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Ali DC, Naveed M, Gordon A, Majeed F, Saeed M, Ogbuke MI, Atif M, Zubair HM, Changxing L. β-Adrenergic receptor, an essential target in cardiovascular diseases. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 25:343-354. [PMID: 31407140 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-019-09825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptors (βARs) belong to a large family of cell surface receptors known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are coupled to Gs protein (Gαs) for the activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) yielding cyclic AMP (CAMP), and this provides valuable responses, which can affect the cardiac function such as injury. The binding of an agonist to βAR enhances conformation changes that lead to the Gαs subtype of heterotrimeric G protein which is the AC stimulatory G protein for activation of CAMP in the cells. However, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been reported as having an increased rate of death and β1AR, and β2AR are a promising tool that improves the regulatory function in the cardiovascular system (CVS) via signaling. It increases the Gα level, which activates βAR kinase (βARK) that affects and enhances the progression of heart failure (HF) through the activation of cardiomyocyte βARs. We also explained that an increase in GPCR kinases (GRKs) would practically improve the HF pathogenesis and this occurs via the desensitization of βARs, which causes the loss of contractile reserve. The consistency or overstimulation of catecholamines contributes to CVD such as stroke, HF, and cardiac hypertrophy. When there is a decrease in catecholamine responsiveness, it causes aging in old people because the reduction of βAR sensitivity and density in the myocardium enhances downregulation of βARs to AC in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chikere Ali
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Life Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Gordon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatima Majeed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 6300, Punjab Province, Pakistan
| | - Michael I Ogbuke
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab Province, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China.
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Okawa T, Aramaki Y, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi T, Fukumoto S, Toyoda Y, Henta T, Hata A, Ikeda S, Kaneko M, Hoffman ID, Sang BC, Zou H, Kawamoto T. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Highly Selective and Potent G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitor for the Potential Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6942-6990. [PMID: 28699740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of therapeutic drug candidates for heart failure, highly potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors, exhibit potentiation of β-adrenergic signaling in vitro studies. Hydrazone derivative 5 and 1,2,4-triazole derivative 24a were identified as hit compounds by HTS. New scaffold generation and SAR studies of all parts resulted in a 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole derivative with an N-benzylcarboxamide moiety with highly potent activity toward GRK2 and selectivity over other kinases. In terms of subtype selectivity, these compounds showed enough selectivity against GRK1, 5, 6, and 7 with almost equipotent inhibition to GRK3. Our medicinal chemistry efforts led to the discovery of 115h (GRK2 IC50 = 18 nM), which was obtained the cocrystal structure with human GRK2 and an inhibitor of GRK2 that potentiates β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-mediated cAMP accumulation and prevents internalization of βARs in β2AR-expressing HEK293 cells treated with isoproterenol. Therefore, 115h appears to be a novel class of therapeutic for heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okawa
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aramaki
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamamoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshitake Kobayashi
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukumoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Toyoda
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Henta
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Hata
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shota Ikeda
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Manami Kaneko
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Isaac D Hoffman
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bi-Ching Sang
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hua Zou
