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Staal J, Driege Y, Van Gaever F, Steels J, Beyaert R. Chimeric and mutant CARD9 constructs enable analyses of conserved and diverged autoinhibition mechanisms in the CARD-CC protein family. FEBS J 2024; 291:1220-1245. [PMID: 38098267 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein (CARD)9, CARD10, CARD11, and CARD14 all belong to the CARD-coiled coil (CC) protein family and originated from a single common ancestral protein early in vertebrate evolution. All four proteins form CARD-CC/BCL10/MALT1 (CBM) complexes leading to nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) activation after upstream phosphorylation by various protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. CBM complex signaling is critical for innate and adaptive immunity, but aberrant activation can cause autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases, or be oncogenic. CARD9 shows a superior auto-inhibition compared with other CARD-CC family proteins, with very low spontaneous activity when overexpressed in HEK293T cells. In contrast, the poor auto-inhibition of other CARD-CC family proteins, especially CARD10 (CARMA3) and CARD14 (CARMA2), is hampering characterization of upstream activators or activating mutations in overexpression studies. We grafted different domains from CARD10, 11, and 14 on CARD9 to generate chimeric CARD9 backbones for functional characterization of activating mutants using NF-κB reporter gene activation in HEK293T cells as readout. CARD11 (CARMA1) activity was not further reduced by grafting on CARD9 backbones. The chimeric CARD9 approach was subsequently validated by using several known disease-associated mutations in CARD10 and CARD14, and additional screening allowed us to identify several previously unknown activating natural variants in human CARD9 and CARD10. Using Genebass as a resource of exome-based disease association statistics, we found that activated alleles of CARD9 correlate with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, insomnia, anxiety, and depression, which can occur as comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Femke Van Gaever
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jill Steels
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Mehrabipour M, Jasemi NSK, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. A Systematic Compilation of Human SH3 Domains: A Versatile Superfamily in Cellular Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:2054. [PMID: 37626864 PMCID: PMC10453029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SRC homology 3 (SH3) domains are fundamental modules that enable the assembly of protein complexes through physical interactions with a pool of proline-rich/noncanonical motifs from partner proteins. They are widely studied modular building blocks across all five kingdoms of life and viruses, mediating various biological processes. The SH3 domains are also implicated in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, leukemia, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and various infections. A database search of the human proteome reveals the existence of 298 SH3 domains in 221 SH3 domain-containing proteins (SH3DCPs), ranging from 13 to 720 kilodaltons. A phylogenetic analysis of human SH3DCPs based on their multi-domain architecture seems to be the most practical way to classify them functionally, with regard to various physiological pathways. This review further summarizes the achievements made in the classification of SH3 domain functions, their binding specificity, and their significance for various diseases when exploiting SH3 protein modular interactions as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
| | - Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.M.); (N.S.K.J.)
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3
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Song XQ, Li Q, Zhang J. A double-edged sword: DLG5 in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114611. [PMID: 37001186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Discs large homolog 5 (DLG5), a key member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUKs) family, is a scaffold molecule for signal transduction complexes and is responsible for assembling receptors and adapters. This scaffold protein stabilizes adhesion and tight bonding complexes in many organs and tissues, and is involved of maintaining epithelial polarity. Although DLG5 plays a role in normal development in mice, it has also been linked to the onset and development of several diseases, particularly Crohn's disease and various malignancies. DLG5 has been shown to impact the progression of cancer through direct or indirect interactions with H-catenin, E-cadherin, Vimentin, p53, P21, Cyclin D1, TGF-β1, AKT, Hippo, and classic G protein signaling pathways. DLG5 and DLG5 variants has been found to have a dual role in human diseases. Although it is overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, its expression is reduced in lung, liver, breast, prostate, and bladder cancers. However, two independent studies on glioblastoma (GBM) have shown the opposite effects of DLG5. Our study evaluates the existing literature on the role of DLG5 and DLG5 variants in disease processes, and summarizes the available data on the role of DLG5 in disease based on cell experiments, clinical samples, and animal models, while highlighting its future potential in disease treatment.
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Brunet T, Booth DS. Cell polarity in the protist-to-animal transition. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:1-36. [PMID: 37100515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A signature feature of the animal kingdom is the presence of epithelia: sheets of polarized cells that both insulate the organism from its environment and mediate interactions with it. Epithelial cells display a marked apico-basal polarity, which is highly conserved across the animal kingdom, both in terms of morphology and of molecular regulators. How did this architecture first evolve? Although the last eukaryotic common ancestor almost certainly possessed a simple form of apico-basal polarity (marked by the presence of one or several flagella at a single cellular pole), comparative genomics and evolutionary cell biology reveal that the polarity regulators of animal epithelial cells have a surprisingly complex and stepwise evolutionary history. Here, we retrace their evolutionary assembly. We suggest that the "polarity network" that polarized animal epithelial cells evolved by integration of initially independent cellular modules that evolved at distinct steps of our evolutionary ancestry. The first module dates back to the last common ancestor of animals and amoebozoans and involved Par1, extracellular matrix proteins, and the integrin-mediated adhesion complex. Other regulators, such as Cdc42, Dlg, Par6 and cadherins evolved in ancient unicellular opisthokonts, and might have first been involved in F-actin remodeling and filopodial dynamics. Finally, the bulk of "polarity proteins" as well as specialized adhesion complexes evolved in the metazoan stem-line, in concert with the newly evolved intercellular junctional belts. Thus, the polarized architecture of epithelia can be understood as a palimpsest of components of distinct histories and ancestral functions, which have become tightly integrated in animal tissues.
