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Banse SA, Jarrett CM, Robinson KJ, Blue BW, Shaw EL, Phillips PC. The Egg-Counter: A novel microfluidic platform for characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555781. [PMID: 37732270 PMCID: PMC10508723 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a fundamental process that shapes the demography of every living organism yet is often difficult to assess with high precision in animals that produce large numbers of offspring. Here, we present a novel microfluidic research platform for studying Caenorhabditis elegans' egg-laying. The platform provides higher throughput than traditional solid-media assays while providing a very high degree of temporal resolution. Additionally, the environmental control enabled by microfluidic animal husbandry allows for experimental perturbations difficult to achieve with solid-media assays. We demonstrate the platform's utility by characterizing C. elegans egg-laying behavior at two commonly used temperatures, 15 and 20°C. As expected, we observed a delayed onset of egg-laying at 15°C degrees, consistent with published temperature effects on development rate. Additionally, as seen in solid media studies, egg laying output was higher under the canonical 20°C conditions. While we validated the Egg-Counter with a study of temperature effects in wild-type animals, the platform is highly adaptable to any nematode egg-laying research where throughput or environmental control needs to be maximized without sacrificing temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Banse
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Cody M. Jarrett
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Kristin J. Robinson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Blue
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Emily L. Shaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Patrick C. Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Tesoriero C, Greco F, Cannone E, Ghirotto F, Facchinello N, Schiavone M, Vettori A. Modeling Human Muscular Dystrophies in Zebrafish: Mutant Lines, Transgenic Fluorescent Biosensors, and Phenotyping Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8314. [PMID: 37176020 PMCID: PMC10179009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of myopathies characterized by progressive muscle weakness leading to death from heart or respiratory failure. MDs are caused by mutations in genes involved in both the development and organization of muscle fibers. Several animal models harboring mutations in MD-associated genes have been developed so far. Together with rodents, the zebrafish is one of the most popular animal models used to reproduce MDs because of the high level of sequence homology with the human genome and its genetic manipulability. This review describes the most important zebrafish mutant models of MD and the most advanced tools used to generate and characterize all these valuable transgenic lines. Zebrafish models of MDs have been generated by introducing mutations to muscle-specific genes with different genetic techniques, such as (i) N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) treatment, (ii) the injection of specific morpholino, (iii) tol2-based transgenesis, (iv) TALEN, (v) and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. All these models are extensively used either to study muscle development and function or understand the pathogenetic mechanisms of MDs. Several tools have also been developed to characterize these zebrafish models by checking (i) motor behavior, (ii) muscle fiber structure, (iii) oxidative stress, and (iv) mitochondrial function and dynamics. Further, living biosensor models, based on the expression of fluorescent reporter proteins under the control of muscle-specific promoters or responsive elements, have been revealed to be powerful tools to follow molecular dynamics at the level of a single muscle fiber. Thus, zebrafish models of MDs can also be a powerful tool to search for new drugs or gene therapies able to block or slow down disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tesoriero
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Elena Cannone
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ghirotto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Nicola Facchinello
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Schiavone
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Vettori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.T.); (F.G.); (F.G.); (A.V.)
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3
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Garg V, Yang Y, Nowotschin S, Setty M, Kuo YY, Sharma R, Polyzos A, Salataj E, Murphy D, Jang A, Pe’er D, Apostolou E, Hadjantonakis AK. Single-cell analysis of bidirectional reprogramming between early embryonic states reveals mechanisms of differential lineage plasticities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534648. [PMID: 37034770 PMCID: PMC10081288 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct fates, pluripotent epiblast (EPI) and primitive (extra-embryonic) endoderm (PrE), arise from common progenitor cells, the inner cell mass (ICM), in mammalian embryos. To study how these sister identities are forged, we leveraged embryonic (ES) and eXtraembryonic ENdoderm (XEN) stem cells - in vitro counterparts of the EPI and PrE. Bidirectional reprogramming between ES and XEN coupled with single-cell RNA and ATAC-seq analyses uncovered distinct rates, efficiencies and trajectories of state conversions, identifying drivers and roadblocks of reciprocal conversions. While GATA4-mediated ES-to-iXEN conversion was rapid and nearly deterministic, OCT4, KLF4 and SOX2-induced XEN-to-iPS reprogramming progressed with diminished efficiency and kinetics. The dominant PrE transcriptional program, safeguarded by Gata4, and globally elevated chromatin accessibility of EPI underscored the differential plasticities of the two states. Mapping in vitro trajectories to embryos revealed reprogramming in either direction tracked along, and toggled between, EPI and PrE in vivo states without transitioning through the ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manu Setty
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Kuo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Eralda Salataj
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Dylan Murphy
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amy Jang
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dana Pe’er
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Effie Apostolou
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Liu CF, Ou-Yang Y, Huang CY, Jao SW, Kuo YK, Chen HC, Cheng SC, Wang NK, Chuang LH, Chen YH, Chen WY. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Is an Economical and Efficient Animal Model for Screening Potential Anti-cataract Compounds. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:21. [PMID: 35994266 PMCID: PMC9419454 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a zebrafish cataract model for screening potential anti-cataract compounds. Methods Living zebrafish were anesthetized and exposed to ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation at a dosage of 3250 mJ/cm2/d until they developed severe cataracts. These cataracts were graded based on photographs analyzed with ImageQuant TL version 7.0. Fish with severe cataracts were used to evaluate a range of compounds for cataract treatment, including the previously demonstrated hit compound lanosterol. For the initial evaluation, fish were divided into four groups: no treatment, balanced salt solution, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and lanosterol dissolved in β-CD. The treatments were performed for 10 days, and the clarity of lenses was evaluated. To assess the persistence of treatment, fish were treated with β-CD and lanosterol dissolved in β-CD for seven consecutive days followed by monitoring for three days without treatment. Results The average time for zebrafish to develop severe cataracts using the present UV-C irradiation protocol was 7.8 days (range 4-15 days). Both study designs required only another 10 days to determine the effect of hit compounds. The total experimental period could be completed within one month, and the entire experiment was economical. Conclusions We could assay a large number of hit compounds at a reasonable cost and within a short time using this newly developed zebrafish cataract model. These assays may allow development of an efficient platform for screening potential anti-cataract compounds. Translational Relevance The results may facilitate the development of ani-cataract medication for humans after further experiments and investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen Ou-Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Jao
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lan-Hsin Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Chen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sen M, Al-Amin M, Kicková E, Sadeghi A, Puranen J, Urtti A, Caliceti P, Salmaso S, Arango-Gonzalez B, Ueffing M. Retinal neuroprotection by controlled release of a VCP inhibitor from self-assembled nanoparticles. J Control Release 2021; 339:307-320. [PMID: 34606936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in rhodopsin lead to its misfolding resulting in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). Pharmacological inhibition of the ATP-driven chaperone valosin-containing protein (VCP), a molecular checkpoint for protein quality control, slows down retinal degeneration in animal models. However, poor water-solubility of VCP inhibitors poses a challenge to their clinical translation as intravitreal injections for retinal treatment. In order to enable the delivery of VCP inhibitors, we have developed and investigated two formulations for the VCP inhibitor ML240. Nanoformulations of ML240 were obtained by using amphiphilic polymers methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)5kDa-cholane (mPEG5kDa-cholane) and methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)5kDa-cholesterol (mPEG5kDa-cholesterol). Both formulations increased the water-solubility of ML240 by two orders of magnitude and prolonged the drug released over ten days. In addition, encapsulation of ML240 in mPEG5kDa-cholane showed superior photoreceptor protection at lower drug concentrations, normalized rhodopsin localization, and alleviated inflammatory microglial responses in an ex vivo rat model of retinal degeneration. The study demonstrates the potential of VCP inhibitor nanoformulations to treat adRP, a pharmacologically orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Sen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eva Kicková
