin deposition, septum thickness, arteriolar wall thickness, arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and RVH, and prolonged survival. In the late treatment and injury-recovery model, hyperoxia caused persistent aberrant alveolar and vascular development, PH, and RVH. Treatment with piclamilast in both models reduced arteriolar wall thickness, attenuated RVH, and improved right ventricular function in the injury recovery model, but did not restore alveolarization or angiogenesis. Treatment with piclamilast did not show adverse cardiopulmonary effects in room air controls in both models. In conclusion, PDE4 inhibition attenuated and partially reversed PH and RVH, but did not advance alveolar development in neonatal rats with hyperoxic lung injury or affect normal lung and heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne P de Visser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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22
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Liu L, Xu X, Li J, Li X, Sheng W. Lentiviral-Mediated shRNA Silencing of PDE4D Gene Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:534257. [PMID: 21776361 PMCID: PMC3137982 DOI: 10.4061/2011/534257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) is a member of the large superfamily of phosphodiesterases. PDE4D polymorphisms have been found to associate with ischemic stroke. Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, infection of VSMCs with lentivrius particles carrying shRNA direct against PDE4D significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, and the inhibitory effects were not associated with global intracellular cAMP level. Our results implicate that PDE4D has an important role in VSMC proliferation and migration which may explain its genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China
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23
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Trian T, Burgess JK, Niimi K, Moir LM, Ge Q, Berger P, Liggett SB, Black JL, Oliver BG. β2-Agonist induced cAMP is decreased in asthmatic airway smooth muscle due to increased PDE4D. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20000. [PMID: 21611147 PMCID: PMC3096656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Asthma is associated with airway narrowing in response to bronchoconstricting stimuli and increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass. In addition, some studies have suggested impaired β-agonist induced ASM relaxation in asthmatics, but the mechanism is not known. Objective To characterize the potential defect in β-agonist induced cAMP in ASM derived from asthmatic in comparison to non-asthmatic subjects and to investigate its mechanism. Methods We examined β2-adrenergic (β2AR) receptor expression and basal β-agonist and forskolin (direct activator of adenylyl cyclase) stimulated cAMP production in asthmatic cultured ASM (n = 15) and non-asthmatic ASM (n = 22). Based on these results, PDE activity, PDE4D expression and cell proliferation were determined. Results In the presence of IBMX, a pan PDE inhibitor, asthmatic ASM had ∼50% lower cAMP production in response to isoproterenol, albuterol, formoterol, and forskolin compared to non-asthmatic ASM. However when PDE4 was specifically inhibited, cAMP production by the agonists and forskolin was normalized in asthmatic ASM. We then measured the amount and activity of PDE4, and found ∼2-fold greater expression and activity in asthmatic ASM compared to non-asthmatic ASM. Furthermore, inhibition of PDE4 reduced asthmatic ASM proliferation but not that of non-asthmatic ASM. Conclusion Decreased β-agonist induced cAMP in ASM from asthmatics results from enhanced degradation due to increased PDE4D expression. Clinical manifestations of this dysregulation would be suboptimal β-agonist-mediated bronchodilation and possibly reduced control over increasing ASM mass. These phenotypes appear to be “hard-wired” into ASM from asthmatics, as they do not require an inflammatory environment in culture to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trian
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kyoko Niimi
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyn M. Moir
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qi Ge
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick Berger
- Centre de Recherce Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Segalen, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen B. Liggett
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judith L. Black
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Synergistic therapeutic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol with either sildenafil or bosentan on amelioration of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 56:475-83. [PMID: 20881615 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f215e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a major nonestrogenic metabolite of estradiol. Our previous studies suggest that 2ME, in several models of cardiac and/or vascular injury, strongly inhibits cardiac and vascular remodeling. Furthermore, our most recent study shows that in male rats, 2ME attenuates the development and retards the progression of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and in female rats, 2ME eliminates the exacerbation of PAH and the increased mortality due to ovariectomy. The current standard of care of patients with PAH includes treatment with an endothelin receptor antagonist (eg, bosentan) or a phosphodiesterase5 inhibitor (eg, sildenafil). Moreover, combination therapy is often prescribed. Therefore, in the present study, we compared the efficacy of 2ME (10 μg · kg(-1) · h(-1), 2ME-10) to the effects of bosentan (200 mg/kg; BOS), sildenafil (50 mg/kg; SIL), and their respective combinations with 2ME-10 (2ME + BOS and 2ME + SIL groups, respectively). Treatments were initiated 12 days after administration of MCT (60 mg/kg). Twenty-eight days after MCT administration, right ventricular peak systolic pressure was measured and morphometric analysis was conducted. 