- Takeda California , 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Shonan Research Center, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Effects of the β-agonist, isoprenaline, on the down-regulation, functional responsiveness and trafficking of β2-adrenergic receptors with N-terminal polymorphisms. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:1171-83. [PMID: 22938397 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The β2-AR (β2-adrenergic receptor) is an important target for respiratory and CVD (cardiovascular disease) medications. Clinical studies suggest that N-terminal polymorphisms of β2-AR may act as disease modifiers. We hypothesized that polymorphisms at amino acids 16 and 27 result in differential trafficking and down-regulation of β2-AR variants following β-agonist exposure. The functional consequences of the four possible combinations of these polymorphisms in the human β2-AR (designated β2-AR-RE, β2-AR-GE, β2-AR-RQ and β2-AR-GQ) were studied using site-directed mutagenesis and recombinant expression in HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells). Ligand-binding assays demonstrated that after 24 h exposure to 1 μM isoprenaline, isoforms with Arg16 (β2-AR-RE and β2-AR-RQ) underwent increased down-regulation compared with isoforms with Gly16 (β2-AR-GE and β2-AR-GQ). Consistent with these differences in down-regulation between isoforms, prolonged isoprenaline treatment resulted in diminished cAMP response to subsequent isoprenaline challenge in β2-AR-RE relative to β2-AR-GE. Confocal microscopy revealed that the receptor isoforms had similar co-localization with the early endosomal marker EEA1 following isoprenaline treatment, suggesting that they had similar patterns of internalization. None of the isoforms exhibited significant co-localization with the recycling endosome marker Rab11 in response to isoprenaline treatment. Furthermore, we found that prolonged isoprenaline treatment led to a higher degree of co-localization of β2-AR-RE with the lysosomal marker LAMP1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1) compared with that of β2-AR-GE. Taken together, these results indicate that a mechanism responsible for differential responses of these receptor isoforms to the β-agonist involves differences in the efficiency with which agonist-activated receptors are trafficked to the lysosomes for degradation, or differences in degradation in the lysosomes.
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Bilsborough J, Viney JL. From model to mechanism: lessons of mice and men in the discovery of protein biologicals for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 1:69-83. [PMID: 23506033 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Successful therapeutics for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) must be able to reverse effectively the complex processes involved in the manifestation of inflammatory pathology in intact tissues. Although studies of human tissue samples are important to confirm the biological rationale for developing a particular therapeutic, in vivo rodent models of IBD provide a biological 'flask' in which therapeutics can be tested in a more representative setting. Moreover, gene targeting and transgenic technologies in rodents have exponentially increased the repertoire of available IBD models and provided insight into possible contributions that certain genes may have in the pathogenesis of disease. These models have been key in generating the current arsenal of biological therapeutics that are available, or are presently under investigation, for the treatment of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bilsborough
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., Department of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Koryakina YA, Fowler TW, Jones SM, Schnackenberg BJ, Cornett LE, Kurten RC. Characterization of a panel of six beta2-adrenergic receptor antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Respir Res 2008; 9:32. [PMID: 18423037 PMCID: PMC2383888 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is a primary target for medications used to treat asthma. Due to the low abundance of beta2AR, very few studies have reported its localization in tissues. However, the intracellular location of beta2AR in lung tissue, especially in airway smooth muscle cells, is very likely to have a significant impact on how the airways respond to beta-agonist medications. Thus, a method for visualizing beta2AR in tissues would be of utility. The purpose of this study was to develop an immunofluorescent labeling technique for localizing native and recombinant beta2AR in primary cell cultures. METHODS A panel of six different antibodies were evaluated in indirect immunofluorescence assays for their ability to recognize human and rat beta2AR expressed in HEK 293 cells. Antibodies capable of recognizing rat beta2AR were identified and used to localize native beta2AR in primary cultures of rat airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells. beta2AR expression was confirmed by performing ligand binding assays using the beta-adrenergic antagonist [3H] dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). RESULTS Among the six antibodies tested, we identified three of interest. An antibody developed against the C-terminal 15 amino acids of the human beta2AR (Ab-Bethyl) specifically recognized human but not rat beta2AR. An antibody developed against the C-terminal domain of the mouse beta2AR (Ab-sc570) specifically recognized rat but not human beta2AR. An antibody developed against 78 amino acids of the C-terminus of the human beta2AR (Ab-13989) was capable of recognizing both rat and human beta2ARs. In HEK 293 cells, the receptors were predominantly localized to the cell surface. By contrast, about half of the native rat beta2AR that we visualized in primary cultures of rat airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells using Ab-sc570 and Ab-13989 was found inside cells rather than on their surface. CONCLUSION Antibodies have been identified that recognize human beta2AR, rat beta2AR or both rat and human beta2AR. Interestingly, the pattern of expression in transfected cells expressing millions of receptors was dramatically different from that in primary cell cultures expressing only a few thousand native receptors. We anticipate that these antibodies will provide a valuable tool for evaluating the expression and trafficking of beta2AR in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Koryakina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Navratil M, Whiting CE, Arriaga EA. Microfluidic Devices for the Analysis of Single Cells: Leaving No Protein Uncounted. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:pe29. [PMID: 17536099 DOI: 10.1126/stke.3882007pe29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are revolutionizing bioanalysis, and designs capable of detecting single protein molecules are now available. Two recently described microfluidic devices provide information on the number of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors in individual cultured insect cells and measure the degradation of phycobilisomes in individual cyanobacteria, respectively. This latter experiment, which included the analysis of three single cells in parallel, heralds a bright future for high-throughput single-cell analyzers. These devices could greatly advance research in signal transduction and studies of the effects of environmental stimuli or xenobiotics on cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Navratil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Schnackenberg BJ, Jones SM, Pate C, Shank B, Sessions L, Pittman LM, Cornett LE, Kurten RC. The beta-agonist isoproterenol attenuates EGF-stimulated wound closure in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L485-91. [PMID: 16227322 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00233.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction. An additional hallmark of chronic asthma is altered wound healing that leads to airway remodeling. Although beta-agonists are effective in treating the bronchospasm associated with asthma, their effects on airway wound healing, which are related to airway remodeling, are unknown. It has been demonstrated that beta-agonists can alter the signaling of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, which are important in timely wound healing. Therefore, we hypothesized that the beta-agonist isoproterenol would affect wound healing. Using an in vitro scrape wound assay, we demonstrated that isoproterenol attenuates EGF-stimulated wound healing in 16HBE airway epithelial cell cultures. Through experiments with forskolin and cells overexpressing beta2-adrenergic receptor-yellow fluorescent protein, we show that attenuation is due to the accumulation of cAMP and the involvement of at least one additional pathway. Furthermore, attenuation is not due to a direct effect on the EGF receptor or to an alteration of the ERK/MAPK signaling cascade. Based on these results, we propose that isoproterenol may exert its effects through other MAPK signaling pathways (JNK and/or p38) or through parallel mechanisms. These results also demonstrate a problem of potential therapeutic relevance in which a commonly prescribed medication may alter wound healing and contribute to the remodeling of asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Schnackenberg
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, 1120 Marshall St., Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Tang SC, Sambanis A, Sibley E. Proteasome modulating agents induce rAAV2-mediated transgene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:1392-400. [PMID: 15883029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal gene transfer offers promise as a therapeutic option for treatment of both intestinal and non-intestinal diseases. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2, rAAV2, based vectors have been utilized to transduce lung epithelial cells in culture and in human subjects. rAAV2 transduction of intestinal epithelial cells, however, is limited both in culture and in vivo. Proteasome-inhibiting agents have recently been shown to enhance rAAV2-mediated transgene expression in airway epithelial cells. We hypothesized that similar inhibition of proteasome-related cellular processes can function to induce rAAV2 transduction of intestinal epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate that combined treatment with proteasome-modulating agents MG101 (N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucine) and Doxorubicin synergistically induces rAAV2-mediated luciferase transgene expression by >400-fold in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. In differentiated Caco-2 monolayers, treatment with MG101 and Doxorubicin induces transduction preferentially from the basolateral cell surface. In addition to Caco-2 cells, treatment with MG101 and Doxorubicin also results in enhanced rAAV2 transduction of HT-29, T84, and HCT-116 human intestinal epithelial cell lines. We conclude that MG101 and Doxorubicin mediate generic effects on intestinal epithelial cells that result in enhanced rAAV2 transduction. Use of proteasome-modulating agents to enhance viral transduction may facilitate the development of more efficient intestinal gene transfer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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