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Hodan R, Kingham K, Kurian AW. Recurrent BRCA2 exon 3 deletion in Assyrian families. J Med Genet 2024; 61:155-157. [PMID: 37657917 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We identified six patients from five families with a recurrent mutation: NM_000059.3 (BRCA2) exon 3 deletion. All families self-identified as Assyrian. Assyrians are an ethnoreligious population of ancient Mesopotamia, now mostly living in modern day Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. They are historically a socially isolated population with intermarriage within their community, living as a religious and language minority in mostly Muslim countries. The probands of each family presented with a classic BRCA2-associated cancer including early-onset breast cancer, epithelial serous ovarian cancer, male breast cancer and/or high-grade prostate cancer, and family history that was also significant for BRCA2-associated cancer. BRCA2 exon 3 deletion is classified as pathogenic and has been previously described in the literature, but it has not been described as a founder mutation in a particular population. We characterise this recurrent BRCA2 pathogenic variant in five Assyrian families in a single centre cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hodan
- Cancer Genetics, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kerry Kingham
- Cancer Genetics, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Sahu S, Sullivan TL, Mitrophanov AY, Galloux M, Nousome D, Southon E, Caylor D, Mishra AP, Evans CN, Clapp ME, Burkett S, Malys T, Chari R, Biswas K, Sharan SK. Saturation genome editing of 11 codons and exon 13 of BRCA2 coupled with chemotherapeutic drug response accurately determines pathogenicity of variants. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010940. [PMID: 37713444 PMCID: PMC10529611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The unknown pathogenicity of a significant number of variants found in cancer-related genes is attributed to limited epidemiological data, resulting in their classification as variant of uncertain significance (VUS). To date, Breast Cancer gene-2 (BRCA2) has the highest number of VUSs, which has necessitated the development of several robust functional assays to determine their functional significance. Here we report the use of a humanized-mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line expressing a single copy of the human BRCA2 for a CRISPR-Cas9-based high-throughput functional assay. As a proof-of-principle, we have saturated 11 codons encoded by BRCA2 exons 3, 18, 19 and all possible single-nucleotide variants in exon 13 and multiplexed these variants for their functional categorization. Specifically, we used a pool of 180-mer single-stranded donor DNA to generate all possible combination of variants. Using a high throughput sequencing-based approach, we show a significant drop in the frequency of non-functional variants, whereas functional variants are enriched in the pool of the cells. We further demonstrate the response of these variants to the DNA-damaging agents, cisplatin and olaparib, allowing us to use cellular survival and drug response as parameters for variant classification. Using this approach, we have categorized 599 BRCA2 variants including 93-single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the 11 codons, of which 28 are reported in ClinVar. We also functionally categorized 252 SNVs from exon 13 into 188 functional and 60 non-functional variants, demonstrating that saturation genome editing (SGE) coupled with drug sensitivity assays can enhance functional annotation of BRCA2 VUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sahu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa L. Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Y. Mitrophanov
- Statistical Consulting and Scientific Programming, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Darryl Nousome
- CCR Bioinformatics Resource, Leidos Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dylan Caylor
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arun Prakash Mishra
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine N. Evans
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. Clapp
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tyler Malys
- Statistical Consulting and Scientific Programming, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kajal Biswas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyam K. Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Jasiak A, Koczkowska M, Stukan M, Wydra D, Biernat W, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Buczkowski K, Eccles MR, Walker L, Wasag B, Ratajska M. Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 alternative splicing in predisposition to ovarian cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2023; 130:104856. [PMID: 36791903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mRNA splicing is regulated on multiple levels, resulting in the proper distribution of genes' transcripts in each cell and maintaining cell homeostasis. At the same time, the expression of alternative transcripts can change in response to underlying genetic variants, often missed during routine diagnostics. AIM The main aim of this study was to define the frequency of aberrant splicing in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in blood RNA extracted from ovarian cancer patients who were previously found negative for the presence of pathogenic alterations in the 25 most commonly analysed ovarian cancer genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Frequency and spectrum of splicing alterations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were analysed in blood RNA from 101 ovarian cancer patients and healthy controls (80 healthy women) using PCR followed by gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. The expression of splicing events was examined using RT-qPCR. RESULTS We did not identify any novel, potentially pathogenic splicing alterations. Nevertheless, we detected six naturally occurring transcripts, named BRCA1ΔE9-10, BRCA1ΔE11, BRCA1ΔE11q, and BRCA2ΔE3, BRCA2ΔE12 and BRCA2ΔE17-18 of which three (BRCA1ΔE11q, BRCA1ΔE11 and BRCA2ΔE3) were significantly higher expressed in the ovarian cancer cohort than in healthy controls (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This observation indicates that the upregulation of selected naturally occurring transcripts can be stimulated by non-genetic mechanisms and be a potential systemic response to disease progression and/or treatment. However, this hypothesis requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jasiak
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Koczkowska