2ME exhibited beneficial effects in pulmonary hypertensive animals and had efficacy comparable to that of BOS and SIL. Importantly, combination treatments had favorable effects on survival, vascular remodeling, and inflammatory response, and the 2ME + SIL combination was significantly more efficacious than any other treatment. These results indicate that 2ME is effective in experimental PAH and suggests that 2ME may provide additional therapeutic benefit over existing drugs used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Perez T, Mal H, Aguilaniu B, Brillet PY, Chaouat A, Louis R, Muir JF, Similowski T, Berger P, Burgel PR, Chambellan A, Chanez P, Devillier P, Escamilla R, Marthan R, Wallaert B, Aubier M, Roche N. [COPD and inflammation: statement from a French expert group. Phenotypes related to inflammation]. Rev Mal Respir 2011; 28:192-215. [PMID: 21402234 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the present article is to review available data on possible links between phenotypes and inflammatory profiles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BACKGROUND Chronic bronchitis is associated with proximal bronchial inflammation and small airway inflammation with remodeling at the site of obstruction. CT scanning enables patients to be phenotyped according to the predominantly bronchial or emphysematous nature of the morphological abnormality. Exacerbations, in a context of persistently elevated baseline inflammation, are associated with increased inflammation and a poor prognosis. Long-term studies have correlated inflammatory markers (and anti-inflammatory drug effects) with dynamic hyperinflation, possibly confirming that inflammation promotes hyperinflation. The inflammatory cell count in the pulmonary arterial walls correlates with the severity of endothelial dysfunction. The risk of developing pulmonary hypertension would seem to increase with low-grade systemic inflammation. The role of low-grade systemic inflammation in COPD co-morbidities, and in nutritional and muscular involvement in particular, remains a matter of debate. Regular physical exercise may help reduce this inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In COPD, many aspects of the clinical phenotype are related to inflammation. Better knowledge of these relationships could help optimize current and future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Perez
- Service de pneumologie et immuno-allergologie, hôpital Calmette, CHRU de Lille, boulevard du Professeur-J.-Leclercq, Lille, France.
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Giembycz MA, Newton R. Harnessing the clinical efficacy of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in inflammatory lung diseases: dual-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors and novel combination therapies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:415-446. [PMID: 21695651 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17969-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitors have been in development as a novel anti-inflammatory therapy for more than 20 years, with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) being primary indications. Despite initial optimism, only one selective PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast (Daxas (®)), has been approved for use in humans and available in Canada and the European Union in 2011 for the treatment of a specific population of patients with severe COPD. In many other cases, the development of PDE4 inhibitors of various structural classes has been discontinued due to lack of efficacy and/or dose-limiting adverse events. Indeed, for many of these compounds, it is likely that the maximum tolerated dose is either subtherapeutic or at the very bottom of the efficacy dose-response curve. Thus, a significant ongoing challenge that faces the pharmaceutical industry is to synthesize compounds with therapeutic ratios that are superior to roflumilast. Several strategies are being considered, but clinically effective compounds with an optimal pharmacophore have not, thus far, been reported. In this chapter, alternative means of harnessing the clinical efficacy of PDE4 inhibitors are described. These concepts are based on the assumption that additive or synergistic anti-inflammatory effects can be produced with inhibitors that target either two or more PDE families or with a PDE4 inhibitor in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs such as a glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Nout YS, Culp E, Schmidt MH, Tovar CA, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M, Noble MD, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. Glial restricted precursor cell transplant with cyclic adenosine monophosphate improved some autonomic functions but resulted in a reduced graft size after spinal cord contusion injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:159-71. [PMID: 21040723 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of