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Gharehdaghi L, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, He K, Harkinezhad T, Tahmasbi G, Li F. Diet-derived transmission of MicroRNAs from host plant into honey bee Midgut. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:587. [PMID: 34344297 PMCID: PMC8336336 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small noncoding RNAs, which targets on thousands of mRNA and thus plays important roles in many biological processes. It has been reported that miRNA has cross-species regulation functions between parasitoid-host, or plant-animal, etc. For example, several plant miRNAs enter into the honey bees and regulate gene expression. However, whether cross-species regulation function of miRNAs is a universal mechanism remains a debate question. Results We have evaluated transmission of miRNAs from sunflower and sedr plants into the midgut of honey bee using RNA-Seq analyses complemented with confirmation by RT-qPCR. The results showed that at least 11 plant miRNAs were found in the midgut of honey bee feeding by sunflower and sedr pollen. Among which, nine miRNAs, including miR-30d, miR-143, miR-148a, miR-21, let-7 g, miR-26a, miR-126, miR-27a, and miR-203, were shared between the sunflower- and sedr-fed honey bees, suggesting they might have essential roles in plant-insect interactions. Moreover, existence of these co-shared miRNAs presents a strong evidence to support the successful transmission of miRNAs into the midgut of the insect. In total, 121 honeybee mRNAs were predicted to be the target of these 11 plant-derived miRNAs. Interestingly, a sedr-derived miRNA, miR-206, targets on 53 honeybee genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analyses showed that these target genes are significantly involved in hippo signaling pathway-fly, Wnt signaling pathway, and N-Glycan biosynthesis. Conclusions In summary, these results provide evidence of cross-species regulation function of miRNA between honeybee and flowering host plants, extending our understanding of the molecular interactions between plants and animals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07916-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gharehdaghi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Kang He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects/Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Taher Harkinezhad
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhosein Tahmasbi
- Department of Honeybee, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects/Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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7
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Osborn DPS, Li K, Cutty SJ, Nelson AC, Wardle FC, Hinits Y, Hughes SM. Fgf-driven Tbx protein activities directly induce myf5 and myod to initiate zebrafish myogenesis. Development 2020; 147:147/8/dev184689. [PMID: 32345657 PMCID: PMC7197714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle derives from dorsal mesoderm formed during vertebrate gastrulation. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signalling cooperates with Tbx transcription factors to promote dorsal mesoderm formation, but their role in myogenesis has been unclear. Using zebrafish, we show that dorsally derived Fgf signals act through Tbx16 and Tbxta to induce slow and fast trunk muscle precursors at distinct dorsoventral positions. Tbx16 binds to and directly activates the myf5 and myod genes, which are required for commitment to myogenesis. Tbx16 activity depends on Fgf signalling from the organiser. In contrast, Tbxta is not required for myf5 expression, but binds a specific site upstream of myod that is not bound by Tbx16 and drives (dependent on Fgf signals) myod expression in adaxial slow precursors, thereby initiating trunk myogenesis. After gastrulation, when similar muscle cell populations in the post-anal tail are generated from tailbud, declining Fgf signalling is less effective at initiating adaxial myogenesis, which is instead initiated by Hedgehog signalling from the notochord. Our findings suggest a hypothesis for ancestral vertebrate trunk myogenic patterning and how it was co-opted during tail evolution to generate similar muscle by new mechanisms. This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview. Highlighted Article: Tbx16 and Tbxta activate myf5 and myod directly during the earliest myogenesis in zebrafish, and Fgf signalling acts through Tbx16 to drive myogenesis in trunk but not tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P S Osborn
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kuoyu Li
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stephen J Cutty
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Fiona C Wardle
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yaniv Hinits
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, SE1 1UL, UK
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8
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Hopkins A, Camley BA. Leader cells in collective chemotaxis: Optimality and trade-offs. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:032417. [PMID: 31639926 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.032417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Clusters of cells can work together in order to follow a signal gradient, chemotaxing even when single cells do not. Cells in different regions of collectively migrating neural crest streams show different gene expression profiles, suggesting that cells may specialize to leader and follower roles. We use a minimal mathematical model to understand when this specialization is advantageous. In our model, leader cells sense the gradient with an accuracy that depends on the kinetics of ligand-receptor binding, while follower cells follow the cluster's direction with a finite error. Intuitively, specialization into leaders and followers should be optimal when a few cells have more information than the rest of the cluster, such as in the presence of a sharp transition in chemoattractant concentration. We do find this-but also find that high levels of specialization can be optimal in the opposite limit of very shallow gradients. We also predict that the best location for leaders may not be at the front of the cluster. In following leaders, clusters may have to choose between speed and flexibility. Clusters with only a few leaders can take orders of magnitude more time to reorient than all-leader clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Hopkins
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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9
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Tan X, Xu P, Zhang Y, Zhang PJ. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) myogenic regulatory factor 4 and its muscle-specific promoter activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 236:110310. [PMID: 31255700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays crucial roles in myoblast differentiation and maturation. Here, we report the isolation of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) mrf4 gene and the spatiotemporal analysis of its expression patterns. Sequence analysis indicated that flounder mrf4 shared a similar structure with other vertebrate MRF4, including the conserved bHLH domain. Flounder mrf4 contains 3 exons and 2 introns. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that it was highly homologous with Salmo salar, Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, and Tetraodon nigroviridis mrf4. Flounder mrf4 was first expressed in the medial region of somites that give rise to slow muscles, and later spread to the lateral region of somites that give rise to fast muscles. Mrf4 transcript levels decreased significantly in mature somites in the trunk region, and expression could only be detected in the caudal somites, consistent with the timing of somite maturation. Transient expression analysis showed that the 506 bp flounder mrf4 promoter was sufficient to direct muscle-specific GFP expression in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xungang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, PR China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, PR China
| | - Pei-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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10
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Hayes MN, McCarthy K, Jin A, Oliveira ML, Iyer S, Garcia SP, Sindiri S, Gryder B, Motala Z, Nielsen GP, Borg JP, van de Rijn M, Malkin D, Khan J, Ignatius MS, Langenau DM. Vangl2/RhoA Signaling Pathway Regulates Stem Cell Self-Renewal Programs and Growth in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:414-427.e6. [PMID: 29499154 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and relapse are driven by tumor propagating cells (TPCs). However, mechanisms regulating TPC fate choices, maintenance, and self-renewal are not fully understood. Here, we show that Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a core regulator of the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway, affects TPC self-renewal in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)-a pediatric cancer of muscle. VANGL2 is expressed in a majority of human RMS and within early mononuclear progenitor cells. VANGL2 depletion inhibited cell proliferation, reduced TPC numbers, and induced differentiation of human RMS in vitro and in mouse xenografts. Using a zebrafish model of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), we determined that Vangl2 expression enriches for TPCs and promotes their self-renewal. Expression of constitutively active and dominant-negative isoforms of RHOA revealed that it acts downstream of VANGL2 to regulate proliferation and maintenance of TPCs in human RMS. Our studies offer insights into pathways that control TPCs and identify new potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karin McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Jin
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sara P Garcia
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zainab Motala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ UM105, Inst Paoli Calmettes, UMR7258 CNRS, U1068 INSERM, "Cell Polarity, Cell signalling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer," Marseille, France
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Medicine and Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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11
