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Kitaura S, Okamoto K, Wakabayashi Y, Okada Y, Okazaki A, Ikeda M, Okugawa S, Fujimoto F, Bujo C, Minatsuki S, Tsushima K, Chikamatsu K, Mitarai S, Moriya K. A cold-blooded tiptoer: non-resolving cellulitis in an immunocompromised patient. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac074. [PMID: 35308485 PMCID: PMC8926000 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) with a predilection for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) in the immunocompromised host. We report a case of disseminated M haemophilum infection initially presenting as a nonresolving subacute cellulitis of bilateral lower extremities. Genetic sequencing was used for final identification, while a commercially available polymerase chain reaction test returned a false-positive result for Mycobacterium intracellulare. Consequently, we highlight the importance of M haemophilum as a major differential diagnosis of SSTI in the immunocompromised host and the need for careful interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitaura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko Okazaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Okugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Fujimoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Bujo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Minatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Chikamatsu
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Deb D, Basak S, Kar T, Narsaria U, Castiglione F, Paul A, Pandey A, Srivastava AP. Immunoinformatics based designing a multi-epitope vaccine against pathogenic Chandipura vesiculovirus. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:322-346. [PMID: 34729821 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen responsible for causing acute encephalitis. Due to its widespread occurrence in Asian and African countries, this has become a global threat, and there is an urgent need to design an effective and nonallergenic vaccine against this pathogen. The present study aimed to develop a multi-epitope vaccine using an immunoinformatics approach. The conventional method of vaccine design involves large proteins or whole organism which leads to unnecessary antigenic load with increased chances of allergenic reactions. In addition, the process is also very time-consuming and labor-intensive. These limitations can be overcome by peptide-based vaccines comprising short immunogenic peptide fragments that can elicit highly targeted immune responses, avoiding the chances of allergenic reactions, in a relatively shorter time span. The multi-epitope vaccine constructed using CTL, HTL, and IFN-γ epitopes was able to elicit specific immune responses when exposed to the pathogen, in silico. Not only that, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies confirmed a stable interaction of the vaccine with the immune receptors. Several physicochemical analyses of the designed vaccine candidate confirmed it to be highly immunogenic and nonallergic. The computer-aided analysis performed in this study suggests that the designed multi-epitope vaccine can elicit specific immune responses and can be a potential candidate against CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashrito Deb
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srijita Basak
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tamalika Kar
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Utkarsh Narsaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Filippo Castiglione
- Institute for Applied Computing, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini, Rome, Italy
| | - Abhirup Paul
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Plant Metabolic Engineering, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag P Srivastava
- Department of Life Sciences, Garden City University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Gupta P, Tripathy AS. Alternative pathway of complement activation has a beneficial role against Chandipura virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:109-124. [PMID: 31781935 PMCID: PMC7223837 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a critical component of both innate and adaptive immune responses. It has both protective and pathogenic roles in viral infections. There are no studies regarding the role of complement system in Chandipura virus (CHPV) infection. The current study has investigated the role of complement pathways in the in vitro neutralization of CHPV in Vero E6 cells. Using normal human serum (NHS), heat-inactivated serum (HIS), human serum deficient of complement factor, respective reconstituted serum, assays like in vitro neutralization, real-time PCR, and flow cytometry-based tissue culture-based limited dose assay (TC-LDA) were carried out for assessing the activation of different complement pathways. NHS from 9/10 donors showed complement dependent neutralization, reduction in viral load and decrease in percentage of CHPV-positive cells compared to their HIS counterparts. EGTA or EDTA pretreatment experiments indicated that CHPV neutralization proceeds through the alternative pathway of the complement activation. Our data showed a strong dependence on C3 for the in vitro neutralization of CHPV. Disparity in CHPV neutralization levels between factor B-deficient and reconstituted sera could be attributed to amplification loop/“tick-over” mechanism. Assays using C3, C5, and C8 deficient sera indicated that complement-mediated CHPV neutralization and suppression of CHPV infectivity are primarily through C3 and C5, and not dependent on downstream complement factor C8. With no specific anti-viral treatment/vaccine against Chandipura, the current data, elucidating role of human complement system in the neutralization of CHPV, may help in designing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021 India
| | - Anuradha S. Tripathy
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411021 India
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Agrawal M, Rastogi M, Dogra S, Pandey N, Basu A, Singh SK. Chandipura virus changes cellular miRNome in human microglial cells. J Med Virol 2019; 94:480-490. [PMID: 31017674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. The microRNAs (miRNA/miR) play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The present study is focused on the role of miRNAs during CHPV (strain 1653514) infection in human microglial cells. The deep sequencing of CHPV-infected human microglial cells identified a total of 12 differentially expressed miRNA (DEMs). To elucidate the role of DEMs, the target gene prediction, Gene Ontology term (GO Term), pathway enrichment analysis, and miRNA-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction network analysis was performed. The GO terms and pathway enrichment analysis provided 146 enriched genes; which were involved in interferon response, cytokine and chemokine signaling. Further, the WGCNA (weighted gene coexpression network analysis) of the enriched genes were discretely categorized into three modules (blue, brown, and turquoise). The hub genes in the blue module may correlate to CHPV induced neuroinflammation. Altogether, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network and WGCNA study revealed the following pairs, hsa-miR-542-3p and FAF1, hsa-miR-92a-1-5p and MYD88, and hsa-miR-3187-3p and TNFRSF21, which may contribute to neuroinflammation during CHPV infection in human microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Agrawal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Smriti Dogra