glial restricted precursor (GRP) cells has been shown to reduce glial scarring after spinal cord injury (SCI) and, in combination with neuronal restricted precursor (NRP) cells or enhanced expression of neurotrophins, to improve recovery of function after SCI. We hypothesized that combining GRP transplants with rolipram and cAMP would improve functional recovery, similar to that seen after combining Schwann cell transplants with increasing cAMP. A short term study, (1) uninjured control, (2) SCI+vehicle, and (3) SCI+cAMP, showed that spinal cord [cAMP] was increased 14days after SCI. We used 51 male rats subjected to a thoracic SCI for a 12-week survival study: (1) SCI+vehicle, (2) SCI+GRP, (3) SCI+cAMP, (4) SCI+GRP+cAMP, and (5) uninjured endpoint age-matched control (AM). Rolipram was administered for 2weeks after SCI. At 9days after SCI, GRP transplantation and injection of dibutyryl-cAMP into the spinal cord were performed. GRP cells survived, differentiated, and formed extensive transplants that were well integrated with host tissue. Presence of GRP cells increased the amount of tissue in the lesion; however, cAMP reduced the graft size. White matter sparing at the lesion epicenter was not affected. Serotonergic input to the lumbosacral spinal cord was not affected by treatment, but the amount of serotonin immediately caudal to the lesion was reduced in the cAMP groups. Using telemetric monitoring of corpus spongiosum penis pressure we show that the cAMP groups regained the same number of micturitions per 24hours when compared to the AM group, however, the frequency of peak pressures was increased in these groups compared to the AM group. In contrast, the GRP groups had similar frequency of peak pressures compared to baseline and the AM group. Animals that received GRP cells regained the same number of erectile events per 24hours compared to baseline and the AM group. Since cAMP reduced the GRP transplant graft, and some modest positive effects were seen that could be attributable to both GRP or cAMP, future research is required to determine how cAMP affects survival, proliferation, and/or function of progenitor cells and how this is related to function. cAMP may not always be a desirable addition to a progenitor cell transplantation strategy after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S Nout
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, 1001 Potrero Ave. Bld 1 Rm 101, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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The preclinical pharmacology of roflumilast--a selective, oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:235-56. [PMID: 20381629 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) may become the first agent in this class to be approved for patient treatment worldwide. Within the PDE family of 11 known isoenzymes, roflumilast is selective for PDE4, showing balanced selectivity for subtypes A-D, and is of high subnanomolar potency. The active principle of roflumilast in man is its dichloropyridyl N-oxide metabolite, which has similar potency as a PDE4 inhibitor as the parent compound. The long half-life and high potency of this metabolite allows for once-daily, oral administration of a single, 500-microg tablet of roflumilast. The molecular mode of action of roflumilast--PDE4 inhibition and subsequent enhancement of cAMP levels--is well established. To further understand its functional mode of action in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), for which roflumilast is being developed, a series of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies has been performed. COPD is a progressive, devastating condition of the lung associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious particles and gases, particularly tobacco smoke. In addition, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), significant extrapulmonary effects, including comorbidities, may add to the severity of the disease in individual patients, and which may be addressed preferentially by orally administered remedies. COPD shows an increasing prevalence and mortality, and its treatment remains a high, unmet medical need. In vivo, roflumilast mitigates key COPD-related disease mechanisms such as tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation, mucociliary malfunction, lung fibrotic and emphysematous remodelling, oxidative stress, pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension. In vitro, roflumilast N-oxide has been demonstrated to affect the functions of many cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. These cellular effects are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of roflumilast on the disease mechanisms of COPD, which translate into reduced exacerbations and improved lung function. As a multicomponent disease, COPD requires a broad therapeutic approach that might be achieved by PDE4 inhibition. However, as a PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast is not a direct bronchodilator. In summary, roflumilast may be the first-in-class PDE4 inhibitor for COPD therapy. In addition to being a non-steroid, anti-inflammatory drug designed to target pulmonary inflammation, the preclinical pharmacology described in this review points to a broad functional mode of action of roflumilast that putatively addresses additional COPD mechanisms. This enables roflumilast to offer effective, oral maintenance treatment for COPD, with an acceptable tolerability profile and the potential to favourably affect the extrapulmonary effects of the disease.