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Wrighton PJ, Oderberg IM, Goessling W. There Is Something Fishy About Liver Cancer: Zebrafish Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:347-363. [PMID: 31108233 PMCID: PMC6713889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the mortality resulting from HCC are both increasing. Most patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced stages when curative treatments are impossible. Current drug therapy extends mean overall survival by only a short period of time. Genetic mutations associated with HCC vary widely. Therefore, transgenic and mutant animal models are needed to investigate the molecular effects of specific mutations, classify them as drivers or passengers, and develop targeted treatments. Cirrhosis, however, is the premalignant state common to 90% of HCC patients. Currently, no specific therapies are available to halt or reverse the progression of cirrhosis to HCC. Understanding the genetic drivers of HCC as well as the biochemical, mechanical, hormonal, and metabolic changes associated with cirrhosis could lead to novel treatments and cancer prevention strategies. Although additional therapies recently received Food and Drug Administration approval, significant clinical breakthroughs have not emerged since the introduction of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, necessitating alternate research strategies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are effective for disease modeling because of their high degree of gene and organ architecture conservation with human beings, ease of transgenesis and mutagenesis, high fecundity, and low housing cost. Here, we review zebrafish models of HCC and identify areas on which to focus future research efforts to maximize the advantages of the zebrafish model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wrighton
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac M Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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12
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Ratnayake D, Currie PD. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Larval Zebrafish Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells Following Skeletal Muscle Injury. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:245-254. [PMID: 30367418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes a protocol for the isolation of larval zebrafish muscle stem/progenitor cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This method has been successfully applied to isolate pax3a expressing cells 3 days following needle stab skeletal muscle injury. The cell sorting strategy described here can easily be adapted to any cell type at embryonic or larval stages. RNA extracted from the sorted cells can be used for subsequent downstream applications such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), microarrays, or next generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushika Ratnayake
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia Melbourne Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia Melbourne Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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13
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Lin CY, He JY, Zeng CW, Loo MR, Chang WY, Zhang PH, Tsai HJ. microRNA-206 modulates an Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis in newly forming somites to maintain and stabilize the somite boundary formation of zebrafish embryos. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170009. [PMID: 28701377 PMCID: PMC5541343 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNA-206 (miR-206) is known to regulate proliferation and differentiation of muscle fibroblasts, the role of miR-206 in early-stage somite development is still unknown. During somitogenesis of zebrafish embryos, reticulon4a (rtn4a) is specifically repressed by miR-206. The somite boundary was defective, and actin filaments were crossing over the boundary in either miR-206-knockdown or rtn4a-overexpressed embryos. In these treated embryos, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4a (cxcr4a) was reduced, while thrombospondin 3a (thbs3a) was increased. The defective boundary was phenocopied in either cxcr4a-knockdown or thbs3a-overexpressed embryos. Repression of thbs3a expression by cxcr4a reduced the occurrence of the boundary defect. We demonstrated that cxcr4a is an upstream regulator of thbs3a and that defective boundary cells could not process epithelialization in the absence of intracellular accumulation of the phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) in boundary cells. Therefore, in the newly forming somites, miR-206-mediated downregulation of rtn4a increases cxcr4a. This activity largely decreases thbs3a expression in the epithelial cells of the somite boundary, which causes epithelialization of boundary cells through mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and eventually leads to somite boundary formation. Collectively, we suggest that miR-206 mediates a novel pathway, the Rtn4a/Cxcr4a/Thbs3a axis, that allows boundary cells to undergo MET and form somite boundaries in the newly forming somites of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Yu He
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Moo-Rumg Loo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yen Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Hsiang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3 Zhongzhen Road, Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Wnt9a Is Required for the Aortic Amplification of Nascent Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:1595-1606. [PMID: 27806298 PMCID: PMC6309681 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All mature blood cell types in the adult animal arise from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the developmental cues regulating HSPC ontogeny are incompletely understood. In particular, the details surrounding a requirement for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the development of mature HSPCs are controversial and difficult to consolidate. Using zebrafish, we demonstrate that Wnt signaling is required to direct an amplification of HSPCs in the aorta. Wnt9a is specifically required for this process and cannot be replaced by Wnt9b or Wnt3a. This proliferative event occurs independently of initial HSPC fate specification, and the Wnt9a input is required prior to aorta formation. HSPC arterial amplification occurs prior to seeding of secondary hematopoietic tissues and proceeds, in part, through the cell cycle regulator myca (c-myc). Our results support a general paradigm, in which early signaling events, including Wnt, direct later HSPC developmental processes. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) give rise to all of the blood cells of the adult organism; however, how these cells are derived in vivo is still incompletely understood. Using zebrafish, Grainger et al. find that Wnt9a mediates amplification of HSPCs prior to their migration to secondary hematopoietic sites.
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15
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Mello SS, Sinow C, Raj N, Mazur PK, Bieging-Rolett K, Broz DK, Imam JFC, Vogel H, Wood LD, Sage J, Hirose T, Nakagawa S, Rinn J, Attardi LD. Neat1 is a p53-inducible lincRNA essential for transformation suppression. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1095-1108. [PMID: 28698299 PMCID: PMC5538433 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284661.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mello et al. identify Neat1, a ncRNA constituent of paraspeckles, as a p53 target gene that plays a crucial role in suppressing transformation in response to oncogenic signals. The p53 gene is mutated in over half of all cancers, reflecting its critical role as a tumor suppressor. Although p53 is a transcriptional activator that induces myriad target genes, those p53-inducible genes most critical for tumor suppression remain elusive. Here, we leveraged p53 ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] combined with high-throughput sequencing) and RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) data sets to identify new p53 target genes, focusing on the noncoding genome. We identify Neat1, a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) constituent of paraspeckles, as a p53 target gene broadly induced by mouse and human p53 in different cell types and by diverse stress signals. Using fibroblasts derived from Neat1−/− mice, we examined the functional role of Neat1 in the p53 pathway. We found that Neat1 is dispensable for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. In sharp contrast, Neat1 plays a crucial role in suppressing transformation in response to oncogenic signals. Neat1 deficiency enhances transformation in oncogene-expressing fibroblasts and promotes the development of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and cystic lesions in KrasG12D-expressing mice. Neat1 loss provokes global changes in gene expression, suggesting a mechanism by which its deficiency promotes neoplasia. Collectively, these findings identify Neat1 as a p53-regulated large intergenic ncRNA (lincRNA) with a key role in suppressing transformation and cancer initiation, providing fundamental new insight into p53-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephano S Mello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn Sinow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nitin Raj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pawel K Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn Bieging-Rolett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Daniela Kenzelmann Broz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jamie F Conklin Imam
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - John Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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Nguyen PD, Gurevich DB, Sonntag C, Hersey L, Alaei S, Nim HT, Siegel A, Hall TE, Rossello FJ, Boyd SE, Polo JM, Currie PD. Muscle Stem Cells Undergo Extensive Clonal Drift during Tissue Growth via Meox1-Mediated Induction of G2 Cell-Cycle Arrest. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:107-119.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Berberoglu MA, Gallagher TL, Morrow ZT, Talbot JC, Hromowyk KJ, Tenente IM, Langenau DM, Amacher SL. Satellite-like cells contribute to pax7-dependent skeletal muscle repair in adult zebrafish. Dev Biol 2017; 424:162-180. [PMID: 28279710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells, also known as muscle stem cells, are responsible for skeletal muscle growth and repair in mammals. Pax7 and Pax3 transcription factors are established satellite cell markers required for muscle development and regeneration, and there is great interest in identifying additional factors that regulate satellite cell proliferation, differentiation, and/or skeletal muscle regeneration. Due to the powerful regenerative capacity of many zebrafish tissues, even in adults, we are exploring the regenerative potential of adult zebrafish skeletal muscle. Here, we show that adult zebrafish skeletal muscle contains cells similar to mammalian satellite cells. Adult zebrafish satellite-like cells have dense heterochromatin, express Pax7 and Pax3, proliferate in response to injury, and show peak myogenic responses 4-5 days post-injury (dpi). Furthermore, using a pax7a-driven GFP reporter, we present evidence implicating satellite-like cells as a possible source of new muscle. In lieu of central nucleation, which distinguishes regenerating myofibers in mammals, we describe several characteristics that robustly identify newly-forming myofibers from surrounding fibers in injured adult zebrafish muscle. These characteristics include partially overlapping expression in satellite-like cells and regenerating myofibers of two RNA-binding proteins Rbfox2 and Rbfoxl1, known to regulate embryonic muscle development and function. Finally, by analyzing pax7a; pax7b double mutant zebrafish, we show that Pax7 is required for adult skeletal muscle repair, as it is in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Berberoglu
