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Kwon HC, Jung HS, Kothuri V, Han SG. Current status and challenges for cell-cultured milk technology: a systematic review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:81. [PMID: 38849927 PMCID: PMC11161985 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular agriculture is an innovative technology for manufacturing sustainable agricultural products as an alternative to traditional agriculture. While most cellular agriculture is predominantly centered on the production of cultured meat, there is a growing demand for an understanding of the production techniques involved in dairy products within cellular agriculture. This review focuses on the current status of cellular agriculture in the dairy sector and technical challenges for cell-cultured milk production. Cellular agriculture technology in the dairy sector has been classified into fermentation-based and animal cell culture-based cellular agriculture. Currently, various companies synthesize milk components through precision fermentation technology. Nevertheless, several startup companies are pursuing animal cell-based technology, driven by public concerns regarding genetically modified organisms in precision fermentation technology. Hence, this review offers an up-to-date exploration of animal cell-based cellular agriculture to produce milk components, specifically emphasizing the structural, functional, and productive aspects of mammary epithelial cells, providing new information for industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Cheol Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Su Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vahinika Kothuri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Nagel E, Elgersma KM, Gallagher TT, Johnson KE, Demerath E, Gale CA. Importance of human milk for infants in the clinical setting: Updates and mechanistic links. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38 Suppl 2:S39-S55. [PMID: 37721461 PMCID: PMC10513735 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human milk (HM) is the optimal source of nutrition for infants and has been implicated in multiple aspects of infant health. Although much of the existing literature has focused on the individual components that drive its nutrition content, examining HM as a biological system is needed for meaningful advancement of the field. Investigation of the nonnutritive bioactive components of HM and the maternal, infant, and environmental factors which affect these bioactives is important to better understand the importance of HM provision to infants. This information may inform care of clinical populations or infants who are critically ill, hospitalized, or who have chronic diseases and may benefit most from receiving HM. METHODS In this narrative review, we reviewed literature examining maternal and infant influences on HM composition with a focus on studies published in the last 10 years that were applicable to clinical populations. RESULTS We found multiple studies examining HM components implicated in infant immune and gut health and neurodevelopment. Additional work is needed to understand how donor milk and formula may be used in situations of inadequate maternal HM. Furthermore, a better understanding of how maternal factors such as maternal genetics and metabolic health influence milk composition is needed. CONCLUSION In this review, we affirm the importance of HM for all infants, especially clinical populations. An understanding of how HM composition is modulated by maternal and environmental factors is important to progress the field forward with respect to mechanistic links between HM biology and infant health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nagel
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Kelsey E Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ellen Demerath
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Gale
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Johnson KE, Heisel T, Fields DA, Isganaitis E, Jacobs KM, Knights D, Lock EF, Rudolph MC, Gale CA, Schleiss MR, Albert FW, Demerath EW, Blekhman R. Human Cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition, the infant gut microbiome, and infant growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549370. [PMID: 37503212 PMCID: PMC10370112 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus that is often transmitted to the neonate via breast milk. Postnatal CMV transmission can have negative health consequences for preterm and immunocompromised infants, but any effects on healthy term infants are thought to be benign. Furthermore, the impact of CMV on the composition of the hundreds of bioactive factors in human milk has not been tested. Here, we utilize a cohort of exclusively breastfeeding full term mother-infant pairs to test for differences in the milk transcriptome and metabolome associated with CMV, and the impact of CMV in breast milk on the infant gut microbiome and infant growth. We find upregulation of the indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) tryptophan-to-kynurenine metabolic pathway in CMV+ milk samples, and that CMV+ milk is associated with decreased Bifidobacterium in the infant gut. Our data indicate a complex relationship between milk CMV, milk kynurenine, and infant growth; with kynurenine positively correlated, and CMV viral load negatively correlated, with infant weight-for-length at 1 month of age. These results suggest CMV transmission, CMV-related changes in milk composition, or both may be modulators of full term infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Timothy Heisel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes-Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Pediatric, Adolescent and Young Adult Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine M Jacobs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- BioTechnology Institute, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric F Lock
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cheryl A Gale
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frank W Albert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Gutiérrez-Reinoso MA, Aponte PM, García-Herreros M. Genomic and Phenotypic Udder Evaluation for Dairy Cattle Selection: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101588. [PMID: 37238017 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional point of view regarding dairy cattle selection has been challenged by recent genomic studies indicating that livestock productivity prediction can be redefined based on the evaluation of genomic and phenotypic data. Several studies that included different genomic-derived traits only indicated that interactions among them or even with conventional phenotypic evaluation criteria require further elucidation. Unfortunately, certain genomic and phenotypic-derived traits have been shown to be secondary factors influencing dairy production. Thus, these factors, as well as evaluation criteria, need to be defined. Owing to the variety of genomic and phenotypic udder-derived traits which may affect the modern dairy cow functionality and conformation, a definition of currently important traits in the broad sense is indicated. This is essential for cattle productivity and dairy sustainability. The main objective of the present review is to elucidate the possible relationships among genomic and phenotypic udder evaluation characteristics to define the most relevant traits related to selection for function and conformation in dairy cattle. This review aims to examine the potential impact of various udder-related evaluation criteria on dairy cattle productivity and explore how to mitigate the adverse effects of compromised udder conformation and functionality. Specifically, we will consider the implications for udder health, welfare, longevity, and production-derived traits. Subsequently, we will address several concerns covering the application of genomic and phenotypic evaluation criteria with emphasis on udder-related traits in dairy cattle selection as well as its evolution from origins to the present and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Gutiérrez-Reinoso
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi (UTC), Latacunga 0501491, Ecuador
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción (UdeC), Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Pedro M Aponte
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170157, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170157, Ecuador
- Campus Cumbayá, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina "One-Health", Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170157, Ecuador
| | - Manuel García-Herreros
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), 2005-048 Santarém, Portugal
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Levy E, Marcil V, Tagharist Ép Baumel S, Dahan N, Delvin E, Spahis S. Lactoferrin, Osteopontin and Lactoferrin–Osteopontin Complex: A Critical Look on Their Role in Perinatal Period and Cardiometabolic Disorders. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061394. [PMID: 36986124 PMCID: PMC10052990 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk-derived bioactive proteins have increasingly gained attention and consideration throughout the world due to their high-quality amino acids and multiple health-promoting attributes. Apparently, being at the forefront of functional foods, these bioactive proteins are also suggested as potential alternatives for the management of various complex diseases. In this review, we will focus on lactoferrin (LF) and osteopontin (OPN), two multifunctional dairy proteins, as well as to their naturally occurring bioactive LF–OPN complex. While describing their wide variety of physiological, biochemical, and nutritional functionalities, we will emphasize their specific roles in the perinatal period. Afterwards, we will evaluate their ability to control oxidative stress, inflammation, gut mucosal barrier, and intestinal microbiota in link with cardiometabolic disorders (CMD) (obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) and associated complications (diabetes and atherosclerosis). This review will not only attempt to highlight the mechanisms of action, but it will critically discuss the potential therapeutic applications of the underlined bioactive proteins in CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, C. P. 6205, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, C. P. 6205, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada
| | - Sarah Tagharist Ép Baumel
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montreal, C. P. 6205, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada
| | - Noam Dahan