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Lee WM, Kim SD, Park MH, Cho JY, Park HJ, Seo GS, Rhee MH. Inhibitory mechanisms of dihydroginsenoside Rg3 in platelet aggregation: Critical roles of ERK2 and cAMP. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.11.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, a single ginseng saponin, is known to be a major anti-platelet component of protopanaxadiol that is isolated from Korean red ginseng. In this study, we investigated whether dihydroginsenoside Rg3, a stable chemical derivative of ginsenoside Rg3, also demonstrated anti-platelet activity. Dihydroginsenoside Rg3 inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 (concentration producing 50% inhibition) of 18.8 ± 0.4 μM. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited platelet aggregation which was induced by thrombin (0.1 U mL−1) with an IC50 of 40.2 ± 0.9 μM. We next determined whether dihydroginsenoside Rg3 affected different types of ligand-induced platelet aggregation. We found that dihydroginsenoside Rg3 inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 20.0 ± 0.9 μM. To elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of dihydroginsenoside Rg3 on aggregation, we analysed its downstream signalling pathway. It was interesting to note that dihydroginsenoside Rg3 elevated cyclic AMP production in resting platelets, but did not affect cyclic GMP production. In addition, we found that dihydroginsenoside Rg3 potently suppressed phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), which was stimulated by collagen (2.5 μg mL−1), but not of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Taken together, our results indicate that dihydroginsenoside Rg3 potently inhibited platelet aggregation via the modulation of downstream signalling components such as cAMP and ERK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whi Min Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Park
- College of Bioscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimbae 621-749, Korea
| | - Geon Sik Seo
- Department of Industrial Crops, Korea National Agricultural College, Hwasung 445-760, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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Emily M, Mailund T, Hein J, Schauser L, Schierup MH. Using biological networks to search for interacting loci in genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1231-40. [PMID: 19277065 PMCID: PMC2986645 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that individually predispose to diseases. However, many genetic risk factors remain unaccounted for. Proteins coded by genes interact in the cell, and it is most likely that certain variants mainly affect the phenotype in combination with other variants, termed epistasis. An exhaustive search for epistatic effects is computationally demanding, as several billions of SNP pairs exist for typical genotyping chips. In this study, the experimental knowledge on biological networks is used to narrow the search for two-locus epistasis. We provide evidence that this approach is computationally feasible and statistically powerful. By applying this method to the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium data sets, we report four significant cases of epistasis between unlinked loci, in susceptibility to Crohn's disease, bipolar disorder, hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Emily
- Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Aarhus, C. F. Møllers Alle, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Spiekerkoetter E, Guignabert C, de Jesus Perez V, Alastalo TP, Powers JM, Wang L, Lawrie A, Ambartsumian N, Schmidt AM, Berryman M, Ashley RH, Rabinovitch M. S100A4 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 codependently induce vascular smooth muscle cell migration via phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and chloride intracellular channel 4. Circ Res 2009; 105:639-47, 13 p following 647. [PMID: 19713532 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.205120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE S100A4/Mts1 is implicated in motility of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs), through an interaction with the RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products). OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that S100A4/Mts1-mediated hPASMC motility might be enhanced by loss of function of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor (BMPR)II, observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Both S100A4/Mts1 (500 ng/mL) and BMP-2 (10 ng/mL) induce migration of hPASMCs in a novel codependent manner, in that the response to either ligand is lost with anti-RAGE or BMPRII short interference (si)RNA. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase is induced by both ligands and is required for motility by inducing matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity, but phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 is blocked by anti-RAGE and not by BMPRII short interference RNA. In contrast, BMPRII short interference RNA, but not anti-RAGE, reduces expression of intracellular chloride channel (CLIC)4, a scaffolding molecule necessary for motility in response to S100A4/Mts1 or BMP-2. Reduced CLIC4 expression does not interfere with S100A4/Mts1 internalization or its interaction with myosin heavy chain IIA, but does alter alignment of myosin heavy chain IIA and actin filaments creating the appearance of vacuoles. This abnormality is associated with reduced peripheral distribution and/or delayed activation of RhoA and Rac1, small GTPases required for retraction and extension of lamellipodia in motile cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate how a single ligand (BMP-2 or S100A4/Mts1) can recruit multiple cell surface receptors to relay signals that coordinate events culminating in a functional response, ie, cell motility. We speculate that this carefully controlled process limits signals from multiple ligands, but could be subverted in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif 94305-5162, USA