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas L Gallagher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zachary T Morrow
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Inês M Tenente
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Molecular Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Molecular Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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18
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Jin SD, Lee BR, Hwang YS, Lee HJ, Rim JS, Han JY. Regulatory elements and transcriptional control of chicken vasa homologue ( CVH) promoter in chicken primordial germ cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:6. [PMID: 28101336 PMCID: PMC5237207 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of functional gametes, have distinct characteristics and exhibit several unique molecular mechanisms to maintain pluripotency and germness in comparison to somatic cells. They express germ cell-specific RNA binding proteins (RBPs) by modulating tissue-specific cis- and trans-regulatory elements. Studies on gene structures of chicken vasa homologue (CVH), a chicken RNA binding protein, involved in temporal and spatial regulation are thus important not only for understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate germ cell fate, but also for practical applications of primordial germ cells. However, very limited studies are available on regulatory elements that control germ cell-specific expression in chicken. Therefore, we investigated the intricate regulatory mechanism(s) that governs transcriptional control of CVH. RESULTS We constructed green fluorescence protein (GFP) or luciferase reporter vectors containing the various 5' flanking regions of CVH gene. From the 5' deletion and fragmented assays in chicken PGCs, we have identified a CVH promoter that locates at -316 to +275 base pair fragment with the highest luciferase activity. Additionally, we confirmed for the first time that the 5' untranslated region (UTR) containing intron 1 is required for promoter activity of the CVH gene in chicken PGCs. Furthermore, using a transcription factor binding prediction, transcriptome analysis and siRNA-mediated knockdown, we have identified that a set of transcription factors play a role in the PGC-specific CVH gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that cis-elements and transcription factors localizing in the 5' flanking region including the 5' UTR and an intron are important for transcriptional regulation of the CVH gene in chicken PGCs. Finally, this information will contribute to research studies in areas of reproductive biology, constructing of germ cell-specific synthetic promoter for tracing primordial germ cells as well as understanding the transcriptional regulation for maintaining germness in PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Dam Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Jong Seop Rim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598 Japan
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19
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Tenente IM, Hayes MN, Ignatius MS, McCarthy K, Yohe M, Sindiri S, Gryder B, Oliveira ML, Ramakrishnan A, Tang Q, Chen EY, Petur Nielsen G, Khan J, Langenau DM. Myogenic regulatory transcription factors regulate growth in rhabdomyosarcoma. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28080960 PMCID: PMC5231408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric malignacy of muscle with myogenic regulatory transcription factors MYOD and MYF5 being expressed in this disease. Consensus in the field has been that expression of these factors likely reflects the target cell of transformation rather than being required for continued tumor growth. Here, we used a transgenic zebrafish model to show that Myf5 is sufficient to confer tumor-propagating potential to RMS cells and caused tumors to initiate earlier and have higher penetrance. Analysis of human RMS revealed that MYF5 and MYOD are mutually-exclusively expressed and each is required for sustained tumor growth. ChIP-seq and mechanistic studies in human RMS uncovered that MYF5 and MYOD bind common DNA regulatory elements to alter transcription of genes that regulate muscle development and cell cycle progression. Our data support unappreciated and dominant oncogenic roles for MYF5 and MYOD convergence on common transcriptional targets to regulate human RMS growth. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19214.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Tenente
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,GABBA Program, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madeline N Hayes
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Molecular Medicine, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, San Antonio, United States
| | - Karin McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Marielle Yohe
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ashwin Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Qin Tang
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Eleanor Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - G Petur Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Cancer Center, and Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
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20
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Abstract
Understanding muscle stem cell behaviors can potentially provide insights into how these cells act and respond during normal growth and diseased contexts. The zebrafish is an ideal model organism to examine these behaviors in vivo where it would normally be technically challenging in other mammalian models. This chapter will describe the procedures required to successfully conduct live imaging of zebrafish transgenics that has specifically been adapted for skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong D Nguyen
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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21
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Gurevich DB, Nguyen PD, Siegel AL, Ehrlich OV, Sonntag C, Phan JMN, Berger S, Ratnayake D, Hersey L, Berger J, Verkade H, Hall TE, Currie PD. Asymmetric division of clonal muscle stem cells coordinates muscle regeneration in vivo. Science 2016; 353:aad9969. [PMID: 27198673 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an example of a tissue that deploys a self-renewing stem cell, the satellite cell, to effect regeneration. Recent in vitro studies have highlighted a role for asymmetric divisions in renewing rare "immortal" stem cells and generating a clonal population of differentiation-competent myoblasts. However, this model currently lacks in vivo validation. We define a zebrafish muscle stem cell population analogous to the mammalian satellite cell and image the entire process of muscle regeneration from injury to fiber replacement in vivo. This analysis reveals complex interactions between satellite cells and both injured and uninjured fibers and provides in vivo evidence for the asymmetric division of satellite cells driving both self-renewal and regeneration via a clonally restricted progenitor pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Gurevich
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Phong Dang Nguyen
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley L Siegel
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ophelia V Ehrlich
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Carmen Sonntag
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M N Phan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Silke Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dhanushika Ratnayake
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lucy Hersey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joachim Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Heather Verkade
- School of Biological Sciences, Building 18, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hall
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Level 1, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia Melbourne Node, Level 1, Building 75, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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22
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Lin CY, Chiang CY, Tsai HJ. Zebrafish and Medaka: new model organisms for modern biomedical research. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:19. [PMID: 26822757 PMCID: PMC4730764 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although they are primitive vertebrates, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) have surpassed other animals as the most used model organisms based on their many advantages. Studies on gene expression patterns, regulatory cis-elements identification, and gene functions can be facilitated by using zebrafish embryos via a number of techniques, including transgenesis, in vivo transient assay, overexpression by injection of mRNAs, knockdown by injection of morpholino oligonucleotides, knockout and gene editing by CRISPR/Cas9 system and mutagenesis. In addition, transgenic lines of model fish harboring a tissue-specific reporter have become a powerful tool for the study of biological sciences, since it is possible to visualize the dynamic expression of a specific gene in the transparent embryos. In particular, some transgenic fish lines and mutants display defective phenotypes similar to those of human diseases. Therefore, a wide variety of fish model not only sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis in vivo but also provides a living platform for high-throughput screening of drug candidates. Interestingly, transgenic model fish lines can also be applied as biosensors to detect environmental pollutants, and even as pet fish to display beautiful fluorescent colors. Therefore, transgenic model fish possess a broad spectrum of applications in modern biomedical research, as exampled in the following review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No.46, Section 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No.46, Section 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, No.46, Section 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei City, 252, Taiwan.