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Biochemistry &Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, C. P. 6205, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Biochemistry &Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montreal, C. P. 6205, succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-345-4832
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Johnson KE, Heisel T, Allert M, Fürst A, Yerabandi N, Knights D, Jacobs KM, Lock EF, Bode L, Fields DA, Rudolph MC, Gale CA, Albert FW, Demerath EW, Blekhman R. Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525211. [PMID: 36747843 PMCID: PMC9900818 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a complex mix of nutritional and bioactive components that provide complete nutrition for the infant. However, we lack a systematic knowledge of the factors shaping milk composition and how milk variation influences infant health. Here, we used multi-omic profiling to characterize interactions between maternal genetics, milk gene expression, milk composition, and the infant fecal microbiome in 242 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. We identified 487 genetic loci associated with milk gene expression unique to the lactating mammary gland, including loci that impacted breast cancer risk and human milk oligosaccharide concentration. Integrative analyses uncovered connections between milk gene expression and infant gut microbiome, including an association between the expression of inflammation-related genes with IL-6 concentration in milk and the abundance of Bifidobacteria in the infant gut. Our results show how an improved understanding of the genetics and genomics of human milk connects lactation biology with maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Timothy Heisel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mattea Allert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Annalee Fürst
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nikhila Yerabandi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dan Knights
- BioTechnology Institute, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katherine M Jacobs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric F Lock
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Human Milk Institute (HMI) and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cheryl A Gale
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frank W Albert
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Feng X, Cai Z, Gu Y, Mu T, Yu B, Ma R, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J. Excavation and characterization of key circRNAs for milk fat percentage in Holstein cattle. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad157. [PMID: 37209411 PMCID: PMC10290504 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fat percentage is one of the significant indicators governing the price and quality of milk and is regulated by a variety of non-coding RNAs. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques and bioinformatics approaches to explore potential candidate circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulating milk fat metabolism. After analysis, compared with low milk fat percentage (LMF) cows, 309 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in high milk fat percentage (HMF) cows. Functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that the main functions of the parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) were related to lipid metabolism. We selected four circRNAs (Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, novel_circ_0011944, and Novel_circ_0018279) derived from parental genes related to lipid metabolism as key candidate DE-circRNAs. Their head-to-tail splicing was demonstrated by linear RNase R digestion experiments and Sanger sequencing. However, the tissue expression profiles showed that only Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 were expressed with high abundance in breast tissue. Based on the subcellular localization found that Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 mainly function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we constructed their ceRNA regulatory networks, and the five hub target genes (CSF1, TET2, VDR, CD34, and MECP2) in ceRNAs were obtained by CytoHubba and MCODE plugins in Cytoscape, as well as tissue expression profiles analysis of target genes. These genes play a key role as important target genes in lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and cellular autophagy. The Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 regulate the expression of hub target genes through interaction with miRNAs and constitute key regulatory networks that may be involved in milk fat metabolism. The circRNAs obtained in this study may act as miRNA sponges and thus influence mammary gland development and lipid metabolism in cows, which improves our understanding of the role of circRNAs in cow lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Feng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tong Mu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Zhang M, Fu T, Huang Q, Xing Z, Yang J, Lu W, Hu M, Han LQ, Loor JJ, Gao TY. Size, number and phospholipid composition of milk fat globules are affected by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhang
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Tong Fu
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Qixue Huang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Li Qiang Han
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Teng Yun Gao
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
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Allen LH, Hampel D, Shahab-Ferdows S, Andersson M, Barros E, Doel AM, Eriksen KG, Christensen SH, Islam M, Kac G, Keya FK, Michaelsen KF, de Barros Mucci D, Njie F, Peerson JM, Moore SE. The Mothers, Infants, and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study: A Multi-Center Collaboration. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab116. [PMID: 34712893 PMCID: PMC8546155 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Little valid information is available on human milk nutrient concentrations, especially for micronutrients (MNs), and there are no valid reference values (RVs) across lactation. In this multi-center collaborative study, RVs will be established for human milk nutrients across the first 8.5 mo postpartum. Well-nourished, unsupplemented women in Bangladesh, Brazil, Denmark, and The Gambia (n = 250/site) were recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy. Milk, blood, saliva, urine, and stool samples from mothers and their infants are collected identically at 3 visits (1-3.49, 3.5-5.99, 6.0-8.49 mo postpartum). Milk analyses include macronutrients, selected vitamins, trace elements and minerals, iodine, metabolomics, amino acids, human milk oligosaccharides, and bioactive peptides. We measure milk volume; maternal and infant diets, anthropometry, and morbidity; infant development, maternal genome, and the infant and maternal microbiome. RVs will be constructed based on methods for the WHO Child Growth Standards and the Intergrowth-21st Project. This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT03254329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay H Allen
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Setareh Shahab-Ferdows
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria Andersson
- Nutrition Research Unit, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erica Barros
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kamilla Gehrt Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Munirul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Farhana Khanam Keya
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Fanta Njie
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa
| | - Janet M Peerson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa
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10
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Keel BN, Lindholm-Perry AK, Oliver WT, Wells JE, Jones SA, Rempel LA. Characterization and comparative analysis of transcriptional profiles of porcine colostrum and mature milk at different parities. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 34376140 PMCID: PMC8353812 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine milk is a complex fluid, containing a myriad of immunological, biochemical, and cellular components, made to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the neonate. Whole milk contains many different cell types, including mammary epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, as well nanoparticles, such as milk exosomes. To-date, only a limited number of livestock transcriptomic studies have reported sequencing of milk. Moreover, those studies focused only on sequencing somatic cells as a proxy for the mammary gland with the goal of investigating differences in the lactation process. Recent studies have indicated that RNA originating from multiple cell types present in milk can withstand harsh environments, such as the digestive system, and transmit regulatory molecules from maternal to neonate. Transcriptomic profiling of porcine whole milk, which is reflective of the combined cell populations, could help elucidate these mechanisms. To this end, total RNA from colostrum and mature milk samples were sequenced from 65 sows at differing parities. A stringent bioinformatic pipeline was used to identify and characterize 70,841 transcripts. RESULTS The 70,841 identified transcripts included 42,733 previously annotated transcripts and 28,108 novel transcripts. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using a generalized linear model coupled with the Lancaster method for P-value aggregation across transcripts. In total, 1667 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified for the milk type main effect, and 33 DEG were identified for the milk type x parity interaction. Several gene ontology (GO) terms related to immune response were significant for the milk type main effect, supporting the well-known fact that immunoglobulins and immune cells are transferred to the neonate via colostrum. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to perform global transcriptome analysis from whole milk samples in sows from different parities. Our results provide important information and insight into synthesis of milk proteins and innate immunity and potential targets for future improvement of swine lactation and piglet development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney N Keel
- USDA-ARS Roman L Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | | | - William T Oliver
- USDA-ARS Roman L Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - James E Wells
- USDA-ARS Roman L Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Shuna A Jones
- USDA-ARS Roman L Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Lea A Rempel