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Wright BA, Kvansakul M, Schierwater B, Humbert PO. Cell polarity signalling at the birth of multicellularity: What can we learn from the first animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1024489. [PMID: 36506100 PMCID: PMC9729800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of multicellularity has driven the unparalleled evolution of animals (Metazoa). But how is a multicellular organism formed and how is its architecture maintained faithfully? The defining properties and rules required for the establishment of the architecture of multicellular organisms include the development of adhesive cell interactions, orientation of division axis, and the ability to reposition daughter cells over long distances. Central to all these properties is the ability to generate asymmetry (polarity), coordinated by a highly conserved set of proteins known as cell polarity regulators. The cell polarity complexes, Scribble, Par and Crumbs, are considered to be a metazoan innovation with apicobasal polarity and adherens junctions both believed to be present in all animals. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms regulating cell polarity and tissue architecture should provide key insights into the development and regeneration of all animals including humans. Here we review what is currently known about cell polarity and its control in the most basal metazoans, and how these first examples of multicellular life can inform us about the core mechanisms of tissue organisation and repair, and ultimately diseases of tissue organisation, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree A. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Patrick O. Humbert,
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Schiller EA, Bergstralh DT. Interaction between Discs large and Pins/LGN/GPSM2: a comparison across species. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058982. [PMID: 34596678 PMCID: PMC8576264 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle determines the direction of cell division, and therefore contributes to tissue shape and cell fate. Interaction between the multifunctional scaffolding protein Discs large (Dlg) and the canonical spindle orienting factor GPSM2 (called Pins in Drosophila and LGN in vertebrates) has been established in bilaterian models, but its function remains unclear. We used a phylogenetic approach to test whether the interaction is obligate in animals, and in particular whether Pins/LGN/GPSM2 evolved in multicellular organisms as a Dlg-binding protein. We show that Dlg diverged in C. elegans and the syncytial sponge Opsacas minuta and propose that this divergence may correspond with differences in spindle orientation requirements between these organisms and the canonical pathways described in bilaterians. We also demonstrate that Pins/LGN/GPSM2 is present in basal animals, but the established Dlg-interaction site cannot be found in either Placozoa or Porifera. Our results suggest that the interaction between Pins/LGN/GPSM2 and Dlg appeared in Cnidaria, and we therefore speculate that it may have evolved to promote accurate division orientation in the nervous system. This work reveals the evolutionary history of the Pins/LGN/GPSM2-Dlg interaction and suggests new possibilities for its importance in spindle orientation during epithelial and neural tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan T. Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14627, USA
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Dutta P, Bharti P, Kumar J, Maiti S. Role of actin cytoskeleton in the organization and function of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:277-289. [PMID: 34766008 PMCID: PMC8569634 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural networks with precise connection are compulsory for learning and memory. Various cellular events occur during the genesis of dendritic spines to their maturation, synapse formation, stabilization of the synapse, and proper signal transmission. The cortical actin cytoskeleton and its multiple regulatory proteins are crucial for the above cellular events. The different types of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) present on the postsynaptic density (PSD) are also essential for learning and memory. Interaction of the iGluRs in association of their auxiliary proteins with actin cytoskeleton regulated by actin-binding proteins (ABPs) are required for precise long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). There has been a quest to understand the mechanistic detail of synapse function involving these receptors with dynamic actin cytoskeleton. A major, emerging area of investigation is the relationship between ABPs and iGluRs in synapse development. In this review we have summarized the current understanding of iGluRs functioning with respect to the actin cytoskeleton, scaffolding proteins, and their regulators. The AMPA, NMDA, Delta and Kainate receptors need the stable underlying actin cytoskeleton to anchor through synaptic proteins for precise synapse formation. The different types of ABPs present in neurons play a critical role in dynamizing/stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton needed for iGluRs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Pratibha Bharti
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Janesh Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246, India
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Vernale A, Prünster MM, Marchianò F, Debost H, Brouilly N, Rocher C, Massey-Harroche D, Renard E, Le Bivic A, Habermann BH, Borchiellini C. Evolution of mechanisms controlling epithelial morphogenesis across animals: new insights from dissociation-reaggregation experiments in the sponge Oscarella lobularis. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 34418961 PMCID: PMC8380372 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ancestral presence of epithelia in Metazoa is no longer debated. Porifera seem to be one of the best candidates to be the sister group to all other Metazoa. This makes them a key taxon to explore cell-adhesion evolution on animals. For this reason, several transcriptomic, genomic, histological, physiological and biochemical studies focused on sponge epithelia. Nevertheless, the complete and precise protein composition of cell-cell junctions and mechanisms that regulate epithelial morphogenetic processes still remain at the center of attention. RESULTS To get insights into the early evolution of epithelial morphogenesis, we focused on morphogenic characteristics of the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis. Homoscleromorpha are a sponge class with a typical basement membrane and adhaerens-like junctions unknown in other sponge classes. We took advantage of the dynamic context provided by cell dissociation-reaggregation experiments to explore morphogenetic processes in epithelial cells in a non-bilaterian lineage by combining fluorescent and electron microscopy observations and RNA sequencing approaches at key time-points of the dissociation and reaggregation processes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that part of the molecular toolkit involved in the loss and restoration of epithelial features such as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion is conserved between Homoscleromorpha and Bilateria, suggesting their common role in the last common ancestor of animals. In addition, sponge-specific genes are differently expressed during the dissociation and reaggregation processes, calling for future functional characterization of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Vernale
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263, Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Maria Mandela Prünster
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Marchianò
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Henry Debost
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Brouilly
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263, Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Massey-Harroche
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263, Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | - Bianca H Habermann
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy (IBDM), Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France.
| | - Carole Borchiellini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263, Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France.
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Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized cells equipped with a sophisticated molecular machinery for the reception, integration, conduction and distribution of information. The evolutionary origin of neurons remains unsolved. How did novel and pre-existing proteins assemble into the complex machinery of the synapse and of the apparatus conducting current along the neuron? In this review, the step-wise assembly of functional modules in neuron evolution serves as a paradigm for the emergence and modification of molecular machinery in the evolution of cell types in multicellular organisms. The pre-synaptic machinery emerged through modification of calcium-regulated large vesicle release, while the postsynaptic machinery has different origins: the glutamatergic postsynapse originated through the fusion of a sensory signaling module and a module for filopodial outgrowth, while the GABAergic postsynapse incorporated an ancient actin regulatory module. The synaptic junction, in turn, is built around two adhesion modules controlled by phosphorylation, which resemble septate and adherens junctions. Finally, neuronal action potentials emerged via a series of duplications and modifications of voltage-gated ion channels. Based on these origins, key molecular innovations are identified that led to the birth of the first neuron in animal evolution.
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MAGI1, a Scaffold Protein with Tumor Suppressive and Vascular Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061494. [PMID: 34198584 PMCID: PMC8231924 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MAGI1 is a cytoplasmic scaffolding protein initially identified as a component of cell-to-cell contacts stabilizing cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion in epithelial and endothelial cells. Clinical-pathological and experimental evidence indicates that MAGI1 expression is decreased in some inflammatory diseases, and also in several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal, cervical, breast, brain, and gastric cancers and appears to act as a tumor suppressor, modulating the activity of oncogenic pathways such as the PI3K/AKT and the Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Genomic mutations and other mechanisms such as mechanical stress or inflammation have been described to regulate MAGI1 expression. Intriguingly, in breast and colorectal cancers, MAGI1 expression is induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), suggesting a role in mediating the tumor suppressive activity of NSAIDs. More recently, MAGI1 was found to localize at mature focal adhesion and to regulate integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling in endothelial cells. Here, we review MAGI1′s role as scaffolding protein, recent developments in the understanding of MAGI1 function as tumor suppressor gene, its role in endothelial cells and its implication in cancer and vascular biology. We also discuss outstanding questions about its regulation and potential translational implications in oncology.