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24
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Kim AD, Melick CH, Clements WK, Stachura DL, Distel M, Panáková D, MacRae C, Mork LA, Crump JG, Traver D. Discrete Notch signaling requirements in the specification of hematopoietic stem cells. EMBO J 2014; 33:2363-73. [PMID: 25230933 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) require multiple molecular inputs for proper specification, including activity of the Notch signaling pathway. A requirement for the Notch1 and dispensability of the Notch2 receptor has been demonstrated in mice, but the role of the remaining Notch receptors has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that three of the four Notch receptors are independently required for the specification of HSCs in the zebrafish. The orthologues of the murine Notch1 receptor, Notch1a and Notch1b, are each required intrinsically to fate HSCs, just prior to their emergence from aortic hemogenic endothelium. By contrast, the Notch3 receptor is required earlier within the developing somite to regulate HSC emergence in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Epistatic analyses demonstrate that Notch3 function lies downstream of Wnt16, which is required for HSC specification through its regulation of two Notch ligands, dlc and dld. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that multiple Notch signaling inputs are required to specify HSCs and that Notch3 performs a novel role within the somite to regulate the neighboring precursors of hemogenic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert D Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase H Melick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wilson K Clements
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David L Stachura
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Distel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Panáková
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Calum MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Mork
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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25
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Cheng CC, Chou CY, Chang YC, Wang HW, Wen CC, Chen YH. Protective Role of Comfrey Leave Extracts on UV-induced Zebrafish Fin Damage. J Toxicol Pathol 2014; 27:115-21. [PMID: 25352712 PMCID: PMC4110935 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2013-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In zebrafish, UV exposure leads to fin malformation phenotypes including fin reduction
or absence. The present study evaluated UV-protective activities of comfrey leaves
extracts in a zebrafish model by recording fin morphological changes. Chemopreventive
effects of comfrey leave extracts were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox
proportional hazards regression. The results showed that (1) the mean times of return to
normal fin in the UV+comfrey (50 and 100 ppm) groups were 3.43 and 2.86 days and were
quicker compared with that in the UV only group (4.21 days); (2) zebrafish fins in the
UV+comfrey (50 and 100 ppm) groups were 2.05 and 3.25 times more likely to return to
normal than those in the UV only group; and (3) comfrey leave extracts had UV-absorbance
abilities and significantly reduced ROS production in UV-exposed zebrafish embryos, which
may attenuate UV-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, comfrey leaves extracts may have the
potential to be developed as UV-protective agents to protect zebrafish embryos from
UV-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Chou
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Wen
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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26
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Storer NY, White RM, Uong A, Price E, Nielsen GP, Langenau DM, Zon LI. Zebrafish rhabdomyosarcoma reflects the developmental stage of oncogene expression during myogenesis. Development 2013; 140:3040-50. [PMID: 23821038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a pediatric malignancy thought to arise from the uncontrolled proliferation of myogenic cells. Here, we have generated models of rhabdomyosarcoma in the zebrafish by inducing oncogenic KRAS(G12D) expression at different stages during muscle development. Several zebrafish promoters were used, including the cdh15 and rag2 promoters, which drive gene expression in early muscle progenitors, and the mylz2 promoter, which is expressed in differentiating myoblasts. The tumors that developed differed in their ability to recapitulate normal myogenesis. cdh15:KRAS(G12D) and rag2:KRAS(G12D) fish developed tumors that displayed an inability to complete muscle differentiation as determined by histological appearance and gene expression analyses. By contrast, mylz2:KRAS(G12D) tumors more closely resembled mature skeletal muscle and were most similar to well-differentiated human rhabdomyosarcoma in terms of gene expression. mylz2:KRAS(G12D) fish showed significantly improved survival compared with cdh15:KRAS(G12D) and rag2:KRAS(G12D) fish. Tumor-propagating activity was enriched in myf5-expressing cell populations within all of the tumor types. Our results demonstrate that oncogenic KRAS(G12D) expression at different stages during muscle development has profound effects on the ability of tumor cells to recapitulate normal myogenesis, altering the tumorigenic capability of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narie Y Storer
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Lin CY, Lee HC, Chen HC, Hsieh CC, Tsai HJ. Normal function of Myf5 during gastrulation is required for pharyngeal arch cartilage development in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish 2013; 10:486-99. [PMID: 23992145 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myf5, a myogenic regulatory factor, plays a key role in regulating muscle differentiation. However, it is not known if Myf5 has a regulatory role during early embryogenesis. Here, we used myf5-morpholino oligonucleotides [MO] to knock down myf5 expression and demonstrated a series of results pointing to the functional roles of Myf5 during early embryogenesis: (1) reduced head size resulting from abnormal morphology in the cranial skeleton; (2) decreased expressions of the cranial neural crest (CNC) markers foxd3, sox9a, dlx2, and col2a1; (3) defect in the chondrogenic neural crest similar to that of fgf3 morphants; (4) reduced fgf3/fgf8 transcripts in the cephalic mesoderm rescued by co-injection of myf5 wobble-mismatched mRNA together with myf5-MO1 during 12 h postfertilization; (5) abnormal patterns of axial and non-axial mesoderm causing expansion of the dorsal organizer, and (6) increased bmp4 gradient, but reduced fgf3/fgf8 marginal gradient, during gastrulation. Interestingly, overexpression of fgf3 could rescue the cranial cartilage defects caused by myf5-MO1, suggesting that Myf5 modulates craniofacial cartilage development through the fgf3 signaling pathway. Together, the loss of Myf5 function results in a cascade effect that begins with abnormal formation of the dorsal organizer during gastrulation, causing, in turn, defects in the CNC and cranial cartilage of myf5-knockdown embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Ignatius MS, Chen E, Elpek NM, Fuller AZ, Tenente IM, Clagg R, Liu S, Blackburn JS, Linardic CM, Rosenberg AE, Nielsen PG, Mempel TR, Langenau DM. In vivo imaging of tumor-propagating cells, regional tumor heterogeneity, and dynamic cell movements in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:680-693. [PMID: 22624717 PMCID: PMC3381357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is an aggressive pediatric sarcoma of muscle. Here, we show that ERMS-propagating potential is confined to myf5+ cells and can be visualized in live, fluorescent transgenic zebrafish. During early tumor growth, myf5+ ERMS cells reside adjacent normal muscle fibers. By late-stage ERMS, myf5+ cells are reorganized into distinct regions separated from differentiated tumor cells. Time-lapse imaging of late-stage ERMS revealed that myf5+ cells populate newly formed tumor only after seeding by highly migratory myogenin+ ERMS cells. Moreover, myogenin+ ERMS cells can enter the vasculature, whereas myf5+ ERMS-propagating cells do not. Our data suggest that non-tumor-propagating cells likely have important supportive roles in cancer progression and facilitate metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5/genetics
- Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5/metabolism
- Myogenin/genetics
- Myogenin/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/blood supply
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Ignatius
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eleanor Chen
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalie M Elpek
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adam Z Fuller
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Inês M Tenente
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ryan Clagg
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sali Liu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew E Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Petur G Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David M Langenau