- USDA-ARS Roman L Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
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11
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Sadovnikova A, Garcia SC, Hovey RC. A Comparative Review of the Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Genetics of Lactose Synthesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:181-196. [PMID: 34125364 PMCID: PMC8236053 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in the milk of most mammals and is unique in that it is only synthesized by epithelial cells in the mammary glands. Lactose is also essential for the development and nutrition of infants. Across species, the concentration of lactose in milk holds a strong positive correlation with overall milk volume. Additionally, there is a range of examples where the onset of lactose synthesis as well as the content of lactose in milk varies between species and throughout a lactation. Despite this diversity, the precursors, genes, proteins and ions that regulate lactose synthesis have not received the depth of study they likely deserve relative to the significance of this simple and abundant molecule. Through this review, our objective is to highlight the requirements for lactose synthesis at the biochemical, cellular and temporal levels through a comparative approach. This overview also serves as the prelude to a companion review describing the dietary, hormonal, molecular, and genetic factors that regulate lactose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadovnikova
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology, Physician Scientist Training Program, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Sergio C Garcia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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McGuire MK, Seppo A, Goga A, Buonsenso D, Collado MC, Donovan SM, Müller JA, Ofman G, Monroy-Valle M, O'Connor DL, Pace RM, Van de Perre P. Best Practices for Human Milk Collection for COVID-19 Research. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:29-38. [PMID: 33393841 PMCID: PMC7826442 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing life-giving nutrients and other substances to the breastfed infant, human milk can also represent a vehicle of pathogen transfer. As such, when an infectious disease outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic occurs-particularly when it is associated with a novel pathogen-the question will naturally arise as to whether the pathogen can be transmitted through breastfeeding. Until high-quality data are generated to answer this question, abandonment of breastfeeding due to uncertainty can result. The COVID-19 pandemic, which was in full swing at the time this document was written, is an excellent example of this scenario. During these times of uncertainty, it is critical for investigators conducting research to assess the possible transmission of pathogens through milk, whether by transfer through the mammary gland or contamination from respiratory droplets, skin, breast pumps, and milk containers, and/or close contact between mother and infant. To promote the most rigorous science, it is critical to outline optimal methods for milk collection, handling, storage, and analysis in these situations, and investigators should openly share their methods in published materials. Otherwise, the risks of inconsistent test results from preanalytical and analytical variation, false positives, and false negatives are unacceptably high and the ability to provide public health guidance poor. In this study, we provide "best practices" for collecting human milk samples for COVID-19 research with the intention that this will also be a useful guide for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ameena Goga
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italia
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gaston Ofman
- College of Medicine, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michele Monroy-Valle
- Unidad de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto and Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Franc¸ais du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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13
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Martin Carli JF, Trahan GD, Jones KL, Hirsch N, Rolloff KP, Dunn EZ, Friedman JE, Barbour LA, Hernandez TL, MacLean PS, Monks J, McManaman JL, Rudolph MC. Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Human Milk-Derived Cells Reveals Sub-Populations of Mammary Epithelial Cells with Molecular Signatures of Progenitor and Mature States: a Novel, Non-invasive Framework for Investigating Human Lactation Physiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:367-387. [PMID: 33216249 PMCID: PMC8016415 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in human milk are an untapped source, as potential "liquid breast biopsies", of material for investigating lactation physiology in a non-invasive manner. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and their transcriptional signatures in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes (GDM) with normal lactation. Methodology is described for coordinating milk collections with single cell capture and library preparation via cryopreservation, in addition to scRNA-seq data processing and analyses of MEC transcriptional signatures. We comprehensively characterized 3740 cells from milk samples from two mothers at two weeks postpartum. Most cells (>90%) were luminal MECs (luMECs) expressing lactalbumin alpha and casein beta and positive for keratin 8 and keratin 18. Few cells were keratin 14+ basal MECs and a small immune cell population was present (<10%). Analysis of differential gene expression among clusters identified six potentially distinct luMEC subpopulation signatures, suggesting the potential for subtle functional differences among luMECs, and included one cluster that was positive for both progenitor markers and mature milk transcripts. No expression of pluripotency markers POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1, encoding OCT4) SRY-box transcription factor 2 (SOX2) or nanog homeobox (NANOG), was observed. These observations were supported by flow cytometric analysis of MECs from mature milk samples from three women with diet-controlled GDM (2-8 mo postpartum), indicating a negligible basal/stem cell population (epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM)-/integrin subunit alpha 6 (CD49f)+, 0.07%) and a small progenitor population (EPCAM+/CD49f+, 1.1%). We provide a computational framework for others and future studies, as well as report the first milk-derived cells to be analyzed by scRNA-seq. We discuss the clinical potential and current limitations of using milk-derived cells as material for characterizing human mammary physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne F Martin Carli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - G Devon Trahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristy P Rolloff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily Z Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Linda A Barbour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Teri L Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenifer Monks
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James L McManaman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Physiology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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14
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Beckett L, Xie S, Thimmapuram J, Tucker HA, Donkin SS, Casey T. Mammary transcriptome reveals cell maintenance and protein turnover support milk synthesis in early-lactation cows. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:435-450. [PMID: 32744883 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00046.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support milk synthesis is needed to develop strategies to efficiently and sustainably meet the growing global demand for dairy products. With the postulate that coding gene transcript abundance reflects relative importance in supporting milk synthesis, we analyzed the global transcriptome of early lactation cows across magnitudes of normalized RNA-Seq read counts. Total RNA was isolated from milk samples collected from early-lactation cows (n = 6) following two treatment periods of postruminal lysine infusion of 0 or 63 g/day. Twelve libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform using paired end reads. Normalized read counts were averaged across both treatments, because EBseq analysis found no significant effect of lysine infusion. Approximately 10% of the total reads corresponded to 12,730 protein coding transcripts with a normalized read count mean ≥5. For functional annotation analysis, the protein coding transcripts were divided into nine categories by magnitude of reads. The 13 most abundant transcripts (≥50K reads) accounted for 67% of the 23M coding reads and included casein and whey proteins, regulators of fat synthesis and secretion, a ubiquitinating protein, and a tRNA transporter. Mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and ubiquitin proteasome pathways were enriched with normalized reads ≥100 counts. Genes with ≤100 reads regulated tissue homeostasis and immune response. Enrichment in ontologies that reflect maintenance of translation, protein turnover, and amino acid recycling indicated that proteostatic mechanisms are central to supporting mammary function and primary milk component synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - H A Tucker
- Novus International Incorporated, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - S S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - T Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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15