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Cortijo J, Iranzo A, Milara X, Mata M, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Ruiz-Saurí A, Tenor H, Hatzelmann A, Morcillo EJ. Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:534-44. [PMID: 19154443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The effects of a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, roflumilast, on bleomycin-induced lung injury were explored in 'preventive' and 'therapeutic' protocols and compared with glucocorticoids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Roflumilast (1 and 5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), p.o.) or dexamethasone (2.5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), p.o.) was given to C57Bl/6J mice from day 1 to 14 (preventive) or day 7 to 21 (therapeutic) after intratracheal bleomycin (3.75 U.kg(-1)). In Wistar rats, roflumilast (1 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), p.o.) was compared with methylprednisolone (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), p.o.) from day 1 to 21 (preventive) or from day 10 to 21 (therapeutic), following intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (7.5 U.kg(-1)). Analyses were performed at the end of the treatment periods. KEY RESULTS Preventive. Roflumilast reduced bleomycin-induced lung hydroxyproline, lung fibrosis and right ventricular hypertrophy; muscularization of intraacinar pulmonary vessels was also attenuated. The PDE4 inhibitor diminished bleomycin-induced transcripts for tumour necrosis factor (TNFalpha), transforming growth factor (TGFbeta), connective tissue growth factor, alphaI(I)collagen, endothelin-1 and the mucin, Muc5ac, in lung, and reduced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of TNFalpha, interleukin-13, TGFbeta, Muc5ac, lipid hydroperoxides and inflammatory cell counts. Therapeutic. In mice, roflumilast but not dexamethasone reduced bleomycin-induced lung alphaI(I)collagen transcripts, fibrosis and right ventricular hypertrophy. Similar results were found in the rat. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Roflumilast prevented the development of bleomycin-induced lung injury, and alleviated the lung fibrotic and vascular remodeling response to bleomycin in a therapeutic protocol, the latter being resistant to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Spain
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Izikki M, Raffestin B, Klar J, Hatzelmann A, Marx D, Tenor H, Zadigue P, Adnot S, Eddahibi S. Effects of roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, on hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:54-62. [PMID: 19386793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) is involved in the hydrolysis of cAMP in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (PA-SMC) and immune inflammatory cells. Given that intracellular cAMP accumulation inhibits contraction and growth of PA-SMCs as well as inflammatory cell functions, we investigated the effects of the PDE4 inhibitor 3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide (roflumilast), on pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rats. Treatment with roflumilast (0.5 or 1.5 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)) from day 1 to day 21 after monocrotaline (MCT) injection (60 mg x kg(-1) s.c.) attenuated PH development: pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and muscularization of distal vessels on day 21 were decreased compared to control MCT-treated rats. Roflumilast (1.5 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)) also reduced the increases in interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNAs observed in lung tissue on day 21 without affecting the rise in interleukin-1beta mRNA on days 1 and 21. Roflumilast (1.5 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)) from day 21 to day 42 after MCT reversed established PH, almost normalizing pulmonary artery pressure and structure, and suppressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in pulmonary vascular walls. Treatment with roflumilast similarly attenuated PH development due to chronic hypoxia. Treatment of human PA-SMCs with roflumilast N-oxide, the active metabolite of roflumilast, at concentrations up to 10(-6) M, potentiated PA-SMC growth inhibition induced by prostacyclin (10(-6) M) or interleukin-1beta (10 ng x ml(-1)) but was inactive on its own. In conclusion, the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast significantly attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia or MCT and reverses established PH after MCT administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Izikki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U841, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Facultéde Médecine, 94010 Créteil, France
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Zhao X, Town JR, Li F, Zhang X, Cockcroft DW, Gordon JR. ELR-CXC Chemokine Receptor Antagonism Targets Inflammatory Responses at Multiple Levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3213-22. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Press NJ, Banner KH. PDE4 inhibitors - a review of the current field. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 47:37-74. [PMID: 19328289 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Press
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK
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Rao YJ, Xi L. Pivotal effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on myocyte contractility and viability in normal and ischemic hearts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1-24. [PMID: 19060915 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade cellular cAMP and cGMP and are thus essential for regulating the cyclic nucleotides. At least 11 families of PDEs have been identified, each with a distinctive structure, activity, expression, and tissue distribution. The PDE type-3, -4, and -5 (PDE3, PDE4, PDE5) are localized to specific regions of the cardiomyocyte, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Z-disc, where they are likely to influence cAMP/cGMP signaling to the end effectors of contractility. Several PDE inhibitors exhibit remarkable hemodynamic and inotropic properties that may be valuable to clinical practice. In particular, PDE3 inhibitors have potent cardiotonic effects that can be used for short-term inotropic support, especially in situations where adrenergic stimulation is insufficient. Most relevant to this review, PDE inhibitors have also been found to have cytoprotective effects in the heart. For example, PDE3 inhibitors have been shown to be cardioprotective when given before ischemic attack, whereas PDE5 inhibitors, which include three widely used erectile dysfunction drugs (sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil), can induce remarkable cardioprotection when administered either prior to ischemia or upon reperfusion. This article provides an overview of the current laboratory and clinical evidence, as well as the cellular mechanisms by which the inhibitors of PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5 exert their beneficial effects on normal and ischemic hearts. It seems that PDE inhibitors hold great promise as clinically applicable agents that can improve cardiac performance and cell survival under critical situations, such as ischemic heart attack, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, and heart failure.