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Pogorelova MA, Golichenkov VA, Tarasov AV, Pogorelova VN, Panait AI, Pogorelov AG. Cyto B dependent and ouabain insensitive Regulatory Volume Decrease in bicellular mouse embryo. Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Tsai IT, Yang ZS, Lin ZY, Wen CC, Cheng CC, Chen YH. Flavone is efficient to protect zebrafish fins from UV-induced damage. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 35:341-6. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.622771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Lee GH, Chang MY, Hsu CH, Chen YH. Essential roles of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Capsulin and Musculin, during craniofacial myogenesis of zebrafish. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:4065-78. [PMID: 21347725 PMCID: PMC11114528 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Capsulin and Musculin are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, but their biophysiological roles in zebrafish cranial myogenesis are unclear. Expressions of endogenous capsulin transcripts are detected at the central- (~24-hpf) and at dorsal- and ventral-mesoderm cores (~30-72 hpf) of branchial arches. In contrast, musculin transcripts are expressed as a two-phase manner: early phase (20-22 hpf) expressions of musculin are detected at the head mesoderm, whereas late-phase (36-72 hpf) are detected at all presumptive head-muscle precursors. Knockdown of either capsulin or musculin leads to loss of all cranial muscles without affecting trunk muscle development. The defective phenotypes of Capsulin- and Musculin-morphant can be rescued by co-injection of mRNA of each other. Both myf5 and myod transcripts are down-regulated in the Capsulin-morphant while myod transcripts are up-regulated in the Musculin-morphant. Therefore, we propose a putative regulatory network to understand how capsulin/musculin regulate distinctly either myf5 or myod during zebrafish craniofacial myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Hui Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
| | - Min-Yen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chun Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan
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32
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Asaduzzaman M, Kinoshita S, Siddique BS, Asakawa S, Watabe S. Multiple cis-elements in the 5'-flanking region of embryonic/larval fast-type of the myosin heavy chain gene of torafugu, MYH(M743-2), function in the transcriptional regulation of its expression. Gene 2011; 489:41-54. [PMID: 21893174 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain gene, MYH(M743-2), is highly expressed in fast muscle fibers of torafugu embryos and larvae, suggesting its functional roles for embryonic and larval muscle development. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism involved in its expression remained unknown. Here, we analyzed the 2075bp 5'-flanking region of torafugu MYH(M743-2) to examine the spatial and temporal regulation by using transgenic and transient expression techniques in zebrafish embryos. Combining both transient and transgenic analyses, we demonstrated that the 2075bp 5'-flanking sequences was sufficient for its expression in skeletal, craniofacial and pectoral fin muscles. The immunohistochemical observation revealed that the zebrafish larvae from the stable transgenic line consistently expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in fast muscle fibers. Promoter deletion analyses demonstrated that the minimum 468bp promoter region could direct MYH(M743-2) expression in zebrafish larvae. We discovered that the serum response factor (SRF)-like binding sites are required for promoting MYH(M743-2) expression and myoblast determining factor (MyoD) and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) binding sites participate in the transcriptional control of MYH(M743-2) expression in fast skeletal muscles. We further discovered that MyoD binding sites, but not MEF2, participate in the transcriptional regulation of MYH(M743-2) expression in pectoral fin and craniofacial muscles. These results clearly demonstrated that multiple cis-elements in the 5'-flanking region of MYH(M743-2) function in the transcriptional control of its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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33
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McCollum CW, Ducharme NA, Bondesson M, Gustafsson JA. Developmental toxicity screening in zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:67-114. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Developmental Characters in Phylogenetic Inference and Their Absolute Timing Information. Syst Biol 2011; 60:630-44. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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35
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Chen YH, Lin JS. A novel zebrafish mutant with wavy-notochord: an effective biological index for monitoring the copper pollution of water from natural resources. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:103-109. [PMID: 19746408 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified a novel zebrafish mutant that has wavy-notochord phenotypes, such as severely twisted notochord and posterior malformations, but has normal melanocytes. Histological evidences showed that proliferating vacuolar cells extended their growth to the muscle region, and consequently caused the wavy-notochord phenotypes. Interestingly, those malformations can be greatly reversed by exposure with copper, suggesting that copper plays an important role on wavy-notochord phenotypes. In addition, after long-term copper exposure, the surviving larvae derived from wavy-notochord mutants displayed bone malformations, such as twisted axial skeleton and osteophyte. These phenotypic changes and molecular evidences of wavy-notochord mutants are highly similar to those embryos whose lysyl oxidases activities have been inactivated. Taken together, we propose that (i) the putative mutated genes of this wavy-notochord mutant might be highly associated with the lysyl oxidase genes in zebrafish; and (ii) this fish model is an effective tool for monitoring copper pollution of water from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan.
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36
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Hsu RJ, Lin CC, Su YF, Tsai HJ. dickkopf-3-related gene regulates the expression of zebrafish myf5 gene through phosphorylated p38a-dependent Smad4 activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6855-64. [PMID: 21159776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myf5 is a myogenic regulatory factor that functions in myogenesis. An intronic microRNA, miR-In300, located within zebrafish myf5 intron I, has been reported to silence myf5 through the targeting of dickkopf-3-related gene (dkk3r). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the control of myf5 expression by dkk3r is unknown. By injecting dkk3r-specific morpholino-oligonucleotide (dkk3r-MO) to knock down Dkk3r, we found that the phosphorylated p38a protein was reduced. Knockdown of p38a resulted in malformed somites and reduced myf5 transcripts, which photocopied the defects induced by injection of dkk3r-MO. To block the MAPK pathway, phosphorylation of p38 was inhibited by introduction of SB203580, which caused the down-regulation of myf5 expression. The GFP signal was dramatically decreased in somites when we injected p38a-MO into embryos derived from transgenic line Tg(myf5(80K):GFP), in which the GFP was driven by the myf5 promoter. Although these p38a-MO-induced defects were rescued by co-injection with p38a mRNA, they were not rescued with p38a mRNA containing a mutation at the phosphorylation domain. Moreover, overexpression of Smad2 or Smad3a enhanced myf5 expression, but the defects induced by the dominant negative form of either Smad2 or Smad3a equaled those of embryos injected with either dkk3r-MO or p38a-MO. These results support the involvement of Smad2·Smad3a in p38a mediation. Overexpression of Smad4 enabled the rescue of myf5 defects in the dkk3r-MO-injected embryos, but knockdown of either dkk3r or p38a caused Smad4 protein to lose stability. Therefore, we concluded that Dkk3r regulates p38a phosphorylation to maintain Smad4 stability, in turn enabling the Smad2·Smad3a·Smad4 complex to form and activate the myf5 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jun Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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37
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Chen YH, Wen CC, Lin CY, Chou CY, Yang ZS, Wang YH. UV-induced fin damage in zebrafish as a system for evaluating the chemopreventive potential of broccoli and cauliflower extracts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 21:63-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.529191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Genetic zebrafish models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:58-65. [PMID: 20493258 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of the widespread use of zebrafish in developmental biology studies, an extensive array of experimental tools and techniques has been assembled; it has recently become apparent that these might be exploited in the analysis of human neurodegenerative diseases. A surprising degree of functional conservation has been demonstrated between human genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and their zebrafish orthologues. In zebrafish models of recessive parkinsonism, Parkin or Pink1 knockdown gave rise to specific loss of dopamine neurons; in a zebrafish model of recessive spinal muscular atrophy, loss of Smn1 function caused specific motor axonal defects. In addition, pathological features of several dominant diseases were replicated by transgenic over-expression of mutant human proteins, including Tau, Huntingtin, and SOD1. In some cases, conservation of relevant cellular pathways was sufficient that disease-specific posttranslational changes to the respective proteins were found in the zebrafish models. These data collectively suggest that the zebrafish can be an appropriate setting in which to model the molecular events underlying human neuropsychiatric disease. Consequently, novel findings yielded by studies in zebrafish models may be applicable to human diseases; this is an exciting prospect, in view of the many potential uses of zebrafish models, for example, screening for lead therapeutic compounds, rapid functional assessments of putative modifier genes, and live observation of pathogenic mechanisms in vivo.