- 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Stukan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gdynia Oncology Center, Pomeranian Hospitals, Gdynia, Poland; Department Oncological Propedeutics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wydra
- Department of Gynaecology, Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Buczkowski
- Department of Pathology & Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Logan Walker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bartosz Wasag
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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4
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Caputo SM, Golmard L, Léone M, Damiola F, Guillaud-Bataille M, Revillion F, Rouleau E, Derive N, Buisson A, Basset N, Schwartz M, Vilquin P, Garrec C, Privat M, Gay-Bellile M, Abadie C, Abidallah K, Airaud F, Allary AS, Barouk-Simonet E, Belotti M, Benigni C, Benusiglio PR, Berthemin C, Berthet P, Bertrand O, Bézieau S, Bidart M, Bignon YJ, Birot AM, Blanluet M, Bloucard A, Bombled J, Bonadona V, Bonnet F, Bonnet-Dupeyron MN, Boulaire M, Boulouard F, Bouras A, Bourdon V, Brahimi A, Brayotel F, Bressac de Paillerets B, Bronnec N, Bubien V, Buecher B, Cabaret O, Carriere J, Chiesa J, Chieze-Valéro S, Cohen C, Cohen-Haguenauer O, Colas C, Collonge-Rame MA, Conoy AL, Coulet F, Coupier I, Crivelli L, Cusin V, De Pauw A, Dehainault C, Delhomelle H, Delnatte C, Demontety S, Denizeau P, Devulder P, Dreyfus H, d’Enghein CD, Dupré A, Durlach A, Dussart S, Fajac A, Fekairi S, Fert-Ferrer S, Fiévet A, Fouillet R, Mouret-Fourme E, Gauthier-Villars M, Gesta P, Giraud S, Gladieff L, Goldbarg V, Goussot V, Guibert V, Guillerm E, Guy C, Hardouin A, Heude C, Houdayer C, Ingster O, Jacquot-Sawka C, Jones N, Krieger S, Lacoste S, Lallaoui H, Larbre H, Laugé A, Le Guyadec G, Le Mentec M, Lecerf C, Le Gall J, Legendre B, Legrand C, Legros A, Lejeune S, Lidereau R, Lignon N, Limacher JM, Doriane Livon, Lizard S, Longy M, Lortholary A, Macquere P, Mailliez A, Malsa S, Margot H, Mari V, Maugard C, Meira C, Menjard J, Molière D, Moncoutier V, Moretta-Serra J, Muller E, Nevière Z, Nguyen Minh Tuan TV, Noguchi T, Noguès C, Oca F, Popovici C, Prieur F, Raad S, Rey JM, Ricou A, Salle L, Saule C, Sevenet N, Simaga F, Sobol H, Suybeng V, Tennevet I, Tenreiro H, Tinat J, Toulas C, Turbiez I, Uhrhammer N, Vande Perre P, Vaur D, Venat L, Viellard N, Villy MC, Warcoin M, Yvard A, Zattara H, Caron O, Lasset C, Remenieras A, Boutry-Kryza N, Castéra L, Stoppa-Lyonnet D. Classification of 101 BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance by cosegregation study: A powerful approach. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1907-1923. [PMID: 34597585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 80% of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic variants remain of uncertain clinical significance (VUSs). Only variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic can guide breast and ovarian cancer prevention measures and treatment by PARP inhibitors. We report the first results of the ongoing French national COVAR (cosegregation variant) study, the aim of which is to classify BRCA1/2 VUSs. The classification method was a multifactorial model combining different associations between VUSs and cancer, including cosegregation data. At this time, among the 653 variants selected, 101 (15%) distinct variants shared by 1,624 families were classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic or benign/likely benign by the COVAR study. Sixty-six of the 101 (65%) variants classified by COVAR would have remained VUSs without cosegregation data. Of note, among the 34 variants classified as pathogenic by COVAR, 16 remained VUSs or likely pathogenic when following the ACMG/AMP variant classification guidelines. Although the initiation and organization of cosegregation analyses require a considerable effort, the growing number of available genetic tests results in an increasing number of families sharing a particular variant, and thereby increases the power of such analyses. Here we demonstrate that variant cosegregation analyses are a powerful tool for the classification of variants in the BRCA1/2 breast-ovarian cancer predisposition genes.
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5
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Julien M, Ghouil R, Petitalot A, Caputo SM, Carreira A, Zinn-Justin S. Intrinsic Disorder and Phosphorylation in BRCA2 Facilitate Tight Regulation of Multiple Conserved Binding Events. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1060. [PMID: 34356684 PMCID: PMC8301801 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity in the cell is an essential process for the accurate transmission of the genetic material. BRCA2 participates in this process at several levels, including DNA repair by homologous recombination, protection of stalled replication forks, and cell division. These activities are regulated and coordinated via cell-cycle dependent modifications. Pathogenic variants in BRCA2 cause genome instability and are associated with breast and/or ovarian cancers. BRCA2 is a very large protein of 3418 amino acids. Most well-characterized variants causing a strong predisposition to cancer are mutated in the C-terminal 700 residues DNA binding domain of BRCA2. The rest of the BRCA2 protein is predicted to be disordered. Interactions involving intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) remain difficult to identify both using bioinformatics tools and performing experimental assays. However, the lack of well-structured binding sites provides unique functional opportunities for BRCA2 to bind to a large set of partners in a tightly regulated manner. We here summarize the predictive and experimental arguments that support the presence of disorder in BRCA2. We describe how BRCA2 IDRs mediate self-assembly and binding to partners during DNA double-strand break repair, mitosis, and meiosis. We highlight how phosphorylation by DNA repair and cell-cycle kinases regulate these interactions. We finally discuss the impact of cancer-associated variants on the function of BRCA2 IDRs and more generally on genome stability and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Julien
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Rania Ghouil
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Ambre Petitalot
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Unité Intégrité du Génome, ARN et Cancer, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
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6