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Ros-Rocher N, Pérez-Posada A, Leger MM, Ruiz-Trillo I. The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. Open Biol 2021; 11:200359. [PMID: 33622103 PMCID: PMC8061703 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals evolved from a single-celled ancestor, transitioning from a unicellular lifestyle to a coordinated multicellular entity, remains a fascinating question. Key events in this transition involved the emergence of processes related to cell adhesion, cell–cell communication and gene regulation. To understand how these capacities evolved, we need to reconstruct the features of both the last common multicellular ancestor of animals and the last unicellular ancestor of animals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the characterization of these ancestors, inferred by comparative genomic analyses between the earliest branching animals and those radiating later, and between animals and their closest unicellular relatives. We also provide an updated hypothesis regarding the transition to animal multicellularity, which was likely gradual and involved the use of gene regulatory mechanisms in the emergence of early developmental and morphogenetic plans. Finally, we discuss some new avenues of research that will complement these studies in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ros-Rocher
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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12
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Ram AK, Vairappan B, Srinivas BH. Nimbolide inhibits tumor growth by restoring hepatic tight junction protein expression and reduced inflammation in an experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:7131-7152. [PMID: 33362373 PMCID: PMC7723674 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i45.7131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered tight junction (TJ) proteins are correlated with carcinogenesis and tumor development. Nimbolide is a tetranotriterpenoid that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties; however, its anticancer effects and molecular mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains obscure.
AIM To investigate the effect of nimbolide on TJ proteins, cell cycle progression, and hepatic inflammation in a mouse model of HCC.
METHODS HCC was induced in male Swiss albino mice (CD-1 strain) by a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by 80 ppm N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) in drinking water for 28 wk. After 28 wk, nimbolide (6 mg/kg) was given orally for four consecutive weeks in DEN/NMOR induced HCC mice. At the end of the 32nd week, all the mice were sacrificed and blood and liver samples were collected for various analyses. Macroscopic examinations of hepatic nodules were assessed. Liver histology and HCC tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 were measured. Expression of TJ proteins, cell proliferation, and cell cycle markers, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress markers were analyzed. In silico analysis was performed to confirm the binding and modulatory effect of nimbolide on zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).
RESULTS We found nimbolide treatment at a concentration of 6 mg/kg to HCC mice reduced hepatic tumor size by 52.08% and tumor volume (P < 0.01), and delayed tumor growth in HCC mice with a concomitant reduction in tumor markers such as AFP levels (P < 0.01) and glypican-3 expression (P < 0.05). Furthermore, nimbolide treatment increased tight junction proteins such as ZO-1 and occludin expression (P < 0.05, respectively) and reduced ZO-1 associated nucleic acid binding protein expression (P < 0.001) in HCC mice liver. Nimbolide treatment to HCC mice also inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed cell cycle progression by attenuating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (P < 0.01), cyclin dependent kinase (P < 0.05), and CyclinD1 (P < 0.05) expression. In addition, nimbolide treatment to HCC mice ameliorated hepatic inflammation by reducing NF-κB, interleukin 1 beta and TNF-α expression (P < 0.05, respectively) and abrogated oxidative stress by attenuating 4-hydroxynonenal expression (P < 0.01). Molecular docking studies further confirmed that nimbolide interacts with ZO-1, NF-κB, and TNF-α.
CONCLUSION Our current study showed for the first time that nimbolide exhibits anticancer effect by reducing tumor size, tumor burden and by suppressing cell cycle progression in HCC mice. Furthermore, nimbolide treatment to HCC mice ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress, and improved TJ proteins expression. Consequently, nimbolide could be potentially used as a natural therapeutic agent for HCC treatment, however further human studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Ram
- Liver Diseases Research Lab,Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantari Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
- Liver Diseases Research Lab,Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantari Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - BH Srinivas
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantari Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India
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13
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Gao M, Mackley IGP, Mesbahi-Vasey S, Bamonte HA, Struyvenberg SA, Landolt L, Pederson NJ, Williams LI, Bahl CD, Brooks L, Amacher JF. Structural characterization and computational analysis of PDZ domains in Monosiga brevicollis. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2226-2244. [PMID: 32914530 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the molecular networks that facilitated the evolution of multicellular animals from their unicellular ancestors is a fundamental problem in evolutionary cellular biology. Choanoflagellates are recognized as the closest extant nonmetazoan ancestors to animals. These unicellular eukaryotes can adopt a multicellular-like "rosette" state. Therefore, they are compelling models for the study of early multicellularity. Comparative studies revealed that a number of putative human orthologs are present in choanoflagellate genomes, suggesting that a subset of these genes were necessary for the emergence of multicellularity. However, previous work is largely based on sequence alignments alone, which does not confirm structural nor functional similarity. Here, we focus on the PDZ domain, a peptide-binding domain which plays critical roles in myriad cellular signaling networks and which underwent a gene family expansion in metazoan lineages. Using a customized sequence similarity search algorithm, we identified 178 PDZ domains in the Monosiga brevicollis proteome. This includes 11 previously unidentified sequences, which we analyzed using Rosetta and homology modeling. To assess conservation of protein structure, we solved high-resolution crystal structures of representative M. brevicollis PDZ domains that are homologous to human Dlg1 PDZ2, Dlg1 PDZ3, GIPC, and SHANK1 PDZ domains. To assess functional conservation, we calculated binding affinities for mbGIPC, mbSHANK1, mbSNX27, and mbDLG-3 PDZ domains from M. brevicollis. Overall, we find that peptide selectivity is generally conserved between these two disparate organisms, with one possible exception, mbDLG-3. Overall, our results provide novel insight into signaling pathways in a choanoflagellate model of primitive multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Iain G P Mackley
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Samaneh Mesbahi-Vasey
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley A Bamonte
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah A Struyvenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Louisa Landolt
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Nick J Pederson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Lucy I Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher D Bahl
- Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lionel Brooks
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanine F Amacher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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14
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Mellett M. Regulation and dysregulation of CARD14 signalling and its physiological consequences in inflammatory skin disease. Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Maugars G, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Weltzien FA. New Insights Into the Evolutionary History of Melatonin Receptors in Vertebrates, With Particular Focus on Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:538196. [PMID: 33071966 PMCID: PMC7541902 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.538196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve our understanding of melatonin signaling, we have reviewed and revised the evolutionary history of melatonin receptor genes (mtnr) in vertebrates. All gnathostome mtnr genes have a conserved gene organization with two exons, except for mtnr1b paralogs of some teleosts that show intron gains. Phylogeny and synteny analyses demonstrate the presence of four mtnr subtypes, MTNR1A, MTNR1B, MTNR1C, MTNR1D that arose from duplication of an ancestral mtnr during the vertebrate tetraploidizations (1R and 2R). In tetrapods, mtnr1d was lost, independently, in mammals, in archosaurs and in caecilian amphibians. All four mtnr subtypes were found in two non-teleost actinopterygian species, the spotted gar and the reedfish. As a result of teleost tetraploidization (3R), up to seven functional mtnr genes could be identified in teleosts. Conservation of the mtnr 3R-duplicated paralogs differs among the teleost lineages. Synteny analysis showed that the mtnr1d was conserved as a singleton in all teleosts resulting from an early loss after tetraploidization of one of the teleost 3R and salmonid 4R paralogs. Several teleosts including the eels and the piranha have conserved both 3R-paralogs of mtnr1a, mtnr1b, and mtnr1c. Loss of one of the 3R-paralogs depends on the lineage: mtnr1ca was lost in euteleosts whereas mtnr1cb was lost in osteoglossomorphs and several ostariophysians including the zebrafish. We investigated the tissue distribution of mtnr expression in a large range of tissues in medaka. The medaka has conserved the four vertebrate paralogs, and these are expressed in brain and retina, and, differentially, in peripheral tissues. Photoperiod affects mtnr expression levels in a gene-specific and tissue-specific manner. This study provides new insights into the repertoire diversification and functional evolution of the mtnr gene family in vertebrates.
