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O'Brien E, Tse C, Tracy I, Reddin I, Selfe J, Gibson J, Tapper W, Pengelly RJ, Gao J, Aladowicz E, Petts G, Thway K, Popov S, Kelsey A, Underwood TJ, Shipley J, Walters ZS. Pharmacological EZH2 inhibition combined with retinoic acid treatment promotes differentiation and apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:167. [PMID: 37858275 PMCID: PMC10588044 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are predominantly paediatric sarcomas thought to originate from muscle precursor cells due to impaired myogenic differentiation. Despite intensive treatment, 5-year survival for patients with advanced disease remains low (< 30%), highlighting a need for novel therapies to improve outcomes. Differentiation therapeutics are agents that induce differentiation of cancer cells from malignant to benign. The histone methyltransferase, Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) suppresses normal skeletal muscle differentiation and is highly expressed in RMS tumours. RESULTS We demonstrate combining inhibition of the epigenetic modulator EZH2 with the differentiating agent retinoic acid (RA) is more effective at reducing cell proliferation in RMS cell lines than single agents alone. In PAX3-FOXO1 positive RMS cells this is due to an RA-driven induction of the interferon pathway resulting in apoptosis. In fusion negative RMS, combination therapy led to an EZH2i-driven upregulation of myogenic signalling resulting in differentiation. In both subtypes, EZH2 is significantly associated with enrichment of trimethylated lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3) in genes that are downregulated in untreated RMS cells and upregulated with EZH2 inhibitor treatment. These results provide insight into the mechanism that drives the anti-cancer effect of the EZH2/RA single agent and combination treatment and indicate that the reduction of EZH2 activity combined with the induction of RA signalling represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy to treat both subtypes of RMS. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate the potential utility of combining EZH2 inhibitors with differentiation agents for the treatment of paediatric rhabdomyosarcomas. As EZH2 inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical trials for adult and paediatric solid tumours and retinoic acid differentiation agents are already in clinical use this presents a readily translatable potential therapeutic strategy. Moreover, as inhibition of EZH2 in the poor prognosis FPRMS subtype results in an inflammatory response, it is conceivable that this strategy may also synergise with immunotherapies for a more effective treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor O'Brien
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Carmen Tse
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Tracy
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Reddin
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jane Gibson
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - William Tapper
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Reuben J Pengelly
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinhui Gao
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ewa Aladowicz
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gemma Petts
- Department of Paediatric Pathology, University of Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Khin Thway
- Pathology Department, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sergey Popov
- Cellular Pathology Department, Cardiff and Vale UHB, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Pathology, University of Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy J Underwood
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Zoë S Walters
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Pharmacoepigenomics circuits induced by a novel retinoid-polyamine conjugate in human immortalized keratinocytes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:638-648. [PMID: 34145402 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids are widely used in diseases spanning from dermatological lesions to cancer, but exhibit severe adverse effects. A novel all-trans-Retinoic Acid (atRA)-spermine conjugate (termed RASP) has shown previously optimal in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anticancer efficacy, with undetectable teratogenic and toxic side-effects. To get insights, we treated HaCaT cells which resemble human epidermis with IC50 concentration of RASP and analyzed their miRNA expression profile. Gene ontology analysis of their predicted targets indicated dynamic networks involved in cell proliferation, signal transduction and apoptosis. Furthermore, DNA microarrays analysis verified that RASP affects the expression of the same categories of genes. A protein-protein interaction map produced using the most significant common genes, revealed hub genes of nodal functions. We conclude that RASP is a synthetic retinoid derivative with improved properties, which possess the beneficial effects of retinoids without exhibiting side-effects and with potential beneficial effects against skin diseases including skin cancer.