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Sahin I, Saat H. A novel BRCA1 duplication and new insights on the spectrum and frequency of germline large genomic rearrangements in BRCA1/BRCA2. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5057-5062. [PMID: 34146199 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heritable breast cancers account for 5% to 10% of all breast cancers, and monogenic, highly penetrant genes cause them. Around 90% of pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are observed using gene sequencing, with another 10% identified through gene duplication/deletion analysis, which differs across various communities. In this study, we performed a next-generation sequencing panel and MLPA on 1484 patients to explain the importance of recurrent germline duplications/deletions of BRCA1-2 and their clinical results and determine how often BRCA gene LGRs were seen in people suspected of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. The large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) frequency was approximately 1% (14/1484). All 14 mutations were heterozygous and detected in patients with breast cancer. BRCA1 mutations were more predominant (n = 8, 57.1%) than BRCA2 mutations (6, 42.9%). The most common recurrent mutations were BRCA2 exon three and BRCA1 exon 24 (23) deletions. To the best of our knowledge, BRCA1 5'UTR-exon11 duplication has never been reported before. Testing with MLPA is essential to identify patients at high risk. Our data demonstrate that BRCA1-2 LGRs should be considered when ordering genetic testing for individuals with a personal or family history of cancer, particularly breast cancer. Further research could shed light on BRCA1-2 LGRs' unique carcinogenesis roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hanife Saat
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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BRCA1 and BRCA2 whole cDNA analysis in unsolved hereditary breast/ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:10-17. [PMID: 34237702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (BRCA1/2) explain an important fraction of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) cases. Genetic testing generally involves examining coding regions and exon/intron boundaries, thus the frequency of deleterious variants in non-coding regions is unknown. Here we analysed BRCA1/2 whole cDNA in a large cohort of 320 unsolved high-risk HBOC cases in order to identify potential splicing alterations explained by variants in BRCA1/2 deep intronic regions. Whole RNA splicing profiles were analysed by RT-PCR using Sanger sequencing or high-resolution electrophoresis in a QIAxcel instrument. Known predominant BRCA1/2 alternative splicing events were detected, together with two novel events BRCA1 ▼21 and BRCA2 Δ18q_27p. BRCA2 exon 3 skipping was detected in one patient (male) affected with breast cancer, caused by a known Portuguese founder mutation (c.156_157insAluYa5). An altered BRCA2 splicing pattern was detected in three patients, consisting in the up-regulation of ▼20A, Δ22 and ▼20A+Δ22 transcripts. In silico analysis and semi-quantitative data identified the polymorphism BRCA2 c.8755-66T>C as a potential modifier of Δ22 levels. Our findings suggest that mRNA alterations in BRCA1/2 caused by deep intronic variants are rare in Spanish population. However, RNA analysis complements DNA-based strategies allowing the identification of alterations that could go undetected by conventional testing.
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8
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The BRCA1 c.788G > T (NM_007294.4) variant in a high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patient: foods for thought. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2985-2992. [PMID: 33656647 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this report we described the case of a BRCA1/2 (BRCA) molecular testing performed on tumor sample in a High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (HGSOC) patient with two different Next Generation Tumor Sequencing (NGTS) pipelines. The two clinical reports leaded to apparently different BRCA status, providing important foods for thought. After NGTS, the gene sequencing information (i.e., reads) are aligned to the reference gene sequences obtained from public databases, in order to provide an uniform nomenclature for unambiguous variant designation. However, the criteria adopted for variant reporting in tissue test are not always univocal. Particularly, this is the case of rare and unclassified BRCA variants for which the molecular evaluation may be a relevant challenge. Here we described a BRCA1 unclassified variant that may be re-evaluated in the context of alternative BRCA1 transcripts due to its different biological effect. We underlined that an in-depth knowledge of BRCA testing is mandatory for its appropriate use.
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9
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Improving Genetic Testing in Hereditary Cancer by RNA Analysis: Tools to Prioritize Splicing Studies and Challenges in Applying American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Guidelines. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:1453-1468. [PMID: 33011440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA analyses are a potent tool to identify spliceogenic effects of DNA variants, although they are time-consuming and cannot always be performed. We present splicing assays of 20 variants that represent a variety of mutation types in 10 hereditary cancer genes and attempt to incorporate these results into American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification guidelines. Sixteen single-nucleotide variants, 3 exon duplications, and 1 single-exon deletion were selected and prioritized by in silico algorithms. RNA was extracted from short-term lymphocyte cultures to perform RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing, and allele-specific expression was assessed whenever possible. Aberrant transcripts were detected in 14 variants (70%). Variant interpretation was difficult, especially comparing old classification standards to generic ACMG guidelines and a proposal was devised to weigh functional analyses at RNA level. According to the ACMG guidelines, only 12 variants were reclassified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic because the other two variants did not gather enough evidence. This study highlights the importance of RNA studies to improve variant classification. However, it also indicates the challenge of incorporating these results into generic ACMG guidelines and the need to refine these criteria gene specifically. Nevertheless, 60% of variants were reclassified, thus improving genetic counseling and surveillance for carriers of these variants.