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Khan MZ, Khan A, Xiao J, Dou J, Liu L, Yu Y. Overview of Folic Acid Supplementation Alone or in Combination with Vitamin B12 in Dairy Cattle during Periparturient Period. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060263. [PMID: 32630405 PMCID: PMC7344520 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The periparturient period is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks post-calving. This period is important in terms of health, productivity and profitability, and is fundamental to successful lactation. During this period, the animal experiences stress because of hormonal changes due to pregnancy and the significant rise in milk production. In addition, a negative energy balance usually occurs, because the demand for nutrients to sustain milk production increases by more than the nutrient supply during the periparturient period. The immunity of dairy cattle is suppressed around parturition, which increases their susceptibility to infections. Special care regarding nutrition can reduce the risks of metabolism and immunity depression, which dairy cattle face during the periparturient span. Folic acid is relevant in this regard because of its critical role in the metabolism to maintain lactational performance and to improve health. Being a donor of one-carbon units, folic acid has a vital role in DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Generally, the folic acid requirements of dairy cattle can be met by the microbial synthesis in the rumen; however, in special cases, such as during the periparturient period, the requirement for this vitamin strictly increases. Vitamin B12 also has a critical role in the metabolism as a coenzyme of the enzyme methionine synthase for the transfer of a methyl group from folic acid to homocysteine for the regeneration of methionine. In the current review, we highlight the issues facing periparturient dairy cattle, and relevant knowledge and practices, and point out future research directions for utilization of the associated vitamins in ruminants, especially during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research, Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-627324611
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16
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Nichols K, Bannink A, van Baal J, Dijkstra J. Impact of post-ruminally infused macronutrients on bovine mammary gland expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis measured in RNA isolated from milk fat. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:53. [PMID: 32477515 PMCID: PMC7238732 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterising the regulation of milk component synthesis in response to macronutrient supply is critical for understanding the implications of nutritional interventions on milk production. Gene expression in mammary gland secretory cells was measured using RNA isolated from milk fat globules from 6 Holstein-Friesian cows receiving 5-d abomasal infusions of saline, essential amino acids (AA), or glucose (GG) or palm olein (LG) without (LAA) or with (HAA) essential AA, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. RNA was isolated from milk fat samples collected on d 5 of infusion and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR. We hypothesised that mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo milk fatty acid (FA) synthesis would be differently affected by GG and LG, and that expression of genes regulating transfer of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates would increase at the HAA level. We also hypothesised that the HAA level would affect genes regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis but would not affect genes related to the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or the integrated stress response (ISR) network. Results Infusion of GG did not affect de novo milk FA yield but decreased expression of FA synthase (FASN). Infusion of LG decreased de novo FA yield and tended to decrease expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). The HAA level increased both de novo FA yield and expression of ACC1, and tended to decrease expression of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2). mRNA expression of mTORC1 signaling participants was not affected by GG, LG, or AA level. Expression of the ε subunit of the ISR constituent eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (EIF2B5) tended to increase at the HAA level, but only in the presence of LG. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA was activated in response to LG and the HAA level. Conclusions Results show that expression of genes involved in de novo FA synthesis responded to glucogenic, lipogenic, and aminogenic substrates, whereas genes regulating intermediate flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle were not majorly affected. Results also suggest that after 5 d of AA supplementation, milk protein synthesis is supported by enhanced ER biogenesis instead of signaling through the mTORC1 or ISR networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Nichols
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - André Bannink
- 2Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen van Baal
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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17
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Wodas L, Mackowski M, Borowska A, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Cieslak J. Genes encoding equine β-lactoglobulin (LGB1 and LGB2): Polymorphism, expression, and impact on milk composition. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232066. [PMID: 32320437 PMCID: PMC7176115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactoglobulin is one of the most abundant milk whey proteins in many mammal species, including the domestic horse. The aim of this study was to screen for polymorphism in the equine LGB1 and LGB2 gene sequences (all exons, introns, and 5’-flanking region) and to assess potential relationship of particular genotypes with gene expression levels (measured in milk somatic cells) and milk composition traits (protein, fat, lactose, and total β-lactoglobulin content). Direct DNA sequencing analysis was performed for twelve horse breeds: Polish Primitive Horse (PPH), Polish Coldblood Horse (PCH), Polish Warmblood Horse (PWH), Silesian, Hucul, Fjording, Haflinger, Shetland Pony, Welsh Pony, Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Percheron—and revealed the presence of 83 polymorphic sites (47 and 36 for LGB1 and LGB2 genes, respectively), including eight that were previously unknown. Association analysis of the selected polymorphisms, gene expression, and milk composition traits (conducted for the PPH, PCH, and PWH breeds) showed several statistically significant relationships; for example, the two linked LGB1 SNPs (rs1143515669 and rs1144647991) were associated with total milk protein content (p < 0.01). Our study also confirmed that horse breed had significant impact on both gene transcript levels (p < 0.01) and on milk LGB content (p < 0.05), whereas an influence of lactation period was seen only for gene relative mRNA abundances (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wodas
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Horse Genetic Markers Laboratory, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Borowska
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczynska
- Cattle Breeding Division, Department of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Khan MZ, Liu L, Zhang Z, Khan A, Wang D, Mi S, Usman T, Liu G, Guo G, Li X, Wang Y, Yu Y. Folic acid supplementation regulates milk production variables, metabolic associated genes and pathways in perinatal Holsteins. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:483-492. [PMID: 31994802 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal period is the critical time in dairy cattle due to negative energy balance and high milk production stress. Being a key role in biosynthesis and methylation cycle, folic acid is considered essential for lactational and metabolic performance in dairy cattle. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the effect of folic acid supplementation on milk production phenotypic traits in periparturient cows. Transcriptomic screening was performed for milk production and metabolism-associated differentially expressed genes. The 123 cows having similar parity, weight and expected date of calving were randomly selected and divided into three groups; A (n = 41, folic acid 240 mg/500 kg cow/day), B (n = 40, FA 120 mg/500 kg cow/day) and C (Control, n = 42). Folic acid was supplemented for 21 days (14 days pre- and seven days post-calving), and three samples of blood lymphocytes were taken on day seven post-calving from each folic acid-treated and control group. In addition, the milk samples for each folic acid-treated group have been collected at 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of lactation. The increase in average milk yield noticed in group B were significantly (p-value < .05) higher than C and A. However, the data showed no noteworthy differences for milk fat and milk protein among the three groups. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that folic acid treatment regulated many key metabolic-related genes (DGAT2, ALOX5, LAP3, GPAT3, GGH, ALDOA, TKT) and pathways (glycolysis, folate biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, etc.) in periparturient dairy cattle. It was concluded from the above findings that 120 mg/500 kg of folic acid quantity could be considered as a standard during the periparturient period to enhance the milk production performance of dairy cows. The transcriptomic profile revealed several metabolic and milk production-associated genes which could be a useful addition to the marker selection for the enhancement of metabolism and milk production of periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tahir Usman
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gang Liu
- Hebei Shoulon Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Dingzhou, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Hebei Shoulon Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Dingzhou, China
| | - Xizhi Li
- Capital Agribusiness Group, Beijing Sanyuan Breeding Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Transcriptome Profile Analysis of Mammary Gland Tissue from Two Breeds of Lactating Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100781. [PMID: 31597369 PMCID: PMC6826511 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a crucial tissue for milk synthesis and plays a critical role in the feeding and growth of mammalian offspring. The aim of this study was to use RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to provide a transcriptome profile of the ovine mammary gland at the peak of lactation. Small-Tailed Han (STH) sheep (n = 9) and Gansu Alpine Merino (GAM) sheep (n = 9), breeds with phenotypic differences in milk production traits, were selected for the RNA-Seq analysis. This revealed 74 genes that were more highly expressed in the STHs than in the GAMs. Similarly, 143 genes that were expressed at lower levels in the STHs than in the GAMs, were identified. Gene ontogeny (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with binding and catalytic activities, hematopoietic cell lineages, oxytocin signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction. This is the first study of the transcriptome profile of the ovine mammary gland in these Chinese breeds at peak lactation. The results provide for a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in ovine lactation.