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16
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Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Wong E, Mölter J, Anggono V, Degnan SM, Degnan BM. Co-expression of synaptic genes in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica uncovers ancient neural submodules. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15781. [PMID: 31673079 PMCID: PMC6823388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synapse is a complex cellular module crucial to the functioning of neurons. It evolved largely through the exaptation of pre-existing smaller submodules, each of which are comprised of ancient sets of proteins that are conserved in modern animals and other eukaryotes. Although these ancient submodules themselves have non-neural roles, it has been hypothesized that they may mediate environmental sensing behaviors in aneural animals, such as sponges. Here we identify orthologues in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica of genes encoding synaptic submodules in neural animals, and analyse their cell-type specific and developmental expression to determine their potential to be co-regulated. We find that genes comprising certain synaptic submodules, including those involved in vesicle trafficking, calcium-regulation and scaffolding of postsynaptic receptor clusters, are co-expressed in adult choanocytes and during metamorphosis. Although these submodules may contribute to sensory roles in this cell type and this life cycle stage, total synaptic gene co-expression profiles do not support the existence of a functional synapse in A. queenslandica. The lack of evidence for the co-regulation of genes necessary for pre- and post-synaptic functioning in A. queenslandica suggests that sponges, and perhaps the last common ancestor of sponges and other extant animals, had the ability to promulgate sensory inputs without complete synapse-like functionalities. The differential co-expression of multiple synaptic submodule genes in sponge choanocytes, which have sensory and feeding roles, however, is consistent with the metazoan ancestor minimally being able to undergo exo- and endocytosis in a controlled and localized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Mölter
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Kamijo A, Yamauchi J, Ohno N, Sakamoto T. Structures and Molecular Composition of Schmidt-Lanterman Incisures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1190:181-198. [PMID: 31760645 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI) is a circular-truncated cone shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The SLI circular-truncated cones elongate like spring at the narrow sites of beaded appearance nerve fibers under the stretched condition. In this chapter, we demonstrate various molecular complexes in SLI, and especially focus on membrane skeleton, protein 4.1G-membrane protein palmitoylated 6 (MPP6)-cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4). 4.1G was essential for the molecular targeting of MPP6 and CADM4 in SLI. Motor activity and myelin ultrastructures were abnormal in 4.1G-deficient mice, indicating the 4.1G function as a signal for proper formation of myelin in PNS. Thus, SLI probably has potential roles in the regulation of adhesion and signal transduction as well as in structural stability in Schwann cell myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto City, Nagano, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Fritz DI, Hanada T, Lu Y, Martin Johnston J, Chishti AH. MPP1/p55 gene deletion in a hemophilia A patient with ectrodactyly and severe developmental defects. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:E29-E32. [PMID: 30358901 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Fritz
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Toshihiko Hanada
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - J. Martin Johnston
- Hematology/Oncology; The Children's Hospital at Memorial University Medical Center, Mercer University School of Medicine; Savannah Georgia
| | - Athar H. Chishti
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
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20
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Abstract
Activation of the electrical signal and its transmission as a depolarizing wave in the whole heart requires highly organized myocyte architecture and cell-cell contacts. In addition, complex trafficking and anchoring intracellular machineries regulate the proper surface expression of channels and their targeting to distinct membrane domains. An increasing list of proteins, lipids, and second messengers can contribute to the normal targeting of ion channels in cardiac myocytes. However, their precise roles in the electrophysiology of the heart are far from been extensively understood. Nowadays, much effort in the field focuses on understanding the mechanisms that regulate ion channel targeting to sarcolemma microdomains and their organization into macromolecular complexes. The purpose of the present section is to provide an overview of the characterized partners of the main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, involved in regulating the functional expression of this channel both in terms of trafficking and targeting into microdomains.
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21
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Staal J, Driege Y, Haegman M, Borghi A, Hulpiau P, Lievens L, Gul IS, Sundararaman S, Gonçalves A, Dhondt I, Pinzón JH, Braeckman BP, Technau U, Saeys Y, van Roy F, Beyaert R. Ancient Origin of the CARD-Coiled Coil/Bcl10/MALT1-Like Paracaspase Signaling Complex Indicates Unknown Critical Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1136. [PMID: 29881386 PMCID: PMC5978004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CARD–coiled coil (CC)/Bcl10/MALT1-like paracaspase (CBM) signaling complexes composed of a CARD–CC family member (CARD-9, -10, -11, or -14), Bcl10, and the type 1 paracaspase MALT1 (PCASP1) play a pivotal role in immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Targeting MALT1 proteolytic activity is of potential therapeutic interest. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin and the original functions of the CBM complex. Type 1 paracaspases originated before the last common ancestor of planulozoa (bilaterians and cnidarians). Notably in bilaterians, Ecdysozoa (e.g., nematodes and insects) lacks Bcl10, whereas other lineages have a Bcl10 homolog. A survey of invertebrate CARD–CC homologs revealed such homologs only in species with Bcl10, indicating an ancient common origin of the entire CBM complex. Furthermore, vertebrate-like Syk/Zap70 tyrosine kinase homologs with the ITAM-binding SH2 domain were only found in invertebrate organisms with CARD–CC/Bcl10, indicating that this pathway might be related to the original function of the CBM complex. Moreover, the type 1 paracaspase sequences from invertebrate organisms that have CARD–CC/Bcl10 are more similar to vertebrate paracaspases. Functional analysis of protein–protein interactions, NF-κB signaling, and CYLD cleavage for selected invertebrate type 1 paracaspase and Bcl10 homologs supports this scenario and indicates an ancient origin of the CARD–CC/Bcl10/paracaspase signaling complex. By contrast, many of the known MALT1-associated activities evolved fairly recently, indicating that unknown functions are at the basis of the protein conservation. As a proof-of-concept, we provide initial evidence for a CBM- and NF-κB-independent neuronal function of the Caenorhabditis elegans type 1 paracaspase malt-1. In conclusion, this study shows how evolutionary insights may point at alternative functions of MALT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mira Haegman
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alice Borghi
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Lievens
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ismail Sahin Gul
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Molecular Cell Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Srividhya Sundararaman
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Molecular Cell Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Bio Imaging Core Gent, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ineke Dhondt
- Laboratory for Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jorge H Pinzón
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Bart P Braeckman
- Laboratory for Aging Physiology and Molecular Evolution, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Unit of Molecular Cell Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Abstract
The evolution of a nervous system as a control system of the body's functions is a key innovation of animals. Its fundamental units are neurons, highly specialized cells dedicated to fast cell-cell communication. Neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells at specialized junctions, the synapses, where transmitters are released from vesicles in a Ca2+-dependent fashion to activate receptors in the membrane of the target cell. Reconstructing the origins of neuronal communication out of a more simple process remains a central challenge in biology. Recent genomic comparisons have revealed that all animals, including the nerveless poriferans and placozoans, share a basic set of genes for neuronal communication. This suggests that the first animal, the Urmetazoan, was already endowed with neurosecretory cells that probably started to connect into neuronal networks soon afterward. Here, we discuss scenarios for this pivotal transition in animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Varoqueaux
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
| | - Dirk Fasshauer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1005 Switzerland; ,
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23