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10
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Sun JR, Kong CF, Lou YN, Yu R, Qu XK, Jia LQ. Genome-Wide Profiling of Alternative Splicing Signature Reveals Prognostic Predictor for Esophageal Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:796. [PMID: 32793288 PMCID: PMC7387693 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) is a molecular event that drives protein diversity through the generation of multiple mRNA isoforms. Growing evidence demonstrates that dysregulation of AS is associated with tumorigenesis. However, an integrated analysis in identifying the AS biomarkers attributed to esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is largely unexplored. Methods AS percent-splice-in (PSI) data were obtained from the TCGA SpliceSeq database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was successively performed to identify the overall survival (OS)-associated AS events, followed by the construction of AS predictor through different splicing patterns. Then, a nomogram that combines the final AS predictor and clinicopathological characteristics was established. Finally, a splicing regulatory network was created according to the correlation between the AS events and the splicing factors (SF). Results We identified a total of 2389 AS events with the potential to be used as prognostic markers that are associated with the OS of ESCA patients. Based on splicing patterns, we then built eight AS predictors that are highly capable in distinguishing high- and low-risk patients, and in predicting ESCA prognosis. Notably, the area under curve (AUC) value for the exon skip (ES) prognostic predictor was shown to reach a score of 0.885, indicating that ES has the highest prediction strength in predicting ESCA prognosis. In addition, a nomogram that comprises the pathological stage and risk group was shown to be highly efficient in predicting the survival possibility of ESCA patients. Lastly, the splicing correlation network analysis revealed the opposite roles of splicing factors (SFs) in ESCA. Conclusion In this study, the AS events may provide reliable biomarkers for the prognosis of ESCA. The splicing correlation networks could provide new insights in the identification of potential regulatory mechanisms during the ESCA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong Sun
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Fan Kong
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Gastroenterology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ni Lou
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Yu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ke Qu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Rheumatism Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Jia
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Tubeuf H, Caputo SM, Sullivan T, Rondeaux J, Krieger S, Caux-Moncoutier V, Hauchard J, Castelain G, Fiévet A, Meulemans L, Révillion F, Léoné M, Boutry-Kryza N, Delnatte C, Guillaud-Bataille M, Cleveland L, Reid S, Southon E, Soukarieh O, Drouet A, Di Giacomo D, Vezain M, Bonnet-Dorion F, Bourdon V, Larbre H, Muller D, Pujol P, Vaz F, Audebert-Bellanger S, Colas C, Venat-Bouvet L, Solano AR, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Houdayer C, Frebourg T, Gaildrat P, Sharan SK, Martins A. Calibration of Pathogenicity Due to Variant-Induced Leaky Splicing Defects by Using BRCA2 Exon 3 as a Model System. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3593-3605. [PMID: 32641407 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a clinically actionable gene implicated in breast and ovarian cancer predisposition that has become a high priority target for improving the classification of variants of unknown significance (VUS). Among all BRCA2 VUS, those causing partial/leaky splicing defects are the most challenging to classify because the minimal level of full-length (FL) transcripts required for normal function remains to be established. Here, we explored BRCA2 exon 3 (BRCA2e3) as a model for calibrating variant-induced spliceogenicity and estimating thresholds for BRCA2 haploinsufficiency. In silico predictions, minigene splicing assays, patients' RNA analyses, a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) complementation assay and retrieval of patient-related information were combined to determine the minimal requirement of FL BRCA2 transcripts. Of 100 BRCA2e3 variants tested in the minigene assay, 64 were found to be spliceogenic, causing mild to severe RNA defects. Splicing defects were also confirmed in patients' RNA when available. Analysis of a neutral leaky variant (c.231T>G) showed that a reduction of approximately 60% of FL BRCA2 transcripts from a mutant allele does not cause any increase in cancer risk. Moreover, data obtained from mESCs suggest that variants causing a decline in FL BRCA2 with approximately 30% of wild-type are not pathogenic, given that mESCs are fully viable and resistant to DNA-damaging agents in those conditions. In contrast, mESCs producing lower relative amounts of FL BRCA2 exhibited either null or hypomorphic phenotypes. Overall, our findings are likely to have broader implications on the interpretation of BRCA2 variants affecting the splicing pattern of other essential exons. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that BRCA2 tumor suppressor function tolerates substantial reduction in full-length transcripts, helping to determine the pathogenicity of BRCA2 leaky splicing variants, some of which may not increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Tubeuf
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Interactive Biosoftware, Rouen, France
| | - Sandrine M Caputo
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Teresa Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Julie Rondeaux
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Krieger
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France - Normandie University, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | | | - Julie Hauchard
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Gaia Castelain
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Alice Fiévet
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Service Génétique des Tumeurs, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Laëtitia Meulemans
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Cleveland
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Susan Reid
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Omar Soukarieh
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Aurélie Drouet
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Daniela Di Giacomo
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Myriam Vezain
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | - Violaine Bourdon
- Department of Genetics, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Larbre
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique Moléculaire, Institut Godinot, Reims, France
| | - Danièle Muller
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Unité d'Oncogénétique, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Fátima Vaz
- Breast Cancer Risk Evaluation Clinic, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Chrystelle Colas
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Angela R Solano
- Genotipificacion y Cancer Hereditario, Departmento de Analisis Clinicos, Centro de Educacion Medica e Investigaciones Clinicas (CEMIC), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,INSERM U830, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Pascaline Gaildrat
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.
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12