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3
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Zeng T, Guan Y, Li YK, Wu Q, Tang XJ, Zeng X, Ling H, Zou J. The DNA replication regulator MCM6: An emerging cancer biomarker and target. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:92-98. [PMID: 33609557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MCM6 is a significant DNA replication regulator that plays a crucial role in sustaining the cell cycle. In many cancer cells, MCM6 expression is enhanced. For example, persistently increased expression of MCM6 promotes the formation, development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up- and down-regulation studies have indicated that MCM6 regulates cell cycle, proliferation, metastasis, immune response and the maintenance of the DNA replication system. MCM6 can also regulate downstream signaling such as MEK/ERK thus promoting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, MCM6 may represent a sensitive and specific biomarker to predict adverse progression and poor outcome. Furthermore, inhibition of MCM6 may be an effective cancer treatment. The present review summarizes the latest results on the inactivating and activating functions of MCM6, underlining its function in carcinogenesis. Further studies of the carcinogenic functions of MCM6 may provide novel insight into cancer biology and shed light on new approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yang Guan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, PR China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Digestive Medical, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404000, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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4
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Ombra MN, Paliogiannis P, Stucci LS, Colombino M, Casula M, Sini MC, Manca A, Palomba G, Stanganelli I, Mandalà M, Gandini S, Lissia A, Doneddu V, Cossu A, Palmieri G. Dietary compounds and cutaneous malignant melanoma: recent advances from a biological perspective. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:33. [PMID: 31139235 PMCID: PMC6528337 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a heterogeneous disease, being the consequence of specific genetic alterations along several molecular pathways. Despite the increased knowledge about the biology and pathogenesis of melanoma, the incidence has grown markedly worldwide, making it extremely important to develop preventive measures. The beneficial role of correct nutrition and of some natural dietary compounds in preventing malignant melanoma has been widely demonstrated. This led to numerous studies investigating the role of several dietary attitudes, patterns, and supplements in the prevention of melanoma, and ongoing research investigates their impact in the clinical management and outcomes of patients diagnosed with the disease. This article is an overview of recent scientific advances regarding specific dietary compounds and their impact on melanoma development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Neve Ombra
- 1Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Paliogiannis
- 2Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigia Stefania Stucci
- 3Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Sini
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Grazia Palomba
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stanganelli
- 5Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per Studio e Cura Tumori (IRST-IRCCS), Meldola, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- 6Medical Oncology, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- 7Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Lissia
- 2Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Doneddu
- 2Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- 2Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- 4Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
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5
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Oliveira S, Coelho P, Prudêncio C, Vieira M, Soares R, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Melanoma and obesity: Should antioxidant vitamins be addressed? Life Sci 2016; 165:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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Chen X, Yang M, Hao W, Han J, Ma J, Wang C, Sun S, Zheng Q. Differentiation-inducing and anti-proliferative activities of isoliquiritigenin and all-trans-retinoic acid on B16F0 melanoma cells: Mechanisms profiling by RNA-seq. Gene 2016; 592:86-98. [PMID: 27461947 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a cancer that arises from melanocytes, specialized pigmented cells that are found predominantly in the skin. The incidence of malignant melanoma has significantly increased over the last decade. With the development of therapy, the survival rate of some kind of cancer has been improved greatly. But the treatment of melanoma remains unsatisfactory. Much of melanoma's resistance to traditional chemotherapy is believed to arise intrinsically, by virtue of potent growth and cell survival-promoting genetic alteration. Therefore, significant attention has recently been focused on differentiation therapy, as well as differentiation inducer compounds. In previous study, we found isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural product extracted from licorice, could induce B16F0 melanoma cell differentiation. Here we investigated the transcriptional response of melanoma differentiation process induced by ISL and all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). Results showed that 390 genes involves in 201 biochemical pathways were differentially expressed in ISL treatment and 304 genes in 193 pathways in RA treatment. Differential expressed genes (DGEs, fold-change (FC)≥10) with the function of anti-proliferative and differentiation inducing indicated a loss of grade malignancy characteristic. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated glutathione metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway were the top three relative pathway perturbed by ISL, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was the most important pathway in RA treatment. In the analysis of hierarchical clustering of DEGs, we discovered 72 DEGs involved in the process of drug action. We thought Cited1, Tgm2, Xaf1, Cd59a, Fbxo2, Adh7 may have critical role in the differentiation of melanoma. The evidence displayed herein confirms the critical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in melanoma pathobiology and provides evidence for future targets in the development of next-generation biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Yang
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Wenjin Hao
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Jichun Han
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China.
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7
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Amann PM, Czaja K, Bazhin AV, R�hl R, Eichm�ller SB, Merk HF, Baron JM. LRAT Overexpression Diminishes Intracellular Levels of Biologically Active Retinoids and Reduces Retinoid Antitumor Efficacy in the Murine Melanoma B16F10 Cell Line. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:205-212. [DOI: 10.1159/000368806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Nestin depletion induces melanoma matrix metalloproteinases and invasion. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1382-95. [PMID: 25365206 PMCID: PMC4419570 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key biological mediators of processes as diverse as wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer progression. Although MMPs may be induced through multiple signaling pathways, the precise mechanisms for their regulation in cancer are incompletely understood. Because cytoskeletal changes are known to accompany MMP expression, we sought to examine the potential role of the poorly understood cytoskeletal protein, nestin, in modulating melanoma MMPs. Nestin knockdown (KD) upregulated the expression of specific MMPs and MMP-dependent invasion both through extracellular matrix barriers in vitro and in peritumoral connective tissue of xenografts in vivo. The development of three-dimensional melanospheres that in vitro partially recapitulate noninvasive tumorigenic melanoma growth was inhibited by nestin KD, although ECM invasion by aberrant melanospheres that did form was enhanced. Mechanistically, nestin KD-dependent melanoma invasion was associated with intracellular redistribution of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase and increased melanoma cell responsiveness to transforming growth factor-beta, both implicated in pathways of melanoma invasion. The results suggest that the heretofore poorly understood intermediate filament, nestin, may serve as a novel mediator of MMPs critical to melanoma virulence.