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Raya-Sandino A, Domínguez-Calderón A, Cuellar-Perez F. ZO-2, a tight junction protein involved in gene expression, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell size regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:35-53. [PMID: 28415133 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ZO-2 is a peripheral tight junction protein that belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family. Here, we explain the modular and supramodular organization of ZO-2 that allows it to interact with a wide variety of molecules, including cell-cell adhesion proteins, cytoskeletal components, and nuclear factors. We also describe how ZO proteins evolved through metazoan evolution and analyze the intracellular traffic of ZO-2, as well as the roles played by ZO-2 at the plasma membrane and nucleus that translate into the regulation of proliferation, cell size, and apoptosis. In addition, we focus on the impact of ZO-2 expression on male fertility and on maladies like cancer, cholestasis, and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Cuellar-Perez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Loss of DLG5 promotes breast cancer malignancy by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42125. [PMID: 28169360 PMCID: PMC5294562 DOI: 10.1038/srep42125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discs Large Homolog 5 (DLG5) plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Recent research showed that DLG5 is decreased in Yes-associated protein (YAP)-overexpressing cells. However, the exact relationship between DLG5 and YAP is not clear. In this study, we showed that loss of DLG5 promoted breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP expression. Furthermore, depletion of DLG5 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and disrupted epithelial cell polarity, which was associated with altered expression of Scribble, ZO1, E-cadherin and N-cadherin and their mislocalization. Interestingly, we first reported that loss of DLG5 inhibited the interaction of Mst1 and Lats1 with Scribble, which was crucial for YAP activation and the transcription of TEA domain (TEAD) family members. In summary, loss of DLG5 expression promoted breast cancer malignancy by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP.
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25
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Whitney DS, Volkman BF, Prehoda KE. Evolution of a Protein Interaction Domain Family by Tuning Conformational Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15150-15156. [PMID: 27502157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conformational flexibility allows proteins to adopt multiple functionally important conformations but can also lead to nonfunctional structures. We analyzed the dynamic behavior of the enzyme guanylate kinase as it evolved into the GK protein interaction domain (GKPID) to investigate the role of flexibility in the evolution of new protein functions. We found that the ancestral enzyme is very flexible, allowing it to adopt open conformations that can bind nucleotide and closed ones that enable catalysis of phosphotransfer from ATP to GMP. Historical mutations that converted the GK from an enzyme to a protein interaction domain dramatically reduce flexibility, predominantly by inhibiting rotations of the protein backbone that are coupled to the global closing motion. Removing flexibility prevents adoption of conformations that cannot fit the protein partner in the binding site. Our results highlight the importance of mutations that optimize protein conformational flexibility with function during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin S Whitney
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Kenneth E Prehoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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26
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Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Ortega-Olvera JM, Gallego-Gutierrez H, Raya-Sandino A, Vargas-Sierra O. Zonula Occludens Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Comparative genomics of Prauserella sp. Am3, an actinobacterium isolated from root nodules of Alnus nepalensis in India. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Zhu J, Shang Y, Zhang M. Mechanistic basis of MAGUK-organized complexes in synaptic development and signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:209-23. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Anderson DP, Whitney DS, Hanson-Smith V, Woznica A, Campodonico-Burnett W, Volkman BF, King N, Thornton JW, Prehoda KE. Evolution of an ancient protein function involved in organized multicellularity in animals. eLife 2016; 5:e10147. [PMID: 26740169 PMCID: PMC4718807 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To form and maintain organized tissues, multicellular organisms orient their mitotic spindles relative to neighboring cells. A molecular complex scaffolded by the GK protein-interaction domain (GKPID) mediates spindle orientation in diverse animal taxa by linking microtubule motor proteins to a marker protein on the cell cortex localized by external cues. Here we illuminate how this complex evolved and commandeered control of spindle orientation from a more ancient mechanism. The complex was assembled through a series of molecular exploitation events, one of which - the evolution of GKPID's capacity to bind the cortical marker protein - can be recapitulated by reintroducing a single historical substitution into the reconstructed ancestral GKPID. This change revealed and repurposed an ancient molecular surface that previously had a radically different function. We show how the physical simplicity of this binding interface enabled the evolution of a new protein function now essential to the biological complexity of many animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Anderson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Dustin S Whitney
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Victor Hanson-Smith
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Arielle Woznica
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - William Campodonico-Burnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Nicole King
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | | | - Kenneth E Prehoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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Terada N, Saitoh Y, Kamijo A, Ohno S, Ohno N. Involvement of membrane skeletal molecules in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure in Schwann cells. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:5-10. [PMID: 26541343 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane skeletal networks form a two-dimensional lattice structure beneath erythrocyte membranes. 4.1R-MPP (membrane palmitoylated protein) 1-glycophorin C is one of the basic molecular complexes of the membrane skeleton. An analogous molecular complex, 4.1G-MPP6-cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4), is incorporated into the Schmidt-Lanterman incisure (SLI), a truncated cone shape in the myelin internode that is a specific feature of myelinated nerve fibers formed in Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. In this review, the dynamic structure of peripheral nerve fibers under stretching conditions is demonstrated using in vivo cryotechnique. The structures of nerve fibers had a beaded appearance, and the heights of SLI circular-truncated cones increased at the narrow sites of nerve fibers under the stretched condition. The height of SLI-truncated cones was lower in 4.1G-deficient nerve fibers than in wild-type nerve fibers. 4.1G was essential for the molecular targeting of MPP6 and CADM4 in SLI. The signal transduction protein, Src, was also involved in the 4.1G-MPP6-CADM4 molecular complex. The phosphorylation of Src was altered by the deletion of 4.1G. Thus, we herein demonstrate a membrane skeletal molecular complex in SLI that has potential roles in the regulation of adhesion and signal transduction as well as in structural stability in Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Terada
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Division of Health Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo City, Yamanashi, Japan
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31
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Stolzer M, Siewert K, Lai H, Xu M, Durand D. Event inference in multidomain families with phylogenetic reconciliation. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16 Suppl 14:S8. [PMID: 26451642 PMCID: PMC4610023 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-16-s14-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstructing evolution provides valuable insights into the processes of gene evolution and function. However, while there have been great advances in algorithms and software to reconstruct the history of gene families, these tools do not model the domain shuffling events (domain duplication, insertion, transfer, and deletion) that drive the evolution of multidomain protein families. Protein evolution through domain shuffling events allows for rapid exploration of functions by introducing new combinations of existing folds. This powerful mechanism was key to some significant evolutionary innovations, such as multicellularity and the vertebrate immune system. A method for reconstructing this important evolutionary process is urgently needed. RESULTS Here, we introduce a novel, event-based framework for studying multidomain evolution by reconciling a domain tree with a gene tree, with additional information provided by the species tree. In the context of this framework, we present the first reconciliation algorithms to infer domain shuffling events, while addressing the challenges inherent in the inference of evolution across three levels of organization. CONCLUSIONS We apply these methods to the evolution of domains in the Membrane associated Guanylate Kinase family. These case studies reveal a more vivid and detailed evolutionary history than previously provided. Our algorithms have been implemented in software, freely available at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/˜durand/Notung.