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Santana dos Santos E, Lallemand F, Petitalot A, Caputo SM, Rouleau E. HRness in Breast and Ovarian Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3850. [PMID: 32481735 PMCID: PMC7312125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian and breast cancers are currently defined by the main pathways involved in the tumorigenesis. The majority are carcinomas, originating from epithelial cells that are in constant division and subjected to cyclical variations of the estrogen stimulus during the female hormonal cycle, therefore being vulnerable to DNA damage. A portion of breast and ovarian carcinomas arises in the context of DNA repair defects, in which genetic instability is the backdrop for cancer initiation and progression. For these tumors, DNA repair deficiency is now increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutics. In hereditary breast/ovarian cancers (HBOC), tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations present an impairment of DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). For many years, BRCA1/2 mutations were only screened on germline DNA, but now they are also searched at the tumor level to personalize treatment. The reason of the inactivation of this pathway remains uncertain for most cases, even in the presence of a HR-deficient signature. Evidence indicates that identifying the mechanism of HR inactivation should improve both genetic counseling and therapeutic response, since they can be useful as new biomarkers of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Santana dos Santos
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Department of Clinical Oncology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil
| | - François Lallemand
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (F.L.); (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ambre Petitalot
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (F.L.); (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (F.L.); (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
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13
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Fraile-Bethencourt E, Valenzuela-Palomo A, Díez-Gómez B, Goina E, Acedo A, Buratti E, Velasco EA. Mis-splicing in breast cancer: identification of pathogenic BRCA2 variants by systematic minigene assays. J Pathol 2019; 248:409-420. [PMID: 30883759 DOI: 10.1002/path.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Splicing disruption is a common mechanism of gene inactivation associated with germline variants of susceptibility genes. To study the role of BRCA2 mis-splicing in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC), we performed a comprehensive analysis of variants from BRCA2 exons 2-9, as well as the initial characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of such exons. A pSAD-based minigene with exons 2-9 was constructed and validated in MCF-7 cells, producing the expected transcript (1016-nt/V1-BRCA2_exons_2-9-V2). DNA variants from mutational databases were analyzed by NNSplice and Human Splicing Finder softwares. To refine ESE-variant prediction, we mapped the regulatory regions through a functional strategy whereby 26 exonic microdeletions were introduced into the minigene and tested in MCF-7 cells. Thus, we identified nine spliceogenic ESE-rich intervals where ESE-variants may be located. Combining bioinformatics and microdeletion assays, 83 variants were selected and genetically engineered in the minigene. Fifty-three changes impaired splicing: 28 variants disrupted the canonical sites, four created new ones, 10 abrogated enhancers, eight created silencers and three caused a double-effect. Notably, nine spliceogenic-ESE variants were located within ESE-containing intervals. Capillary electrophoresis and sequencing revealed more than 23 aberrant transcripts, where exon skipping was the most common event. Interestingly, variant c.67G>A triggered the usage of a noncanonical GC-donor 4-nt upstream. Thirty-six variants that induced severe anomalies (>60% aberrant transcripts) were analyzed according to the ACMG guidelines. Thus, 28 variants were classified as pathogenic, five as likely pathogenic and three as variants of uncertain significance. Interestingly, 13 VUS were reclassified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. In conclusion, a large fraction of BRCA2 variants (∼64%) provoked splicing anomalies lending further support to the high prevalence of this disease-mechanism. The low accuracy of ESE-prediction algorithms may be circumvented by functional ESE-mapping that represents an optimal strategy to identify spliceogenic ESE-variants. Finally, systematic functional assays by minigenes depict a valuable tool for the initial characterization of splicing anomalies and the clinical interpretation of variants. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alberto Valenzuela-Palomo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Gómez
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Goina
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Acedo
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eladio A Velasco
- Splicing and Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (CSIC-UVa), Valladolid, Spain
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14
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Variant classification changes over time in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genet Med 2019; 21:2248-2254. [PMID: 30971832 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) variant reassessments and reclassifications between 2012 and 2017 at the Advanced Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory (AMDL) in Toronto, Canada, which provides BRCA1/2 testing for patients in Ontario, and to compare AMDL variant classifications with submissions in ClinVar. METHODS Variants were assessed using a standardized variant assessment tool based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology's guidelines and tracked in an in-house database. Variants were shared through the Canadian Open Genetics Repository and submitted to ClinVar for comparison against other laboratories. RESULTS AMDL identified 1209 BRCA1/2 variants between 2012 and 2017. During this period, 32.9% (398/1209) of variants were reassessed and 12.4% (150/1209) were reclassified. The majority of reclassified variants were downgraded (112/150, 74.7%). Of the reclassified variants, 63.3% (95/150) were reclassified to benign, 20.7% (31/150) to likely benign, 10.0% (15/150) to variant of uncertain significance, 2.0% (3/150) to likely pathogenic, and 4.0% (6/150) to pathogenic. Discordant ClinVar submissions were found for 40.4% (488/1209) of variants. CONCLUSION BRCA1/2 variants may be reclassified over time. Reclassification presents ethical and practical challenges related to recontacting patients. Data sharing is essential to improve variant interpretation, to help patients receive appropriate care based on their genetic results.
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15
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Usefulness and Limitations of Comprehensive Characterization of mRNA Splicing Profiles in the Definition of the Clinical Relevance of BRCA1/2 Variants of Uncertain Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030295. [PMID: 30832263 PMCID: PMC6468917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly penetrant variants of BRCA1/2 genes are involved in hereditary predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. The detection of pathogenic BRCA variants has a considerable clinical impact, allowing appropriate cancer-risk management. However, a major drawback is represented by the identification of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Many VUS potentially affect mRNA splicing, making transcript analysis an essential step for the definition of their pathogenicity. Here, we characterize the impact on splicing of ten BRCA1/2 variants. Aberrant splicing patterns were demonstrated for eight variants whose alternative transcripts were fully characterized. Different events were observed, including exon skipping, intron retention, and usage of de novo and cryptic splice sites. Transcripts with premature stop codons or in-frame loss of functionally important residues were generated. Partial/complete splicing effect and quantitative contribution of different isoforms were assessed, leading to variant classification according to Evidence-based Network for the Interpretation of Mutant Alleles (ENIGMA) consortium guidelines. Two variants could be classified as pathogenic and two as likely benign, while due to a partial splicing effect, six variants remained of uncertain significance. The association with an undefined tumor risk justifies caution in recommending aggressive risk-reduction treatments, but prevents the possibility of receiving personalized therapies with potential beneficial effect. This indicates the need for applying additional approaches for the analysis of variants resistant to classification by gene transcript analyses.