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Wood K, Donnenwirth R, Mills K, Tinsley HN. Cyclic GMP signaling during human lactation and breast cancer: Implications for breast cancer prevention. Breast J 2019; 25:775-777. [PMID: 31111605 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Wood
- Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Raeann Donnenwirth
- University of Montevallo, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Mathematics, Montevallo, Alabama
| | - Kourtney Mills
- University of Montevallo, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Mathematics, Montevallo, Alabama
| | - Heather N Tinsley
- University of Montevallo, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Mathematics, Montevallo, Alabama
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21
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Nichols K, Dijkstra J, van Laar H, Kim JJM, Cant JP, Bannink A. Expression of genes related to energy metabolism and the unfolded protein response in dairy cow mammary cells is affected differently during dietary supplementation with energy from protein and fat. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6603-6613. [PMID: 31103304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory capacity of bovine mammary glands is enabled by a high number of secretory cells and their ability to use a range of metabolites to produce milk components. We isolated RNA from milk fat to measure expression of genes involved in energy-yielding pathways and the unfolded protein response in mammary glands of lactating cows given supplemental energy from protein (PT) and fat (FT) tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. We hypothesized that PT and FT would affect expression of genes in the branched-chain AA catabolic pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle based on the different energy types (aminogenic versus lipogenic) used to synthesize milk components. We also hypothesized that the response of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis via the unfolded protein response would reflect the increase in milk production stimulated by PT and FT. Fifty-six multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed a basal total mixed ration (34% grass silage, 33% corn silage, 5% grass hay, and 28% concentrate on a dry matter basis) for a 28-d control period. Experimental rations were then fed for 28 d, consisting of (1) low protein, low fat (LP/LF); (2) high protein, low fat (HP/LF); (3) low protein, high fat (LP/HF); or (4) high protein and high fat (HP/HF). To obtain the high-protein (HP) and high-fat (HF) diets, intake of the basal ration was restricted and supplemented isoenergetically (net energy basis) with 2.0 kg/d rumen-protected protein (soybean + rapeseed, 50:50 mixture on dry matter basis) and 0.68 kg/d hydrogenated palm fatty acids on a dry matter basis. RNA from milk fat samples collected on d 27 of each period underwent real-time quantitative PCR. Energy from protein increased expression of BCAT1 (branched-chain amino acid transferase 1) mRNA, but only at the LF level, and tended to decrease expression of mRNA encoding the main subunit of the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase complex. mRNA expression of malic enzyme, a proposed channeling route for AA though the TCA cycle, was decreased by PT, but only at the LF level. Expression of genes associated with de novo fatty acid synthesis was not affected by PT or FT. Energy from fat had no independent effect on genes related to ER homeostasis. At the LF level, PT activated XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) mRNA. At the HF level, PT increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding GADD34 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 34). These findings support our hypothesis that mammary cells use aminogenic and lipogenic precursors differently for milk component production when dietary intervention alters AA and fatty acid supply. They also suggest that mammary cells respond to increased AA supply through mechanisms of ER homeostasis, dependent on the presence of FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van Laar
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 220, 5830 AE Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Kim
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Choudhary S, Li W, Bickhart D, Verma R, Sethi RS, Mukhopadhyay CS, Choudhary RK. Examination of the xanthosine response on gene expression of mammary epithelial cells using RNA-seq technology. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 60:18. [PMID: 30009039 PMCID: PMC6045846 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-018-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Xanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear. Methods Primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily (2×) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db. Results Preliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal’s mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40781-018-0177-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Choudhary
- 1School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 101004 India
| | - Wenli Li
- 2Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Derek Bickhart
- 2Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Ramneek Verma
- 1School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 101004 India
| | - R S Sethi
- 1School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 101004 India
| | - C S Mukhopadhyay
- 1School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 101004 India
| | - Ratan K Choudhary
- 1School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 101004 India
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23
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Comprehensive RNA-Seq profiling to evaluate lactating sheep mammary gland transcriptome. Sci Data 2016; 3:160051. [PMID: 27377755 PMCID: PMC4932878 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq enables the generation of extensive transcriptome information providing the capability to characterize transcripts (including alternative isoforms and polymorphism), to quantify expression and to identify differential regulation in a single experiment. Our aim in this study was to take advantage of using RNA-Seq high-throughput technology to provide a comprehensive transcriptome profiling of the sheep lactating mammary gland. Eight ewes of two dairy sheep breeds with differences in milk production traits were used in this experiment (four Churra and four Assaf ewes). Milk samples from these animals were collected on days 10, 50, 120 and 150 after lambing to cover the various physiological stages of the mammary gland across the complete lactation. RNA samples were extracted from milk somatic cells. The RNA-Seq dataset was generated using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The information reported here will be useful to understand the biology of lactation in sheep, providing also an opportunity to characterize their different patterns on milk production aptitude.
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24
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Targeted Vaccination against Human α-Lactalbumin for Immunotherapy and Primary Immunoprevention of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060056. [PMID: 27322324 PMCID: PMC4931621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that safe and effective protection against the development of adult onset cancers may be achieved by vaccination against tissue-specific self-proteins that are “retired” from expression at immunogenic levels in normal tissues as we age, but are overexpressed in emerging tumors. α-Lactalbumin is an example of a “retired” self-protein because its expression in normal tissues is confined exclusively to the breast during late pregnancy and lactation, but is also expressed in the vast majority of human triple negative breast cancers (TNBC)—the most aggressive and lethal form of breast cancer and the predominant form that occurs in women at high genetic risk including those with mutated BRCA1 genes. In anticipation of upcoming clinical trials, here we provide preclinical data indicating that α-lactalbumin has the potential as a vaccine target for inducing safe and effective primary immunoprevention as well as immunotherapy against TNBC.