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32
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Dunn HA, Ferguson SSG. PDZ Protein Regulation of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:624-39. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Zhang Y, Niu H, Li Y, Chu H, Shen H, Zhang D, Li G. Mechanistic insight into the functional transition of the enzyme guanylate kinase induced by a single mutation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8405. [PMID: 25672880 PMCID: PMC4325336 DOI: 10.1038/srep08405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dramatic functional changes of enzyme usually require scores of alterations in amino acid sequence. However, in the case of guanylate kinase (GK), the functional novelty is induced by a single (S→P) mutation, leading to the functional transition of the enzyme from a phosphoryl transfer kinase into a phosphorprotein interaction domain. Here, by using molecular dynamic (MD) and metadynamics simulations, we provide a comprehensive description of the conformational transitions of the enzyme after mutating serine to proline. Our results suggest that the serine plays a crucial role in maintaining the closed conformation of wild-type GK and the GMP recognition. On the contrary, the S→P mutant exhibits a stable open conformation and loses the ability of ligand binding, which explains its functional transition from the GK enzyme to the GK domain. Furthermore, the free energy profiles (FEPs) obtained by metadymanics clearly demonstrate that the open-closed conformational transition in WT GK is positive correlated with the process of GMP binding, indicating the GMP-induced closing motion of GK enzyme, which is not observed in the mutant. In addition, the FEPs show that the S→P mutation can also leads to the mis-recognition of GMP, explaining the vanishing of catalytic activity of the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Niu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping, Shenyang 110004, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hujun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Dinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Rd, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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Kim JY, Song JY, Karnam S, Park JY, Lee JJH, Kim S, Cho SH. Common and distinctive localization patterns of Crumbs polarity complex proteins in the mammalian eye. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 17:31-7. [PMID: 25636444 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crumbs polarity complex proteins are essential for cellular and tissue polarity, and for adhesion of epithelial cells. In epithelial tissues deletion of any of three core proteins disrupts localization of the other proteins, indicating structural and functional interdependence among core components. Despite previous studies of function and co-localization that illustrated the properties that these proteins share, it is not known whether an individual component of the complex plays a distinct role in a unique cellular and developmental context. In order to investigate this question, we primarily used confocal imaging to determine the expression and subcellular localization of the core Crumbs polarity complex proteins during ocular development. Here we show that in developing ocular tissues core Crumbs polarity complex proteins, Crb, Pals1 and Patj, generally appear in an overlapping pattern with some exceptions. All three core complex proteins localize to the apical junction of the retinal and lens epithelia. Pals1 is also localized in the Golgi of the retinal cells and Patj localizes to the nuclei of the apically located subset of progenitor cells. These findings suggest that core Crumbs polarity complex proteins exert common and independent functions depending on cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ji Yun Song
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Santi Karnam
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jamie J H Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Membrane rafts in the erythrocyte membrane: a novel role of MPP1p55. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:61-78. [PMID: 25408337 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Bauer HC, Krizbai IA, Bauer H, Traweger A. "You Shall Not Pass"-tight junctions of the blood brain barrier. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:392. [PMID: 25520612 PMCID: PMC4253952 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of the barrier layers restricting the free diffusion of substances between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the systemic circulation is of great medical interest as various pathological conditions often lead to their impairment. Excessive leakage of blood-borne molecules into the parenchyma and the concomitant fluctuations in the microenvironment following a transient breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ischemic/hypoxic conditions or because of an autoimmune disease are detrimental to the physiological functioning of nervous tissue. On the other hand, the treatment of neurological disorders is often hampered as only minimal amounts of therapeutic agents are able to penetrate a fully functional BBB or blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. An in-depth understanding of the molecular machinery governing the establishment and maintenance of these barriers is necessary to develop rational strategies allowing a controlled delivery of appropriate drugs to the CNS. At the basis of such tissue barriers are intimate cell-cell contacts (zonulae occludentes, tight junctions) which are present in all polarized epithelia and endothelia. By creating a paracellular diffusion constraint TJs enable the vectorial transport across cell monolayers. More recent findings indicate that functional barriers are already established during development, protecting the fetal brain. As an understanding of the biogenesis of TJs might reveal the underlying mechanisms of barrier formation during ontogenic development numerous in vitro systems have been developed to study the assembly and disassembly of TJs. In addition, monitoring the stage-specific expression of TJ-associated proteins during development has brought much insight into the “developmental tightening” of tissue barriers. Over the last two decades a detailed molecular map of transmembrane and cytoplasmic TJ-proteins has been identified. These proteins not only form a cell-cell adhesion structure, but integrate various signaling pathways, thereby directly or indirectly impacting upon processes such as cell-cell adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and transcriptional control. This review will provide a brief overview on the establishment of the BBB during embryonic development in mammals and a detailed description of the ultrastructure, biogenesis, and molecular composition of epithelial and endothelial TJs will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Austria
| | - István A Krizbai
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary ; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad Arad, Romania
| | - Hannelore Bauer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Vertebrate adherens junctions mediate cell–cell adhesion via a “classical” cadherin–catenin “core” complex, which is associated with and regulated by a functional network of proteins, collectively named the cadherin adhesome (“cadhesome”). The most basal metazoans have been shown to conserve the cadherin–catenin “core”, but little is known about the evolution of the cadhesome. Using a bioinformatics approach based on both sequence and structural analysis, we have traced the evolution of this larger network in 26 organisms, from the uni-cellular ancestors of metazoans, through basal metazoans, to vertebrates. Surprisingly, we show that approximately 70% of the cadhesome, including proteins with similarity to the catenins, predate metazoans. We found that the transition to multicellularity was accompanied by the appearance of a small number of adaptor proteins, and we show how these proteins may have helped to integrate pre-metazoan sub-networks via PDZ domain–peptide interactions. Finally, we found the increase in network complexity in higher metazoans to have been driven primarily by expansion of paralogs. In summary, our analysis helps to explain how the complex protein network associated with cadherin at adherens junctions first came together in the first metazoan and how it evolved into the even more complex mammalian cadhesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Center of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575
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38
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Dlg5 regulates dendritic spine formation and synaptogenesis by controlling subcellular N-cadherin localization. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12745-61. [PMID: 25232112 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1280-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain are formed on dendritic spines, and spine density has a profound impact on synaptic transmission, integration, and plasticity. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins are intracellular scaffolding proteins with well established roles in synapse function. However, whether MAGUK proteins are required for the formation of dendritic spines in vivo is unclear. We isolated a novel disc large-5 (Dlg5) allele in mice, Dlg5(LP), which harbors a missense mutation in the DLG5 SH3 domain, greatly attenuating its ability to interact with the DLG5 GUK domain. We show here that DLG5 is a MAGUK protein that regulates spine formation, synaptogenesis, and synaptic transmission in cortical neurons. DLG5 regulates synaptogenesis by enhancing the cell surface localization of N-cadherin, revealing a key molecular mechanism for regulating the subcellular localization of this cell adhesion molecule during synaptogenesis.