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Sanz MJ, Cortijo J, Taha MA, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Schatton E, Burgbacher B, Klar J, Tenor H, Schudt C, Issekutz AC, Hatzelmann A, Morcillo EJ. Roflumilast inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, expression of adhesion molecules and microvascular permeability. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:481-92. [PMID: 17704822 PMCID: PMC2050829 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The present study addressed the effects of the investigational PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and endothelial permeability in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vivo, intravital video-microscopy was used to determine effects of roflumilast p.o. on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and microvascular permeability in rat mesenteric venules. In vitro, the effects of roflumilast N-oxide, the active metabolite of roflumilast in humans, and other PDE4 inhibitors on neutrophil adhesion to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), E-selectin expression and thrombin-induced endothelial permeability was evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effect of roflumilast on N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced CD11b upregulation on human neutrophils. KEY RESULTS In vivo, roflumilast, given 1 h before lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dose-dependently reduced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in rat mesenteric postcapillary venules. It also diminished histamine-induced microvascular permeability. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that roflumilast prevented LPS-induced endothelial P- and E-selectin expression. In vitro, roflumilast N-oxide concentration-dependently suppressed neutrophil adhesion to TNFalpha-activated HUVEC and CD11b expression on fMLP-stimulated neutrophils. It also reduced TNFalpha-induced E-selectin expression on HUVEC, when PDE3 activity was blocked. HUVEC permeability elicited by thrombin was concentration-dependently suppressed by roflumilast N-oxide. While roflumilast N-oxide was as potent as roflumilast at inhibiting stimulated endothelial cell and neutrophil functions, both compounds were significantly more potent than the structurally unrelated PDE4 inhibitors, rolipram or cilomilast. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings further support earlier observations on the inhibition of inflammatory cell influx and protein extravasation by roflumilast in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
- Ciber CB06/06/0027 ‘Respiratory Diseases', Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health Madrid, Spain
| | - J Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
- Ciber CB06/06/0027 ‘Respiratory Diseases', Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health Madrid, Spain
- Research Foundation, University General Hospital Consortium, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Taha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - M Cerdá-Nicolás
- Ciber CB06/06/0027 ‘Respiratory Diseases', Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - E Schatton
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - B Burgbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Klar
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - H Tenor
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - C Schudt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - A C Issekutz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - A Hatzelmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Nycomed GmbH Konstanz, Germany
| | - E J Morcillo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
- Ciber CB06/06/0027 ‘Respiratory Diseases', Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Clinical Hospital, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Ali O, Wharton J, Gibbs JSR, Howard L, Wilkins MR. Emerging therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:803-18. [PMID: 17501693 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance due to increased vascular tone and structural remodelling of pulmonary vessels. The therapies that are in use so far have been developed to correct endothelial dysfunction and reduce vasomotor tone. These treatments have a limited effect on the remodelling process and, increasingly, the focus is turning to potent strategies for inhibiting vascular proliferation and promoting vascular apoptosis. Multiple novel targets have been uncovered over the last 5 years and several are now in early clinical trials. At present, it is clear that there is no single treatment for the condition. Although this is the case, studies are investigating the role of combining therapies that are already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ali
- Imperial College London, Experimental Medicine & Toxicology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Brown WM. Treating COPD with PDE 4 inhibitors. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2007; 2:517-33. [PMID: 18268925 PMCID: PMC2699952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is incompletely understood, chronic inflammation is a major factor. In fact, the inflammatory response is abnormal, with CD8+ T-cells, CD68+ macrophages, and neutrophils predominating in the conducting airways, lung parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. Elevated levels of the second messenger cAMP can inhibit some inflammatory processes. Theophylline has long been used in treating asthma; it causes bronchodilation by inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), which inactivates cAMP. By inhibiting PDE, theophylline increases cAMP, inhibiting inflammation and relaxing airway smooth muscle. Rather than one PDE, there are now known to be more than 50, with differing activities, substrate preferences, and tissue distributions. Thus, the possibility exists of selectively inhibiting only the enzyme(s) in the tissue(s) of interest. PDE 4 is the primary cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme in inflammatory and immune cells (macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils). Inhibiting PDE 4 in these cells leads to increased cAMP levels, down-regulating the inflammatory response. Because PDE 4 is also expressed in airway smooth muscle and, in vitro, PDE 4 inhibitors relax lung smooth muscle, selective PDE 4 inhibitors are being developed for treating COPD. Clinical studies have been conducted with PDE 4 inhibitors; this review concerns those reported to date.
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