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9
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Zhao H, Li Y, Wang S, Yang Y, Wang J, Ruan X, Yang Y, Cai K, Zhang B, Cui P, Yan J, Zhao Y, Wakeland EK, Li Q, Hu S, Fang X. Whole transcriptome RNA-seq analysis: tumorigenesis and metastasis of melanoma. Gene 2014; 548:234-43. [PMID: 25034661 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most malignant cutaneous cancer and causes over 9000 deaths annually. Because fatality rates from malignant melanoma (MM) increase dramatically upon metastasis, we investigated tumorigenesis and metastasis of MM in transcriptome analyses of three distinct cell lines that correspond with the stages of MM pathogenesis: the normal stage (HEMn-LP), the onset of MM (A375), and the metastasis stage (A2058). Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we detected asymmetrical expression of genes among the three cell lines, notably on chromosomes 9, 11, 12, and 14, suggesting their involvement in tumorigenesis and metastasis of MM. These genes were clustered into 41 categories based on their expression patterns, and their biological functions were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. In the top cancer-associated category, HIF1A, IL8, TERT, ONECUT1, and FOXA1 directly interacted with either transcription factors or cytokines that are known to be involved in the tumorigenesis or metastasis of other malignant tumors. The present data suggest that cytokine regulatory pathways in macrophages predominate over other pathways during the pathogenesis of MM. This study provides new targets for the downstream mechanistic studies of the tumorigenesis and metastasis of MM and demonstrates a new strategy for studies of the progression of other malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaobin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuyan Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaran Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanzhen Li
- Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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10
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Abstract
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for primary melanomas and radiation therapy is the accepted alternative for the subset of lesions not amenable to surgery. With the recent rise in melanoma incidence, especially in the elderly, there are a growing number of cases that are neither amenable to surgery nor radiation therapy. In this article, we review pharmacotherapeutic approaches to microinvasive melanoma (invasive radial growth phase melanoma) that might be considered in such circumstances. There are no approved drugs for the treatment of primary melanoma and randomized controlled trials with 5 or more years of follow-up have not been performed. The limited studies and numerous case series in the literature on pharmacologic treatment of primary melanoma have focused on topical therapies. Accordingly, we provide a review of the potential pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of microinvasive melanoma by extrapolating from the available limited literature on the use of fluorouracil, azelaic acid, retinoic acid derivatives, interferon (IFN)-α, imiquimod, and other agents for melanoma in situ, invasive melanoma, and epidermotropic melanoma metastases. Our review indicates that topical fluorouracil and tretinoin are not effective as single agents. The efficacy of azelaic acid, tazarotene, cidofovir, and intralesional IFN-α, interleukin-2, and IFN-β is undefined. Imiquimod is the most studied and promising agent; however, optimal dosage, therapeutic regimen, and survival rates are unknown. In the face of a growing demand for non-surgical treatments, formal clinical trials are needed to ascertain the role of pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of microinvasive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Quigley
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 136 Mountain View Blvd, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA.
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11
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Ochoa-Alvarez JA, Krishnan H, Shen Y, Acharya NK, Han M, McNulty DE, Hasegawa H, Hyodo T, Senga T, Geng JG, Kosciuk M, Shin SS, Goydos JS, Temiakov D, Nagele RG, Goldberg GS. Plant lectin can target receptors containing sialic acid, exemplified by podoplanin, to inhibit transformed cell growth and migration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41845. [PMID: 22844530 PMCID: PMC3402461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death of men and women worldwide. Tumor cell motility contributes to metastatic invasion that causes the vast majority of cancer deaths. Extracellular receptors modified by α2,3-sialic acids that promote this motility can serve as ideal chemotherapeutic targets. For example, the extracellular domain of the mucin receptor podoplanin (PDPN) is highly O-glycosylated with α2,3-sialic acid linked to galactose. PDPN is activated by endogenous ligands to induce tumor cell motility and metastasis. Dietary lectins that target proteins containing α2,3-sialic acid inhibit tumor cell growth. However, anti-cancer lectins that have been examined thus far target receptors that have not been identified. We report here that a lectin from the seeds of Maackia amurensis (MASL) with affinity for O-linked carbohydrate chains containing sialic acid targets PDPN to inhibit transformed cell growth and motility at nanomolar concentrations. Interestingly, the biological activity of this lectin survives gastrointestinal proteolysis and enters the cardiovascular system to inhibit melanoma cell growth, migration, and tumorigenesis. These studies demonstrate how lectins may be used to help develop dietary agents that target specific receptors to combat malignant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Alberto Ochoa-Alvarez
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
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12