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Abstract
Animals evolved in seas teeming with bacteria, yet the influences of bacteria on animal origins are poorly understood. Comparisons among modern animals and their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, suggest that the first animals used flagellated collar cells to capture bacterial prey. The cell biology of prey capture, such as cell adhesion between predator and prey, involves mechanisms that may have been co-opted to mediate intercellular interactions during the evolution of animal multicellularity. Moreover, a history of bacterivory may have influenced the evolution of animal genomes by driving the evolution of genetic pathways for immunity and facilitating lateral gene transfer. Understanding the interactions between bacteria and the progenitors of animals may help to explain the myriad ways in which bacteria shape the biology of modern animals, including ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna A Alegado
- Department of Oceanography, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Sea Grant College, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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40
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Ganot P, Zoccola D, Tambutté E, Voolstra CR, Aranda M, Allemand D, Tambutté S. Structural molecular components of septate junctions in cnidarians point to the origin of epithelial junctions in eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:44-62. [PMID: 25246700 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Septate junctions (SJs) insure barrier properties and control paracellular diffusion of solutes across epithelia in invertebrates. However, the origin and evolution of their molecular constituents in Metazoa have not been firmly established. Here, we investigated the genomes of early branching metazoan representatives to reconstruct the phylogeny of the molecular components of SJs. Although Claudins and SJ cytoplasmic adaptor components appeared successively throughout metazoan evolution, the structural components of SJs arose at the time of Placozoa/Cnidaria/Bilateria radiation. We also show that in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata, the structural SJ component Neurexin IV colocalizes with the cortical actin network at the apical border of the cells, at the place of SJs. We propose a model for SJ components in Cnidaria. Moreover, our study reveals an unanticipated diversity of SJ structural component variants in cnidarians. This diversity correlates with gene-specific expression in calcifying and noncalcifying tissues, suggesting specific paracellular pathways across the cell layers of these diploblastic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Didier Zoccola
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denis Allemand
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Quai Antoine Premier, Monaco
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41
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Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P. DLG5 in cell polarity maintenance and cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:543-9. [PMID: 24910533 PMCID: PMC4046881 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure in establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity contributes to tumorigenesis. Loss of expression and function of cell polarity proteins is directly related to epithelial cell polarity maintenance. The polarity protein discs large homolog 5 (DLG5) belongs to a family of molecular scaffolding proteins called Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinases (MAGUKs). As the other family members, DLG5 contains the multi-PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains. DLG5 has evolved in the same manner as DLG1 and ZO1, two well-studied MAGUKs proteins. Just like DLG1 and ZO1, DLG5 plays a role in cell migration, cell adhesion, precursor cell division, cell proliferation, epithelial cell polarity maintenance, and transmission of extracellular signals to the membrane and cytoskeleton. Since the roles of DLG5 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn's disease (CD) have been reviewed, here, our review focuses on the roles of DLG5 in epithelial cell polarity maintenance and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Juan Li
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Ren
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
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42
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Abstract
The first animals arose more than six hundred million years ago, yet they left little impression in the fossil record. Nonetheless, the cell biology and genome composition of the first animal, the Urmetazoan, can be reconstructed through the study of phylogenetically relevant living organisms. Comparisons among animals and their unicellular and colonial relatives reveal that the Urmetazoan likely possessed a layer of epithelium-like collar cells, preyed on bacteria, reproduced by sperm and egg, and developed through cell division, cell differentiation, and invagination. Although many genes involved in development, body patterning, immunity, and cell-type specification evolved in the animal stem lineage or after animal origins, several gene families critical for cell adhesion, signaling, and gene regulation predate the origin of animals. The ancestral functions of these and other genes may eventually be revealed through studies of gene and genome function in early-branching animals and their closest non-animal relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Richter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200; ,
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43
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Dawson TF, Boone AN, Senatore A, Piticaru J, Thiyagalingam S, Jackson D, Davison A, Spafford JD. Gene splicing of an invertebrate beta subunit (LCavβ) in the N-terminal and HOOK domains and its regulation of LCav1 and LCav2 calcium channels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92941. [PMID: 24690951 PMCID: PMC3972191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessory beta subunit (Ca(v)β) of calcium channels first appear in the same genome as Ca(v)1 L-type calcium channels in single-celled coanoflagellates. The complexity of this relationship expanded in vertebrates to include four different possible Ca(v)β subunits (β1, β2, β3, β4) which associate with four Ca(v)1 channel isoforms (Ca(v)1.1 to Ca(v)1.4) and three Ca(v)2 channel isoforms (Ca(v)2.1 to Ca(v)2.3). Here we assess the fundamentally-shared features of the Ca(v)β subunit in an invertebrate model (pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis) that bears only three homologous genes: (LCa(v)1, LCa(v)2, and LCa(v)β). Invertebrate Ca(v)β subunits (in flatworms, snails, squid and honeybees) slow the inactivation kinetics of Ca(v)2 channels, and they do so with variable N-termini and lacking the canonical palmitoylation residues of the vertebrate β2a subunit. Alternative splicing of exon 7 of the HOOK domain is a primary determinant of a slow inactivation kinetics imparted by the invertebrate LCa(v)β subunit. LCa(v)β will also slow the inactivation kinetics of LCa(v)3 T-type channels, but this is likely not physiologically relevant in vivo. Variable N-termini have little influence on the voltage-dependent inactivation kinetics of differing invertebrate Ca(v)β subunits, but the expression pattern of N-terminal splice isoforms appears to be highly tissue specific. Molluscan LCa(v)β subunits have an N-terminal "A" isoform (coded by exons: 1a and 1b) that structurally resembles the muscle specific variant of vertebrate β1a subunit, and has a broad mRNA expression profile in brain, heart, muscle and glands. A more variable "B" N-terminus (exon 2) in the exon position of mammalian β3 and has a more brain-centric mRNA expression pattern. Lastly, we suggest that the facilitation of closed-state inactivation (e.g. observed in Ca(v)2.2 and Ca(v)β3 subunit combinations) is a specialization in vertebrates, because neither snail subunit (LCa(v)2 nor LCa(v)β) appears to be compatible with this observed property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor F. Dawson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne N. Boone
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Piticaru