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25
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Alsaweed M, Hepworth AR, Lefèvre C, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT, Hassiotou F. Human Milk MicroRNA and Total RNA Differ Depending on Milk Fractionation. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2397-407. [PMID: 25925799 PMCID: PMC5042114 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA have been recently discovered in human milk signifying potentially important functions for both the lactating breast and the infant. Whilst human milk microRNA have started to be explored, little data exist on the evaluation of sample processing, and analysis to ensure that a full spectrum of microRNA can be obtained. Human milk comprises three main fractions: cells, skim milk, and lipids. Typically, the skim milk fraction has been measured in isolation despite evidence that the lipid fraction may contain more microRNA. This study aimed to standardize isolation of microRNA and total RNA from all three fractions of human milk to determine the most appropriate sampling and analysis procedure for future studies. Three different methods from eight commercially available kits were tested for their efficacy in extracting total RNA and microRNA from the lipid, skim, and cell fractions of human milk. Each fraction yielded different concentrations of RNA and microRNA, with the highest quantities found in the cell and lipid fractions, and the lowest in skim milk. The column‐based phenol‐free method was the most efficient extraction method for all three milk fractions. Two microRNAs were expressed and validated in the three milk fractions by qPCR using the three recommended extraction kits for each fraction. High expression levels were identified in the skim and lipid milk factions for these microRNAs. These results suggest that careful consideration of both the human milk sample preparation and extraction protocols should be made prior to embarking upon research in this area. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2397–2407, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsaweed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna R Hepworth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christophe Lefèvre
- Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Foteini Hassiotou
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Murphy J, Sherman ME, Browne EP, Caballero AI, Punska EC, Pfeiffer RM, Yang HP, Lee M, Yang H, Gierach GL, Arcaro KF. Potential of breastmilk analysis to inform early events in breast carcinogenesis: rationale and considerations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:13-22. [PMID: 27107568 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes methods related to the study of human breastmilk in etiologic and biomarkers research. Despite the importance of reproductive factors in breast carcinogenesis, factors that act early in life are difficult to study because young women rarely require breast imaging or biopsy, and analysis of critical circulating factors (e.g., hormones) is often complicated by the requirement to accurately account for menstrual cycle date. Accordingly, novel approaches are needed to understand how events such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, weaning, and post-weaning breast remodeling influence breast cancer risk. Analysis of breastmilk offers opportunities to understand mechanisms related to carcinogenesis in the breast, and to identify risk markers that may inform efforts to identify high-risk women early in the carcinogenic process. In addition, analysis of breastmilk could have value in early detection or diagnosis of breast cancer. In this article, we describe the potential for using breastmilk to characterize the microenvironment of the lactating breast with the goal of advancing research on risk assessment, prevention, and detection of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Murphy
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Office Number: 5E-332, Rockville, MD, 20892-9712, USA.
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva P Browne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ana I Caballero
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Punska
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maxwell Lee
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard Yang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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27
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Li R, Dudemaine PL, Zhao X, Lei C, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Comparative Analysis of the miRNome of Bovine Milk Fat, Whey and Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154129. [PMID: 27100870 PMCID: PMC4839614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant miRNAs have been identified in milk and mammary gland tissues of different species. Typically, RNA in milk can be extracted from different fractions including fat, whey and cells and the mRNA transcriptome of milk could serve as an indicator of the transcriptome of mammary gland tissue. However, it has not been adequately validated if the miRNA transcriptome of any milk fraction could be representative of that of mammary gland tissue. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the miRNA expression spectra from three milk fractions- fat, whey and cells; (2) compare miRNome profiles of milk fractions (fat, whey and cells) with mammary gland tissue miRNome, and (3) determine which milk fraction miRNome profile could be a better representative of the miRNome profile of mammary gland tissue. Milk from four healthy Canadian Holstein cows in mid lactation was collected and fractionated. Total RNA extracted from each fraction was used for library preparation followed by small RNA sequencing. In addition, miRNA transcripts of mammary gland tissues from twelve Holstein cows in our previous study were used to compare our data. We identified 210, 200 and 249 known miRNAs from milk fat, whey and cells, respectively, with 188 universally expressed in the three fractions. In addition, 33, 31 and 36 novel miRNAs from milk fat, whey and cells were identified, with 28 common in the three fractions. Among 20 most highly expressed miRNAs in each fraction, 14 were expressed in common and 11 were further shared with mammary gland tissue. The three milk fractions demonstrated a clear separation from each other using a hierarchical cluster analysis with milk fat and whey being most closely related. The miRNome correlation between milk fat and mammary gland tissue (rmean = 0.866) was significantly higher than the other two pairs (p < 0.01), whey/mammary gland tissue (rmean = 0.755) and milk cell/mammary gland tissue (rmean = 0.75), suggesting that milk fat could be an alternative non-invasive source of RNA in assessing miRNA activities in bovine mammary gland. Predicted target genes (1802) of 14 highly expressed miRNAs in milk fractions were enriched in fundamental cellular functions, infection, organ and tissue development. Furthermore, some miRNAs were highly enriched (FDR <0.05) in milk whey (3), cells (11) and mammary gland tissue (14) suggesting specific regulatory functions in the various fractions. In conclusion, we have obtained a comprehensive miRNA profile of the different milk fractions using high throughput sequencing. Our comparative analysis showed that miRNAs from milk fat accurately portrayed the miRNome of mammary gland tissue. Functional annotation of the top expressed miRNAs in milk confirmed their critical regulatory roles in mammary gland functions and potentially to milk recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Eveline Mengwi Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada
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28
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Alsaweed M, Lai CT, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT, Kakulas F. Human Milk Cells and Lipids Conserve Numerous Known and Novel miRNAs, Some of Which Are Differentially Expressed during Lactation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152610. [PMID: 27074017 PMCID: PMC4830559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is rich in miRNAs, which are thought to contribute to infant protection and development. We used deep sequencing to profile miRNAs in the cell and lipid fractions of HM obtained post-feeding from 10 lactating women in months 2, 4, and 6 postpartum. In both HM fractions, 1,195 mature known miRNAs were identified, which were positively associated with the cell (p = 0.048) and lipid (p = 0.010) content of HM. An additional 5,167 novel miRNA species were predicted, of which 235 were high-confidence miRNAs. HM cells contained more known miRNAs than HM lipids (1,136 and 835 respectively, p<0.001). Although the profile of the novel miRNAs was very different between cells and lipids, with the majority conserved in the cell fraction and being mother-specific, 2/3 of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids were similarly expressed (p>0.05). Great similarities between the two HM fractions were also found in the profile of the top 20 known miRNAs. These were largely similar also between the three lactation stages examined, as were the total miRNA concentration, and the number and expression of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids (p>0.05). Yet, approximately a third of all known miRNAs were differentially expressed during the first 6 months of lactation (p<0.05), with more pronounced miRNA upregulation seen in month 4. These findings indicate that although the total miRNA concentration of HM cells and lipids provided to the infant does not change in first 6 months of lactation, the miRNA composition is altered, particularly in month 4 compared to months 2 and 6. This may reflect the remodeling of the gland in response to infant feeding patterns, which usually change after exclusive breastfeeding, suggesting adaptation to the infant’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsaweed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E. Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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29