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Inoue Y, Hasegawa S, Yamada T, Date Y, Mizutani H, Nakata S, Matsunaga K, Akamatsu H. Bimodal effect of retinoic acid on melanocyte differentiation identified by time-dependent analysis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:299-311. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Kapferer I, Schmidt S, Gstir R, Durstberger G, Huber LA, Vietor I. Gene-expression profiles of epithelial cells treated with EMD in vitro: analysis using complementary DNA arrays. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:118-25. [PMID: 21108644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE During surgical periodontal treatment, EMD is topically applied in order to facilitate regeneration of the periodontal ligament, acellular cementum and alveolar bone. Suppresion of epithelial down-growth is essential for successful periodontal regeneration; however, the underlying mechanisms of how EMD influences epithelial wound healing are poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of EMD on gene-expression profiling in an epithelial cell line (HSC-2) model were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gene-expression modifications, determined using a comparative genome-wide expression-profiling strategy, were independently validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, cell cycle, cell growth and in vitro wound-healing assays were conducted. RESULTS A set of 43 EMD-regulated genes was defined, which may be responsible for the reduced epithelial down-growth upon EMD application. Gene ontology analysis revealed genes that could be attributed to pathways of locomotion, developmental processes and associated processes such as regulation of cell size and cell growth. Additionally, eight regulated genes have previously been reported to take part in the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Several independent experimental assays revealed significant inhibition of cell migration, growth and cell cycle by EMD. CONCLUSION The set of EMD-regulated genes identified in this study offers the opportunity to clarify mechanisms underlying the effects of EMD on epithelial cells. Reduced epithelial repopulation of the dental root upon periodontal surgery may be the consequence of reduced migration and cell growth, as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kapferer
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental School, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Hu J, Xu J. Density based pruning for identification of differentially expressed genes from microarray data. BMC Genomics 2010; 11 Suppl 2:S3. [PMID: 21047384 PMCID: PMC2975422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-s2-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Identification of differentially expressed genes from microarray datasets is one of the most important analyses for microarray data mining. Popular algorithms such as statistical t-test rank genes based on a single statistics. The false positive rate of these methods can be improved by considering other features of differentially expressed genes. Results We proposed a pattern recognition strategy for identifying differentially expressed genes. Genes are mapped to a two dimension feature space composed of average difference of gene expression and average expression levels. A density based pruning algorithm (DB Pruning) is developed to screen out potential differentially expressed genes usually located in the sparse boundary region. Biases of popular algorithms for identifying differentially expressed genes are visually characterized. Experiments on 17 datasets from Gene Omnibus Database (GEO) with experimentally verified differentially expressed genes showed that DB pruning can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of popular identification algorithms such as t-test, rank product, and fold change. Conclusions Density based pruning of non-differentially expressed genes is an effective method for enhancing statistical testing based algorithms for identifying differentially expressed genes. It improves t-test, rank product, and fold change by 11% to 50% in the numbers of identified true differentially expressed genes. The source code of DB pruning is freely available on our website http://mleg.cse.sc.edu/degprune
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Hu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Berretta R, Moscato P. Cancer biomarker discovery: the entropic hallmark. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12262. [PMID: 20805891 PMCID: PMC2923618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a commonly accepted belief that cancer cells modify their transcriptional state during the progression of the disease. We propose that the progression of cancer cells towards malignant phenotypes can be efficiently tracked using high-throughput technologies that follow the gradual changes observed in the gene expression profiles by employing Shannon's mathematical theory of communication. Methods based on Information Theory can then quantify the divergence of cancer cells' transcriptional profiles from those of normally appearing cells of the originating tissues. The relevance of the proposed methods can be evaluated using microarray datasets available in the public domain but the method is in principle applicable to other high-throughput methods. Methodology/Principal Findings Using melanoma and prostate cancer datasets we illustrate how it is possible to employ Shannon Entropy and the Jensen-Shannon divergence to trace the transcriptional changes progression of the disease. We establish how the variations of these two measures correlate with established biomarkers of cancer progression. The Information Theory measures allow us to identify novel biomarkers for both progressive and relatively more sudden transcriptional changes leading to malignant phenotypes. At the same time, the methodology was able to validate a large number of genes and processes that seem to be implicated in the progression of melanoma and prostate cancer. Conclusions/Significance We thus present a quantitative guiding rule, a new unifying hallmark of cancer: the cancer cell's transcriptome changes lead to measurable observed transitions of Normalized Shannon Entropy values (as measured by high-througput technologies). At the same time, tumor cells increment their divergence from the normal tissue profile increasing their disorder via creation of states that we might not directly measure. This unifying hallmark allows, via the the Jensen-Shannon divergence, to identify the arrow of time of the processes from the gene expression profiles, and helps to map the phenotypical and molecular hallmarks of specific cancer subtypes. The deep mathematical basis of the approach allows us to suggest that this principle is, hopefully, of general applicability for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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