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Jackson
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Davison
- Institute of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J. David Spafford
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein-1 (CARMA1), a member of the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of kinases, is essential for T lymphocyte activation and proliferation via T-cell receptor (TCR) mediated NF-κB activation. Recent studies suggest a broader role for CARMA1 regulating other T-cell functions as well as a role in non-TCR-mediated signaling pathways important for lymphocyte development and functions. In addition, CARMA1 has been shown to be an important component in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Thus, comprehensively defining its mechanisms of action and regulation could reveal novel therapeutic targets for T-cell-mediated diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marly I Roche
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and the Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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45
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Capra JA, Stolzer M, Durand D, Pollard KS. How old is my gene? Trends Genet 2013; 29:659-68. [PMID: 23915718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene functions, interactions, disease associations, and ecological distributions are all correlated with gene age. However, it is challenging to estimate the intricate series of evolutionary events leading to a modern-day gene and then to reduce this history to a single age estimate. Focusing on eukaryotic gene families, we introduce a framework that can be used to compare current strategies for quantifying gene age, discuss key differences between these methods, and highlight several common problems. We argue that genes with complex evolutionary histories do not have a single well-defined age. As a result, care must be taken to articulate the goals and assumptions of any analysis that uses gene age estimates. Recent algorithmic advances offer the promise of gene age estimates that are fast, accurate, and consistent across gene families. This will enable a shift to integrated genome-wide analyses of all events in gene evolutionary histories in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Capra
- Center for Human Genetics Research and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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46
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Abstract
CASK (Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine kinase) is a synaptic protein that interacts with the cytosolic tail of adhesion molecules such as neurexins, syncam and syndecans. It belongs to the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) family of scaffolding proteins which are known to decorate cell–cell junctions. CASK is an essential gene in mammals, critical for neurodevelopment. Mutations in the CASK gene in humans result in phenotypes that range from intellectual disability to lethality. Despite its importance, CASK has a single genetic isoform located in the short arm of the X chromosome near an evolutionary breakpoint. Surprisingly, CASK is a non-essential gene in invertebrates and displays functional divergence. In the present article, we describe the phylogenetic differences in existing CASK orthologues. The CASK gene has undergone a huge expansion in size (~55-fold). Almost all of this expansion is a direct result of an increase in the size of the introns. The coding region of CASK orthologues, and hence the protein, exhibit a high degree of evolutionary conservation. Within the protein, domain arrangement is completely conserved and substitution rates are higher in the connecting loop regions [L27 (Lin2, Lin7)] than within the domain. Our analyses of single residue substitutions and genotype–phenotype relationships suggest that, other than intronic expansion, the dramatic functional changes of CASK are driven by subtle (non-radical) primary structure changes within the CASK protein and concomitant changes in its protein interactors.
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47
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Iqbal J, Li W, Ullah K, Hasan M, Linna G, Awan U, Zhang Y, Batool S, Qing H, Deng Y. Study of rat hypothalamic proteome by HPLC/ESI ion trap and HPLC/ESI-Q-TOF MS. Proteomics 2013; 13:2455-68. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wang Li
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guo Linna
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Umer Awan
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yongqian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Sajida Batool
- Wolfson Centre for Stem cells; Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), University of Nottingham; UK
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Sciences; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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48
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Zhu J, Shang Y, Chen J, Zhang M. Structure and function of the guanylate kinase-like domain of the MAGUK family scaffold proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Zhang H, Photiou A, Grothey A, Stebbing J, Giamas G. The role of pseudokinases in cancer. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1173-84. [PMID: 22330072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinases play a critical role in regulating many cellular functions including development, differentiation and proliferation. To date, over 518 proteins with kinase activity, comprising ~2-3% of total cellular proteins, have been identified from within the human kinome. Interestingly, approximately 10% of kinases are categorised as pseudokinases since they lack one or more conserved catalytic residues within their kinase domain and were originally thought to have no enzymatic activity. Recently, there has been strong evidence to suggest that some pseudokinsases can not only function as scaffold proteins, but may also possess kinase activity leading to modulation of cell signalling pathways. Altered activity of these pseudokinases can result in impaired cellular function, particularly in malignancies. In this review we are discussing recent evidence that apart from a scaffolding role, pseudokinases also orchestrate cellular processes as active kinases per se in signalling pathways of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
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50
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Johnston CA, Doe CQ, Prehoda KE. Structure of an enzyme-derived phosphoprotein recognition domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36014. [PMID: 22545154 PMCID: PMC3335814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinases (MAGUKs) contain a protein interaction domain (GKdom) derived from the enzyme Guanylate Kinase (GKenz). Here we show that GKdom from the MAGUK Discs large (Dlg) is a phosphoprotein recognition domain, specifically recognizing the phosphorylated form of the mitotic spindle orientation protein Partner of Inscuteable (Pins). We determined the structure of the Dlg-Pins complex to understand the dramatic transition from nucleotide kinase to phosphoprotein recognition domain. The structure reveals that the region of the GKdom that once served as the GMP binding domain (GBD) has been co-opted for protein interaction. Pins makes significantly more contact with the GBD than does GMP, but primarily with residues that are conserved between enzyme and domain revealing the versatility of the GBD as a platform for nucleotide and protein interactions. Mutational analysis reveals that the GBD is also used to bind the GK ligand MAP1a, suggesting that this is a common mode of MAGUK complex assembly. The GKenz undergoes a dramatic closing reaction upon GMP binding but the protein-bound GKdom remains in the ‘open’ conformation indicating that the dramatic conformational change has been lost in the conversion from nucleotide kinase to phosphoprotein recognition domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Johnston
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chris Q. Doe
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Neuroscience and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Prehoda
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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