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Bernstein RM, Hinde K. Bioactive factors in milk across lactation: Maternal effects and influence on infant growth in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:838-50. [PMID: 27029025 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among mammals, numerous bioactive factors in milk vary across mothers and influence offspring outcomes. This emerging area of research has primarily investigated such dynamics within rodent biomedical models, domesticated dairy breeds, and among humans in clinical contexts. Less understood are signaling factors in the milk of non-human primates. Here, we report on multiple bioactive components in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) milk and their associations with maternal and infant characteristics. Milk samples were collected from 59 macaques at multiple time points across lactation in conjunction with maternal and infant morphometrics and life-history animal records. Milk was assayed for adiponectin (APN), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGF-R), and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2 ). Regression models were constructed to assess the contributions of maternal factors on variation in milk bioactives, and on the relationship of this variation to infant body mass and growth. Maternal body mass, parity, social rank, and infant sex were all predictive of concentrations of milk bioactives. Primiparous mothers produced milk with higher adiponectin, but lower EGF, than multiparous mothers. Heavier mothers produced milk with lower EGF and EGF-R, but higher TGF-β2 . Mothers of daughters produced milk with higher TGF-β2 . Mid-ranking mothers produced milk with higher mean EGF and adiponectin concentrations than low-ranking mothers. Milk EGF and EGF-R were positively associated with infant body mass and growth rate. Importantly, these signaling bioactives (APN, EGF, EGF-R, and TGF-β2 ) were significantly correlated with nutritional values of milk. The effects of milk signals remained after controlling for the available energy in milk revealing the added physiological role of non-nutritive milk bioactives in the developing infant. Integrating analyses of energetic and other bioactive components of milk yields an important perspective for interpreting the magnitude, sources, and consequences of inter-individual variation in milk synthesis. Am. J. Primatol. 78:838-850, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Bernstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Health and Society Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Arizona.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Arizona.,Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, California
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30
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Dallas DC, Murray NM, Gan J. Proteolytic Systems in Milk: Perspectives on the Evolutionary Function within the Mammary Gland and the Infant. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:133-47. [PMID: 26179272 PMCID: PMC4637187 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk contains elements of numerous proteolytic systems (zymogens, active proteases, protease inhibitors and protease activators) produced in part from blood, in part by mammary epithelial cells and in part by immune cell secretion. Researchers have examined milk proteases for decades, as they can cause major defects in milk quality and cheese production. Most previous research has examined these proteases with the aim to eliminate or control their actions. However, our recent peptidomics research demonstrates that these milk proteases produce specific peptides in healthy milk and continue to function within the infant's gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that milk proteases have an evolutionary function in aiding the infant's digestion or releasing functional peptides. In other words, the mother provides the infant with not only dietary proteins but also the means to digest them. However, proteolysis in the milk is controlled by a balance of protease inhibitors and protease activators so that only a small portion of milk proteins are digested within the mammary gland. This regulation presents a question: If proteolysis is beneficial to the infant, what benefits are gained by preventing complete proteolysis through the presence of protease inhibitors? In addition to summarizing what is known about milk proteolytic systems, we explore possible evolutionary explanations for this proteolytic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Niamh M Murray
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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31
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Cieslak J, Mackowski M, Czyzak-Runowska G, Wojtowski J, Puppel K, Kuczynska B, Pawlak P. Screening for the Most Suitable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies in Equine Milk Somatic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139688. [PMID: 26437076 PMCID: PMC4593561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the well-known role of somatic cell count as a parameter reflecting the inflammatory status of the mammary gland, the composition of cells isolated from milk is considered as a valuable material for gene expression studies in mammals. Due to its unique composition, in recent years an increasing interest in mare's milk consumption has been observed. Thus, investigating the genetic background of horse's milk variability presents and interesting study model. Relying on 39 milk samples collected from mares representing three breeds (Polish Primitive Horse, Polish Cold-blooded Horse, Polish Warmblood Horse) we aimed to investigate the utility of equine milk somatic cells as a source of mRNA and to screen the best reference genes for RT-qPCR using geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The results showed that despite relatively low somatic cell counts in mare's milk, the amount and the quality of the extracted RNA are sufficient for gene expression studies. The analysis of the utility of 7 potential reference genes for RT-qPCR experiments for the normalization of equine milk somatic cells revealed some differences between the outcomes of the applied algorithms, although in both cases the KRT8 and TOP2B genes were pointed as the most stable. Analysis by geNorm showed that the combination of 4 reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, TOP2B and KRT8) is required for apropriate RT-qPCR experiments normalization, whereas NormFinder algorithm pointed the combination of KRT8 and RPS9 genes as the most suitable. The trial study of the relative transcript abundance of the beta-casein gene with the use of various types and numbers of internal control genes confirmed once again that the selection of proper reference gene combinations is crucial for the final results of each real-time PCR experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cieslak
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mackowski
- Department of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grazyna Czyzak-Runowska
- Department of Small Mammals Breeding and Raw Materials of Animal Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Wojtowski
- Department of Small Mammals Breeding and Raw Materials of Animal Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Puppel
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kuczynska
- Department of Animal Science, Cattle Breeding Division, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Gallier S, Vocking K, Post JA, Van De Heijning B, Acton D, Van Der Beek EM, Van Baalen T. A novel infant milk formula concept: Mimicking the human milk fat globule structure. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:329-39. [PMID: 26432620 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides all nutrients to support an optimal growth and development of the neonate. The composition and structure of HM lipids, the most important energy provider, have an impact on the digestion, uptake and metabolism of lipids. In HM, the lipids are present in the form of dispersed fat globules: large fat droplets enveloped by a phospholipid membrane. Currently, infant milk formula (Control IMF) contains small fat droplets primarily coated by proteins. Recently, a novel IMF concept (Concept IMF) was developed with a different lipid architecture, Nuturis(®), comprising large fat droplets with a phospholipid coating. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), with appropriate fluorescent probes, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine and compare the interfacial composition and structure of HM fat globules, Concept IMF fat droplets and Control IMF fat droplets. The presence of a trilayer-structured HM fat globule membrane, composed of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins and cholesterol, was confirmed; in addition exosome-like vesicles are observed within cytoplasmic crescents. The Control IMF fat droplets had a thick protein-only interface. The Concept IMF fat droplets showed a very thin interface composed of a mixture of phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol. Furthermore, the Concept IMF contained fragments of milk fat globule membrane, which has been suggested to have potential biological functions in infants. By mimicking more closely the structure and composition of HM fat globules, this novel IMF concept with Nuturis(®) may have metabolic and digestive properties that are more similar to HM compared to Control IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gallier
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Vocking
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Andries Post
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Van De Heijning
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Acton
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M Van Der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01B, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Ton Van Baalen
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, Utrecht 3584CT, The Netherlands