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Sapkal GN, Sawant PM, Mourya DT. Chandipura Viral Encephalitis: A Brief Review. Open Virol J 2018; 12:44-51. [PMID: 30288194 PMCID: PMC6142667 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, the Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as an encephalitic pathogen and found associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. CHPV is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the Indian subcontinent. Severe outbreaks caused by the virus have been reported from several parts of India. Expalanation: In the recent past, the noticeable association of CHPV with pediatric sporadic encephalitis cases as well as a number of outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh (2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008), Gujarat in (2005, 2009-12) and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra (2007, 2009-12) have been documented. Prevalence and seasonal activity of the virus in these regions are established by NIV through outbreak investigations, sero-survey and diagnosis of the referred clinical specimens. Recently CHPV has been isolated from pools of sand flies collected during outbreak investigations in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. Since its discovery from India and above-mentioned activity of CHPV, it was suspected to be restricted only to India. Conclusion: However, CHPV has also been isolated from human cases during 1971-72 in Nigeria, and hedgehogs (Atelerix spiculus) during entomological surveillance in Senegal, Africa (1990-96) and recently referred samples from Bhutan and Nepal and from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) at Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka during 1993 suggest its circulation in many tropical countries. Based on the limited study on vector related report, it appears that sandflies may be the principle vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan N Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Pradeep M Sawant
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, India
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Monocytes and B cells support active replication of Chandipura virus. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:487. [PMID: 27628855 PMCID: PMC5024506 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction between immune system and Chandipura virus (CHPV) during different stages of its life cycle remain poorly understood. The exact route of virus entry into the blood and CNS invasion has not been clearly defined. The present study was undertaken to assess the population in PBMC that supports the growth of virus and to detect active virus replication in PBMC as well as its subsets. METHODS PBMC subsets viz.: CD3(+), CD14(+), CD19(+), CD56(+)cells were separated and infected with CHPV. The infected cells were then assessed for transcription (N gene primer) and replication (NP gene primer) of CHPV by PCR. The supernatant collected from infected cells were titrated in Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells to assess virus release. The cytokine and chemokine expression was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Amplification of N and NP gene was detected in CD14(+) (monocyte) and CD19(+) (B cell), significant increase in virus titre was also observed in these subsets. It was observed that, although the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were elevated in CD14(+) cells as compared to CD19(+)cells, the differences were not significant. However the levels of TNFα and IL-8 were significantly elevated in CD14(+) cells than in CD19(+)cells. The levels of chemokine (CXCL9, CCL5, CCL2, CXCL10) were significantly elevated in CHPV infected PBMC as compared to uninfected cells. CCL2 and CXCL9 were significantly increased in CHPV infected CD14(+)cells as compared to CD19(+) cells. CONCLUSION CD14(+)and CD19(+)cells support active replication of CHPV. High viral load was detected in CD14(+) cells infected with CHPV hence it might be the primary target cells for active replication of CHPV. An elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines observed in CD14(+) cells may help in predicting the pathogenecity of CHPV and possible entry into the central nervous system.
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Rajasekharan S, Rana J, Gulati S, Gupta V, Gupta S. Neuroinvasion by Chandipura virus. Acta Trop 2014; 135:122-6. [PMID: 24713200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an arthropod borne rhabdovirus associated with acute encephalitis in children below the age of 15 years in the tropical states of India. Although the entry of the virus into the nervous system is among the crucial events in the pathogenesis of CHPV, the exact mechanism allowing CHPV to invade the central nervous system (CNS) is currently poorly understood. In the present review, based on the knowledge of host interactors previously predicted for CHPV, along with the support from experimental data available for other encephalitic viruses, the authors have speculated the various plausible modes by which CHPV could surpass the blood-brain barrier and invade the CNS to cause encephalitis whilst evading the host immune surveillance. Collectively, this review provides a conservative set of potential interactions that can be employed for future experimental validation with a view to better understand the neuropathogenesis of CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Rajasekharan
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Sahil Gulati
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India.
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Naskar D, Maiti G, Chakraborty A, Roy A, Chattopadhyay D, Sen M. Wnt5a-Rac1-NF-κB homeostatic circuitry sustains innate immune functions in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4386-97. [PMID: 24706725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity. Differentiation Ags present on macrophages such as CD14 orchestrate the first line of defense against infection. The basal/homeostatic signaling scheme that keeps macrophages thus groomed for innate immune functions remains unresolved. Wnt5a-Fz5 signaling being a primordial event during cell differentiation, we examined the involvement of Wnt5a-Fz5 signaling in the maintenance of innate immune functions. In this study, we demonstrate that innate immune functions of macrophages ensue at least partly through a homeostatic Wnt5a-Fz5-NF-κB (p65) circuit, which is Rac1 dependent. The autocrine/paracrine Wnt5a-Fz5-Rac1-p65 signaling cascade not only maintains basal levels of the immune defense modulating IFNs and CD14; it also supports macrophage survival. Wnt5a-Fz5-Rac1 signaling mediated p65 homeostasis in turn sustains Wnt5a expression in a feed-forward mode. The natural immune response of macrophages to Escherichia coli/LPS and virus is accordingly sustained. The depiction of sustenance of innate immune functions as an outcome of a homeostatic Wnt5a-p65 axis unfolds previously unidentified details of immune regulation and provides new insight into homeostatic cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdut Naskar
- Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India
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