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Yasmin L, Kinoshita S, Asaduzzaman M, Akolkar DB, Ikeda D, Ono Y, Watabe S. A 5'-flanking region of embryonic-type myosin heavy chain gene, MYH(M)₇₄₃₋₂, from torafugu Takifugu rubripes regulates developmental muscle-specific expression. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 6:76-81. [PMID: 20605755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain gene, MYH(M)₇₄₃₋₂, is highly expressed in fast muscle fibers of torafugu embryos. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in its expression have been unclear. In this study, we examined spatio-temporal expression patterns of this gene during development by injecting expression vectors containing the GFP reporter gene fused to the 5'-flanking region of MYH(M)₇₄₃₋₂ into fertilized eggs of zebrafish and medaka. Although the -2.1kb 5'-flanking region of torafugu MYH(M)₇₄₃₋₂ showed no homology with the corresponding regions of zebrafish and medaka orthologous genes on the rVISTA analysis, the torafugu 5'-flanking region activated the GFP expression which was detected in the myotomal compartment for both zebrafish and medaka embryos. The GFP expression was localized to fast and slow muscle fibers in larvae as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. In addition to the above tissues, GFP was also expressed in jaw, eye and pectoral fin muscles in embryos and larvae. These results clearly demonstrated that the 2.1 kb 5'-flanking region of MYH(M)₇₄₃₋₂ contains essential cis-regulatory sequences for myogenesis that are conserved among torafugu, zebrafish and medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Yasmin
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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40
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Yeo MK, Kang M. The effect of nano-scale Zn-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 particles on Hydra magnipapillata. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Peng HC, Wang YH, Wen CC, Wang WH, Cheng CC, Chen YH. Nephrotoxicity assessments of acetaminophen during zebrafish embryogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:480-6. [PMID: 20170747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used a green fluorescent kidney line, Tg(wt1b:GFP), as a model to access the acetaminophen (AAP)-induced nephrotoxicity dynamically. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at different developmental stages (12-60hpf) were treated with different dosages of AAP (0-45mM) for different time courses (12-60h). Results showed that zebrafish embryos exhibited no evident differences in survival rates and morphological changes between the mock-treated control (0mM) and 2.25mM AAP-exposure (12-72hpf) groups. In contrast, after higher doses (22.5 and 45mM) of exposure, embryos displayed malformed kidney phenotypes, such as curved, cystic pronephric tube, pronephric duct, and a cystic and atrophic glomerulus. The percentages of embryos with malformed kidney phenotypes increased as the exposure dosages of AAP increased. Interestingly, under the same exposure time course (12h) and dose (22.5mM), embryos displayed higher percentages of severe defects at earlier developmental stage of exposure (12-24hpf), whereas embryos displayed higher percentages of mild defects at later exposure (60-72hpf). With an exposure time course less than 24h of 45mM AAP, no embryo survived by the developmental stage of 72hpf. These results indicated that AAP-induced nephrotoxicity depended on the exposure dose, time course and developmental stages. Immunohistochemical experiments showed that the cells' morphologies of the pronephric tube, pronephric duct and glomerulus were disrupted by AAP, and consequently caused cell death. Real-time RT-PCR revealed embryos after AAP treatment decreased the expression of cox2 and bcl2, but increased p53 expression. In conclusion, AAP-induced defects on glomerulus, pronephric tube and pronephric duct could be easily and dynamically observed in vivo during kidney development in this present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Chu Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taiwan.
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Hsu RJ, Lin CY, Hoi HS, Zheng SK, Lin CC, Tsai HJ. Novel intronic microRNA represses zebrafish myf5 promoter activity through silencing dickkopf-3 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:4384-93. [PMID: 20236986 PMCID: PMC2910042 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong, negative cis-element located at the first intron +502/+835 (I300) of zebrafish myf5 has been reported. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this repression network, we microinjected zebrafish single-cell embryos with I300 RNA, resulting in the dramatic reduction of luciferase activity driven by the myf5 promoter. Within this I300 segment, we identified an intronic microRNA (miR-In300) located at +609/+632 and found that it was more highly expressed in the older mature somites than those newly formed, which negatively correlated with the distribution of zebrafish myf5 transcripts. We proved that miR-In300 suppressed the transcription of myf5 through abolishing myf5 promoter activity, and we subsequently identified the long isoform of the Dickkopf-3 gene (dkk3) as the target gene of miR-In300. We further found that injection of the dkk3-morpholinos (MOs) resulted in downregulation of myf5 transcripts in somites, whereas co-injection of myf5 mRNA with dkk3-MO1 enabled rescue of the defects induced by dkk3-MO1 alone. Finally, injection of miR-In300-MO enhanced both myf5 transcripts in somites and the level of Dkk3 protein in zebrafish embryos. Based on these findings, we concluded that miR-In300 binds to its target gene dkk3, which inhibits the translation of dkk3 mRNA and, in turn, suppresses zebrafish myf5 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jun Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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43
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Abstract
Self-renewal is the process by which normal stem cells and cancer cells make more of themselves. In cancer, this process is ultimately responsible for the infinite replicative potential of malignant cells and is likely found in residual cell populations that evade conventional therapy. Two intrinsically opposing hypotheses have emerged to explain how self-renewal occurs in cancer. The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that self-renewal is confined to a discrete subpopulation of malignant cells, whereas the stochastic model suggests that all tumor cells have the potential to self-renew. Presently, the gold standard for measuring cancer self-renewal is limiting dilution cell transplantation into immune-matched or immune-deficient animals. From these experiments, tumor-initiating frequency can be calculated based on the number of animals that engraft disease following transplantation of various doses of tumor cells. Here, we describe how self-renewal assays are performed, summarize the current experimental models that support the cancer stem cell and stochastic models of cancer self-renewal, and enumerate how the zebrafish can be used to uncover important pathways in cancer self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Ignatius
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Sager JJ, Bai Q, Burton EA. Transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 214:285-302. [PMID: 20162303 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the zebrafish as a model for the study of vertebrate developmental biology, an extensive array of techniques for its experimental manipulation and analysis has been developed. Recently it has become apparent that these powerful methodologies might be deployed in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases and to identify candidate therapeutic approaches. In this article, we consider evidence that the zebrafish central nervous system provides an appropriate setting in which to model human neurological disease and we review techniques and resources available for generating transgenic models. We then examine recent publications showing that appropriate phenotypes can be provoked in the zebrafish through transgenic manipulations analogous to genetic abnormalities known to cause human tauopathies, polyglutamine diseases or motor neuron degenerations. These studies show proof of concept that findings in zebrafish models can be applicable to the pathogenic mechanisms underlying human diseases. Consequently, the prospects for providing novel insights into neurodegenerative diseases by exploiting transgenic zebrafish models and discovery-driven approaches seem favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Sager
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 7015 Biomedical Sciences Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Transgenic expression of prothymosin alpha on zebrafish epidermal cells promotes proliferation and attenuates UVB-induced apoptosis. Transgenic Res 2009; 19:655-65. [PMID: 20012190 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study generated a transgenic zebrafish line Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) with overexpression of Prothymosin alpha type a (Ptmaa) in the skin epidermis. Red fluorescence first appears very weakly in the early stage, become stronger and mainly restricted in the nuclei of the epithelial cells from 3 dpf-larvae to adult fish. However, no evident morphological abnormalities were observed. Thus, overexpression of Ptmaa alone is not sufficient to cause disorganized growths or even cancer in zebrafish skin. Molecular and histological evidences showed that Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) embryos have more proliferating cells in the pelvic fins [WT: 3.92 +/- 7.15; Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP): 38.00 +/- 10.87] and thicker skin [WT: 10.98 +/- 1.41 mum; Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP): 14.02 +/- 1.32 mum], indicating that overexpression of Ptmaa can promote proliferation. On the other hand, fewer apoptotic signals were found when Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) embryos were exposed to UVB. Together with quantitative RT-PCR data, we suggest that UVB-induced epidermal cell apoptosis of zebrafish larvae can be attenuated by overexpression of Ptmaa through the enhancement of transcriptions of bcl2 mRNAs. Taken together, we conclude that overexpression of Ptmaa in zebrafish epidermal cells promotes proliferation and attenuates UVB-induced apoptosis but does not cause skin cancer.