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16
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Colombo M, Lòpez‐Perolio I, Meeks HD, Caleca L, Parsons MT, Li H, De Vecchi G, Tudini E, Foglia C, Mondini P, Manoukian S, Behar R, Garcia EBG, Meindl A, Montagna M, Niederacher D, Schmidt AY, Varesco L, Wappenschmidt B, Bolla MK, Dennis J, Michailidou K, Wang Q, Aittomäki K, Andrulis IL, Anton‐Culver H, Arndt V, Beckmann MW, Beeghly‐Fadel A, Benitez J, Boeckx B, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Bonanni B, Brauch H, Brenner H, Burwinkel B, Chang‐Claude J, Conroy DM, Couch FJ, Cox A, Cross SS, Czene K, Devilee P, Dörk T, Eriksson M, Fasching PA, Figueroa J, Fletcher O, Flyger H, Gabrielson M, García‐Closas M, Giles GG, González‐Neira A, Guénel P, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hamann U, Hartman M, Hauke J, Hollestelle A, Hopper JL, Jakubowska A, Jung A, Kosma V, Lambrechts D, Le Marchand L, Lindblom A, Lubinski J, Mannermaa A, Margolin S, Miao H, Milne RL, Neuhausen SL, Nevanlinna H, Olson JE, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Pylkäs K, Sawyer EJ, Schmidt MK, Schmutzler RK, Schneeweiss A, Schoemaker MJ, See MH, Southey MC, Swerdlow A, Teo SH, Toland AE, Tomlinson I, Truong T, van Asperen CJ, van den Ouweland AM, van der Kolk LE, Winqvist R, Yannoukakos D, Zheng W, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Henderson A, Hogervorst FB, Izatt L, Offitt K, Side LE, van Rensburg EJ, EMBRACE S, HEBON S, McGuffog L, Antoniou AC, Chenevix‐Trench G, Spurdle AB, Goldgar DE, de la Hoya M, Radice P. The BRCA2 c.68-7T > A variant is not pathogenic: A model for clinical calibration of spliceogenicity. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:729-741. [PMID: 29460995 PMCID: PMC5947288 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the spliceogenic nature of the BRCA2 c.68-7T > A variant has been demonstrated, its association with cancer risk remains controversial. In this study, we accurately quantified by real-time PCR and digital PCR (dPCR), the BRCA2 isoforms retaining or missing exon 3. In addition, the combined odds ratio for causality of the variant was estimated using genetic and clinical data, and its associated cancer risk was estimated by case-control analysis in 83,636 individuals. Co-occurrence in trans with pathogenic BRCA2 variants was assessed in 5,382 families. Exon 3 exclusion rate was 4.5-fold higher in variant carriers (13%) than controls (3%), indicating an exclusion rate for the c.68-7T > A allele of approximately 20%. The posterior probability of pathogenicity was 7.44 × 10-115 . There was neither evidence for increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.86-1.24) nor for a deleterious effect of the variant when co-occurring with pathogenic variants. Our data provide for the first time robust evidence of the nonpathogenicity of the BRCA2 c.68-7T > A. Genetic and quantitative transcript analyses together inform the threshold for the ratio between functional and altered BRCA2 isoforms compatible with normal cell function. These findings might be exploited to assess the relevance for cancer risk of other BRCA2 spliceogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Colombo
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Irene Lòpez‐Perolio
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory CIBERONCHospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Huong D. Meeks
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Laura Caleca
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Michael T. Parsons
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, QLD 4006Australia
| | - Hongyan Li
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Giovanna De Vecchi
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Emma Tudini
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, QLD 4006Australia
| | - Claudia Foglia
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Patrizia Mondini
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Medical Oncology and HematologyFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
| | - Raquel Behar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory CIBERONCHospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Encarna B. Gómez Garcia
- Department of Clinical Genetics and GROWSchool for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMUMCMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity HospitalLMU MunichGermany
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology UnitVeneto Institute of Oncology IOV ‐ IRCCSPaduaItaly
| | - Dieter Niederacher
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich‐Heine UniversityDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Ane Y. Schmidt
- Center for Genomic MedicineRigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Barbara Wappenschmidt
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian CancerUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO)Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Manjeet K. Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular PathologyThe Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosiaCyprus
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical GeneticsHelsinki University HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer GeneticsLunenfeld‐Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai HospitalTorontoOntario
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Hoda Anton‐Culver
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCalifornia
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐NurembergComprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‐EMNErlangenGermany
| | - Alicia Beeghly‐Fadel
- Division of EpidemiologyDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt Epidemiology CenterVanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Cancer Genetics ProgramSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)ValenciaSpain
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory for Translational GeneticsDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Natalia V. Bogdanova
- Department of Radiation OncologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Gynaecology Research UnitHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical RadiologyMinskBelarus
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population StudyHerlevand Gentofte HospitalCopenhagen University HospitalHerlevDenmark
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryHerlev and Gentofte HospitalCopenhagen University HospitalHerlevDenmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and GeneticsIstituto Europeo di OncologiaMilanItaly
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch‐Institute of Clinical PharmacologyStuttgartGermany
- University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging ResearchGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Preventive OncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Molecular Epidemiology GroupC080German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jenny Chang‐Claude
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Research Group Genetic Cancer EpidemiologyUniversity Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Don M. Conroy
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterNew York
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA)Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Simon S. Cross
- Academic Unit of PathologyDepartment of NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of PathologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research UnitHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsUniversity Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐NurembergComprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen‐EMNErlangenGermany
- David Geffen School of MedicineDepartment of Medicine Division of Hematology and OncologyUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsThe University of Edinburgh Medical SchoolEdinburghUK
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteRockvilleMaryland
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast SurgeryHerlev and Gentofte HospitalCopenhagen University HospitalHerlevDenmark
| | - Marike Gabrielson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence DivisionCancer Council VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global healthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Anna González‐Neira
- Human Cancer Genetics ProgramSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Cancer & Environment GroupCenter for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP)INSERMUniversity Paris‐SudUniversity Paris‐SaclayVillejuifFrance
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive MedicineKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast CancerDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of SurgeryNational University Health SystemSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jan Hauke
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian CancerUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO)Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical OncologyFamily Cancer ClinicErasmus MC Cancer InstituteRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global healthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and PathologyPomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecinPoland