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Yudin NS, Voevoda MI. Molecular genetic markers of economically important traits in dairy cattle. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415050087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Beck KL, Weber D, Phinney BS, Smilowitz JT, Hinde K, Lönnerdal B, Korf I, Lemay DG. Comparative Proteomics of Human and Macaque Milk Reveals Species-Specific Nutrition during Postnatal Development. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2143-57. [PMID: 25757574 DOI: 10.1021/pr501243m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Milk has been well established as the optimal nutrition source for infants, yet there is still much to be understood about its molecular composition. Therefore, our objective was to develop and compare comprehensive milk proteomes for human and rhesus macaques to highlight differences in neonatal nutrition. We developed a milk proteomics technique that overcomes previous technical barriers including pervasive post-translational modifications and limited sample volume. We identified 1606 and 518 proteins in human and macaque milk, respectively. During analysis of detected protein orthologs, we identified 88 differentially abundant proteins. Of these, 93% exhibited increased abundance in human milk relative to macaque and include lactoferrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, vitamin D-binding protein, and haptocorrin. Furthermore, proteins more abundant in human milk compared with macaque are associated with development of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system, and the brain. Overall, our novel proteomics method reveals the first comprehensive macaque milk proteome and 524 newly identified human milk proteins. The differentially abundant proteins observed are consistent with the perspective that human infants, compared with nonhuman primates, are born at a slightly earlier stage of somatic development and require additional support through higher quantities of specific proteins to nurture human infant maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Hinde
- ⊥Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Yahvah KM, Brooker SL, Williams JE, Settles M, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Elevated dairy fat intake in lactating women alters milk lipid and fatty acids without detectible changes in expression of genes related to lipid uptake or synthesis. Nutr Res 2015; 35:221-8. [PMID: 25661476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that elevated maternal lipid intake (particularly from dairy products) is associated with increased lipids and altered fatty acid profile in milk produced by healthy lactating women. To investigate our primary hypothesis that a maternal diet rich in full-fat dairy products would simultaneously increase milk lipid percent and expression of genes related to the uptake and/or de novo biosynthesis of milk lipids, we provided 15 lactating women with diets enriched in full-fat or nonfat dairy products for 14 days each in a randomized, crossover study with a 2-week washout period. Milk fat (%) was lower when women consumed the low-fat compared with the full-fat dairy diet (2.41% ± 0.31% vs 3.35% ± 0.28%, respectively; P < .05); concentrations of more than 20 fatty acids also differed. However, neither conservatively evaluated microarray data nor quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis uncovered any treatment effects on expression of genes related to lipid synthesis or uptake. These data suggest that alteration in gene expression in the lactating human mammary gland is likely not the primary mechanism by which consumption of a high-fat diet affects milk fat percent in healthy, lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Yahvah
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sarah L Brooker
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Settles
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Genes regulating lipid and protein metabolism are highly expressed in mammary gland of lactating dairy goats. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:309-21. [PMID: 25433708 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dairy goats serve as an important source of milk and also fulfill agricultural and economic roles in developing countries. Understanding the genetic background of goat mammary gland is important for research on the regulatory mechanisms controlling tissue function and the synthesis of milk components. We collected tissue at four different stages of goat mammary gland development and generated approximately 25 GB of data from Illumina de novo RNA sequencing. The combined reads were assembled into 51,361 unigenes, and approximately 60.07 % of the unigenes had homology to other proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein database (NR). Functional classification through eukaryotic Ortholog Groups of Protein (KOG), gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed that the unigenes from goat mammary glands are involved in a wide range of biological processes and metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism and lactose metabolism. The results of qPCR revealed that genes encoding FABP3, FASN, SCD, PLIN2, whey proteins (LALBA and BLG), and caseins (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3) at 100 and 310 days postpartum increased significantly compared with the non-lactating period. In addition to their role in lipid and protein synthesis, the higher expression at 310 days postpartum could contribute to mammary cell turnover during pregnancy. In conclusion, this is the first study to characterize the complete transcriptome of goat mammary glands and constitutes a comprehensive genomic resource available for further studies of ruminant lactation.
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Nguyen M, Boutinaud M, Pétridou B, Gabory A, Pannetier M, Chat S, Bouet S, Jouneau L, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Klopp C, Brun N, Kress C, Jammes H, Charlier M, Devinoy E. DNA methylation and transcription in a distal region upstream from the bovine AlphaS1 casein gene after once or twice daily milking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111556. [PMID: 25369064 PMCID: PMC4219721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Once daily milking (ODM) induces a reduction in milk production when compared to twice daily milking (TDM). Unilateral ODM of one udder half and TDM of the other half, enables the study of underlying mechanisms independently of inter-individual variability (same genetic background) and of environmental factors. Our results show that in first-calf heifers three CpG, located 10 kb upstream from the CSN1S1 gene were methylated to 33, 34 and 28%, respectively, after TDM but these levels were higher after ODM, 38, 38 and 33%, respectively. These methylation levels were much lower than those observed in the mammary gland during pregnancy (57, 59 and 50%, respectively) or in the liver (74, 78 and 61%, respectively). The methylation level of a fourth CpG (CpG4), located close by (29% during TDM) was not altered after ODM. CpG4 methylation reached 39.7% and 59.5%, during pregnancy or in the liver, respectively. CpG4 is located within a weak STAT5 binding element, arranged in tandem with a second high affinity STAT5 element. STAT5 binding is only marginally modulated by CpG4 methylation, but it may be altered by the methylation levels of the three other CpG nearby. Our results therefore shed light on mechanisms that help to explain how milk production is almost, but not fully, restored when TDM is resumed (15.1±0.2 kg/day instead of 16.2±0.2 kg/day, p<0.01). The STAT5 elements are 100 bp away from a region transcribed in the antisense orientation, in the mammary gland during lactation, but not during pregnancy or in other reproductive organs (ovary or testes). We now need to clarify whether the transcription of this novel RNA is a consequence of STAT5 interacting with the CSN1S1 distal region, or whether it plays a role in the chromatin structure of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marion Boutinaud
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie Environnement et Génétique pour l′Animal et les Systèmes d′Elevage, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Barbara Pétridou
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Gabory
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maëlle Pannetier
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Bouet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- INRA, Sigenae, UR875 Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Brun
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clémence Kress
- INSERM U846 Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INRA, USC1361 AGROBIOSYSTEM, Université de Lyon 1 UMR S 846, Bron, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Madia Charlier
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eve Devinoy
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, ‘t Hart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. Why primate models matter. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:801-27. [PMID: 24723482 PMCID: PMC4145602 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their similarity to humans in physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and social complexity-yet it is these very similarities that make the use of NHPs in biomedical research a considered decision. As primate researchers, we feel an obligation and responsibility to present the facts concerning why primates are used in various areas of biomedical research. Recent decisions in the United States, including the phasing out of chimpanzees in research by the National Institutes of Health and the pending closure of the New England Primate Research Center, illustrate to us the critical importance of conveying why continued research with primates is needed. Here, we review key areas in biomedicine where primate models have been, and continue to be, essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio TX 78212
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - John P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Bert A. ‘t Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswick, The Netherlands
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta GA 30030
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lisa A. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Mary Lou Voytko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
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Tuohy VK. Retired self-proteins as vaccine targets for primary immunoprevention of adult-onset cancers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1447-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.953063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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