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Wang YH, Cheng CC, Lee WJ, Chiou ML, Pai CW, Wen CC, Chen WL, Chen YH. A novel phenotype-based approach for systematically screening antiproliferation metallodrugs. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:84-91. [PMID: 19682442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) derivatives have less toxicity and higher water-solubility than cisplatin, giving them great potential as antitumor metallodrugs. In this study, zebrafish were employed as a whole-organism model to screen new Ru compounds for anti-cell proliferation activity. After soaking fish embryos in cisplatin and five Ru derivatives, [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]Cl, [Ru(terpy)(dppz)OH(2)](ClO(4))(2), [Ru(terpy)(tMen)OH(2)](ClO(4))(2), [Ru(terpy)(Me(4)Phen)OH(2)](ClO(4))(2), and Ru(bpy)(2)Cl(2), only cisplatin and [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]Cl-treated embryos displayed obvious phenotypic effects, such as fin-reduction. After further modification of [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]Cl's main structure and the synthesis of two structurally related compounds, [Ru(terpy)(dcbpyH(2))Cl]Cl and [Ru(terpy)(dmbpy)Cl]Cl, only [Ru(terpy)(dmbpy)Cl]Cl exhibited fin-reduction phenotypes. TUNEL assays combined with immunostaining techniques revealed that treatment with cisplatin, [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]Cl, and [Ru(terpy)(dmbpy)Cl]Cl led proliferating fin mesenchymal cells to undergo apoptosis and consequently caused fin-reduction phenotypes. Furthermore, [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]Cl was able to activate the P53-dependent and independent pathways, and induced human hepatoma cells to undergo apoptosis. In summary, it was concluded that the zebrafish model was effective for the screening of phenotype-based antiproliferation metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chuan Road, Tamsui 251, Taipei County, Taiwan
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Chen YH, Wang YH, Yu TH, Wu HJ, Pai CW. Transgenic zebrafish line with over-expression of Hedgehog on the skin: a useful tool to screen Hedgehog-inhibiting compounds. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:855-64. [PMID: 19412740 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We generated a transgenic line Tg(k18:shh:RFP) with overexpression of Sonic hedgehog in the skin epidermis. By 5 day-post-fertilization (dpf), many epidermal lesions were clearly observed, including a swollen yolk sac, epidermis growth malformation around the eyes and at the basement of the pectoral fins. Skin histology revealed embryos derived from Tg(k18:shh:RFP) displayed an elevated Nuclear/Cytoplasmic ratio and pleomorphic nuclei compared to their wild type littermates, suggesting the abnormal growth pattern on the epidermis of Tg(k18:shh:RFP) embryos were dysplasia. Later (by 7 dpf), Tg(k18:shh:RFP) embryos displayed broader pectoral fins which are similar to the polydactyly phenotypes of Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS)/Gorlin patients and polydactylous mice. In addition, treatment with cyclopamine is able to enhance and prolong the survival rates and survival durations of Tg(k18:shh:RFP) embryos. In conclusion, this unique Tg(k18:shh:RFP) fish line, should be an excellent experimental animal for screening for a lower toxicity level of the new Hh-inhibitor and can even be used as a new anti-cancer drug-screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, No. 151 Ying-chuan Road, Tamsui, Taipei County, 251, Taiwan.
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Chen YH, Lin YT, Lee GH. Novel and unexpected functions of zebrafish CCAAT box binding transcription factor (NF-Y) B subunit during cartilages development. Bone 2009; 44:777-84. [PMID: 19442608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used zebrafish as a model to study the biological functions of NF-YB during early development. Both RT-PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments revealed that nf-yb was a maternally inherited gene. Later, its expression was restricted in the future head cartilages as well as in the developing notochord. Embryos after injection with nf-yb-morpholino displayed reduced-head phenotypes, including smaller head (WT, length of head, L: 0.515+/-0.019 mm, width of head, W: 0.323+/-0.077 mm; nf-yb-morphant, L: 0.347+/-0.037 mm; W: 0.266+/-0.018 mm), sharpen Meckel's cartilage, loss of ceratobranchial, and enlarged angles of ceratohyal (WT: 72.6+/-9.4 degrees ; nf-yb-morphant: 110.0+/-32.5 degrees ). Subsequently, those abnormalities can be rescued after injection with capped nf-yb mRNA. TUNEL assay suggested that large amounts of cell apoptosis appeared in the head region of nf-yb-morphants. Staining with digoxigenin-labeled dlx2a, sox9a, runx2b and col2a1 riboprobes showed that nf-yb-morphants displayed reduced amounts of cranial neural crest cells which are required for mandibular and branchial arches formation. These observations clearly indicate that knockdown of nf-yb translation induced parts of cranial neural crest cells apoptosis, affected cartilages formation and consequently caused reduced-head phenotypes. These findings uncover a novel and unexpected role for NF-YB as a critical modulator of neural crest cell's gene expression governing embryonic cartilage growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taipei County, Taiwan.
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Wang YH, Wen CC, Yang ZS, Cheng CC, Tsai JN, Ku CC, Wu HJ, Chen YH. Development of a whole-organism model to screen new compounds for sun protection. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:419-429. [PMID: 19005726 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We used zebrafish as a whole-organism model to screen new compounds for sun protection activity. First of all, we designed a series of UVB exposure experiments and recorded the phenotypic changes of zebrafish embryos. Results showed that 100 mJ/cm(2) of UVB given six times separated by 30 min intervals is the best condition. Fin malformation (reduced and/or absent fin) phenotypes are the most evident consequences after exposure to UVB. Each fin was affected by UVB, including pelvic, ventral, caudal, and dorsal fin, but pelvic fin seemed to be the most sensitive target after UVB exposure. We furthermore carried out "prevention" and "treatment" experiments using green tea extract and/or (-)-epigallocatechin (EGCG) to test this whole-organism model by observing the morphological changes of all fins (especially pelvic fin) after UVB exposure. Effects of UVB, green tea extract and EGCG on fin development were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results showed that a zebrafish pelvic fin in the UVB + green tea (treatment) group is 5.51 (range from 2.39 to 14.90) times, one in the UVB + green tea (prevention) group is 7.04 (range from 3.11 to 18.92) times, and one in the 25 ppm of EGCG (prevention) group is 22.19 (range from 9.40 to 61.50) times more likely to return to normal fin than one in the UVB only group. On the basis of these observations, we believe this model is effective for screening the higher stability and lower toxicity of new compounds, such as small chemicals which are derivative from EGCG or other dietary agents for sun protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wang
- Department of Research, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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