| | - Audrey Jung
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Veli‐Matti Kosma
- Translational Cancer Research AreaUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Institute of Clinical MedicinePathology and Forensic MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Imaging CenterDepartment of Clinical PathologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory for Translational GeneticsDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Loid Le Marchand
- Epidemiology ProgramUniversity of Hawaii Cancer CenterHonoluluHawaii
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and PathologyPomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecinPoland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Translational Cancer Research AreaUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Institute of Clinical MedicinePathology and Forensic MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Imaging CenterDepartment of Clinical PathologyKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Clinical Science and Education SödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Hui Miao
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology & Intelligence DivisionCancer Council VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population and Global healthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population SciencesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCalifornia
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyHelsinki University HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Janet E. Olson
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterNew York
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOMThe FIRC (Italian Foundation for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non‐Communicable Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor BiologyCancer and Translational Medicine Research UnitBiocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor BiologyNorthern Finland Laboratory Centre OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and EpidemiologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian CancerUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO)Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital of CologneCologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC)University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- National Center for Tumor DiseasesUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | | | - Mee Hoong See
- Breast Cancer Research UnitCancer Research InstituteUniversity Malaya Medical CentreKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | | | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and EpidemiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
- Division of Breast Cancer ResearchThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Soo H. Teo
- Breast Cancer Research UnitCancer Research InstituteUniversity Malaya Medical CentreKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Cancer Research MalaysiaSubang JayaSelangorMalaysia
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Molecular VirologyImmunology and Medical GeneticsComprehensive Cancer CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer & Environment GroupCenter for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP)INSERMUniversity Paris‐SudUniversity Paris‐SaclayVillejuifFrance
| | | | | | - Lizet E. van der Kolk
- Family Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer Institute ‐ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor BiologyCancer and Translational Medicine Research UnitBiocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor BiologyNorthern Finland Laboratory Centre OuluOuluFinland
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics LaboratoryINRASTESNational Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”AthensGreece
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of EpidemiologyDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt Epidemiology CenterVanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer CenterVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | | | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Institute of Genetic MedicineCentre for LifeNewcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Frans B.L. Hogervorst
- Family Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer Institute ‐ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Louise Izatt
- Clinical GeneticsGuy's and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Kenneth Offitt
- Clinical Genetics Research LaboratoryDept. of MedicineCancer Biology and GeneticsMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
| | - Lucy E. Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics ServiceMailpoint 627, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA
| | | | - Study EMBRACE
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeStrangeways Research LaboratoryWorts CausewayCambridgeUK
| | - Study HEBON
- The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON)Coordinating center: Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Georgia Chenevix‐Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, QLD 4006Australia
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbane, QLD 4006Australia
| | | | - Miguel de la Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory CIBERONCHospital Clinico San CarlosIdISSC (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos)MadridSpain
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic TestingDepartment of ResearchFondazione IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT)MilanItaly
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17
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Caputo SM, Léone M, Damiola F, Ehlen A, Carreira A, Gaidrat P, Martins A, Brandão RD, Peixoto A, Vega A, Houdayer C, Delnatte C, Bronner M, Muller D, Castera L, Guillaud-Bataille M, Søkilde I, Uhrhammer N, Demontety S, Tubeuf H, Castelain G, Jensen UB, Petitalot A, Krieger S, Lefol C, Moncoutier V, Boutry-Kryza N, Nielsen HR, Sinilnikova O, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Spurdle AB, Teixeira MR, Coulet F, Thomassen M, Rouleau E. Full in-frame exon 3 skipping of BRCA2 confers high risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17334-17348. [PMID: 29707112 PMCID: PMC5915120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA2 gene are associated with a cumulative high risk of breast/ovarian cancer. Several BRCA2 variants result in complete loss of the exon-3 at the transcript level. The pathogenicity of these variants and the functional impact of loss of exon 3 have yet to be established. As a collaboration of the COVAR clinical trial group (France), and the ENIGMA consortium for investigating breast cancer gene variants, this study evaluated 8 BRCA2 variants resulting in complete deletion of exon 3. Clinical information for 39 families was gathered from Portugal, France, Denmark and Sweden. Multifactorial likelihood analyses were conducted using information from 293 patients, for 7 out of the 8 variants (including 6 intronic). For all variants combined the likelihood ratio in favor of causality was 4.39*1025. These results provide convincing evidence for the pathogenicity of all examined variants that lead to a total exon 3 skipping, and suggest that other variants that result in complete loss of exon 3 at the molecular level could be associated with a high risk of cancer comparable to that associated with classical pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. In addition, our functional study shows, for the first time, that deletion of exon 3 impairs the ability of cells to survive upon Mitomycin-C treatment, supporting lack of function for the altered BRCA2 protein in these cells. Finally, this study demonstrates that any variant leading to expression of only BRCA2 delta-exon 3 will be associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Léone
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Asa Ehlen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Pascaline Gaidrat
- Inserm-U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Inserm-U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | - Ana Peixoto
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Vega
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Institut Curie, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Danièle Muller
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Castera
- Laboratoire de biologie et de génétique du cancer, CLCC François Baclesse, INSERM 1079 Centre Normand de Génomique et de Médecine Personnalisée, Caen, France
| | | | - Inge Søkilde
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nancy Uhrhammer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CLCC Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Hélène Tubeuf
- Inserm-U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Interactive Biosoftware, Rouen, France
| | - Gaïa Castelain
- Inserm-U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sophie Krieger
- Laboratoire de biologie et de génétique du cancer, CLCC François Baclesse, INSERM 1079 Centre Normand de Génomique et de Médecine Personnalisée, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Nadia Boutry-Kryza
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Olga Sinilnikova
- Unité Mixte de Génétique Constitutionnelle des Cancers Fréquents, Hospices Civils de Lyon/Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Genetics and Comp utational Biology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Florence Coulet
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique et d'Angiogénétique Moléculaire, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Davy G, Rousselin A, Goardon N, Castéra L, Harter V, Legros A, Muller E, Fouillet R, Brault B, Smirnova AS, Lemoine F, de la Grange P, Guillaud-Bataille M, Caux-Moncoutier V, Houdayer C, Bonnet F, Blanc-Fournier C, Gaildrat P, Frebourg T, Martins A, Vaur D, Krieger S. Detecting splicing patterns in genes involved in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:1147-1154. [PMID: 28905878 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of variants of unknown significance (VUS) is a major challenge for laboratories performing molecular diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), especially considering that many genes are now known to be involved in this syndrome. One important way these VUS can have a functional impact is through their effects on RNA splicing. Here we present a custom RNA-Seq assay plus bioinformatics and biostatistics pipeline to analyse specifically alternative and abnormal splicing junctions in 11 targeted HBOC genes. Our pipeline identified 14 new alternative splices in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in addition to detecting the majority of known alternative spliced transcripts therein. We provide here the first global splicing pattern analysis for the other nine genes, which will enable a comprehensive interpretation of splicing defects caused by VUS in HBOC. Previously known splicing alterations were consistently detected, occasionally with a more complex splicing pattern than expected. We also found that splicing in the 11 genes is similar in blood and breast tissue, supporting the utility and simplicity of blood splicing assays. Our pipeline is ready to be integrated into standard molecular diagnosis for HBOC, but it could equally be adapted for an integrative analysis of any multigene disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Davy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Rousselin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Goardon
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Castéra
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Valentin Harter
- Cancéropôle Nord-Ouest Data Processing Centre, CLCC François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Angelina Legros
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France
| | - Etienne Muller
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Robin Fouillet
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France
| | - Baptiste Brault
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Anna S Smirnova
- Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Fréderic Lemoine
- GenoSplice Technology, iPEPS-ICM, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Claude Houdayer
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Inserm U830, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Bonnet
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Blanc-Fournier
- Department of Pathology, CLCC François Baclesse, Caen, France.,Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Pascaline Gaildrat
- Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandra Martins
- Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Vaur
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Krieger
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CLCC François Baclesse, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Caen, France.,Inserm U1079-IRIB, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, University of Rouen, Rouen, France.,University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
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19
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Martinez JS, Baldeyron C, Carreira A. Molding BRCA2 function through its interacting partners. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3389-95. [PMID: 26566862 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the tumor suppressor BRCA2 has been shaped over 2 decades thanks to the discovery of its protein and nucleic acid partners, biochemical and structural studies of the protein, and the functional evaluation of germline variants identified in breast cancer patients. Yet, the pathogenic and functional effect of many germline mutations in BRCA2 remains undetermined, and the heterogeneity of BRCA2-associated tumors challenges the identification of causative variants that drive tumorigenesis. In this review, we propose an overview of the established and emerging interacting partners and functional pathways attributed to BRCA2, and we speculate on how variants altering these functions may contribute to cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Martinez
- a Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche ; Orsay , France.,b CNRS UMR3348; Genotoxic Stress and Cancer; Centre Universitaire ; Orsay , France
| | - Céline Baldeyron
- a Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche ; Orsay , France.,b CNRS UMR3348; Genotoxic Stress and Cancer; Centre Universitaire ; Orsay , France
| | - Aura Carreira
- a Institut Curie; Centre de Recherche ; Orsay , France.,b CNRS UMR3348; Genotoxic Stress and Cancer; Centre Universitaire ; Orsay , France
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20
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Mosor M, Ziółkowska-Suchanek I, Nowicka K, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A, Januszkiewicz–Lewandowska D, Nowak J. Germline variants in MRE11/RAD50/NBN complex genes in childhood leukemia. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:457. [PMID: 24093751 PMCID: PMC3851537 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MRE11, RAD50, and NBN genes encode proteins of the MRE11-RAD50-NBN (MRN) complex involved in cellular response to DNA damage and the maintenance of genome stability. In our previous study we showed that the germline p.I171V mutation in NBN may be considered as a risk factor in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and some specific haplotypes of that gene may be associated with childhood leukemia. These findings raise important questions about the role of mutations in others genes of the MRN complex in childhood leukemia. The aim of this study was to answer the question whether MRE11 and RAD50 alterations may be associated with childhood ALL or AML. METHODS We estimated the frequency of constitutional mutations and polymorphisms in selected regions of MRE11, RAD50, and NBN in the group of 220 children diagnosed with childhood leukemias and controls (n=504/2200). The analysis was performed by specific amplification of region of interest by PCR and followed by multi-temperature single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-MSSCP) technique. We performed two molecular tests to examine any potential function of the detected the c.551+19G>A SNP in RAD50 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the MRE11, RAD50 and NBN genes in childhood leukemia. RESULTS The frequency of either the AA genotype or A allele of RAD50_rs17166050 were significantly different in controls compared to leukemia group (ALL+AML) (p<0.0019 and p<0.0019, respectively). The cDNA analysis of AA or GA genotypes carriers has not revealed evidence of splicing abnormality of RAD50 pre-mRNA. We measured the allelic-specific expression of G and A alleles at c.551+19G>A and the statistically significant overexpression of the G allele has been observed. Additionally we confirmed the higher incidence of the p.I171V mutation in the leukemia group (7/220) than among controls (12/2400) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The formerly reported sequence variants in the RAD50 and MRE11 gene may not constitute a risk factor of childhood ALL in Polish population. The RAD50_rs17166050 variant allele is linked to decreased ALL risk (p<0.0009, OR=0.6358 (95%CI: 0.4854-0.8327)). Despite the fact that there is no splicing abnormality in carriers of the variant allele but an excess of the G over the A allele was consistently observed. This data demonstrate that some specific alternations of the RAD50 gene may be associated with childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mosor
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Iwona Ziółkowska-Suchanek
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karina Nowicka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Januszkiewicz–Lewandowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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21
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Ruiz de Garibay G, Gutiérrez-Enríquez S, Garre P, Bonache S, Romero A, Palomo L, Sánchez de Abajo A, Benítez J, Balmaña J, Pérez-Segura P, Díaz-Rubio E, Díez O, Caldés T, de la Hoya M. Characterization of four novel BRCA2 large genomic rearrangements in Spanish breast/ovarian cancer families: review of the literature, and reevaluation of the genetic mechanisms involved in their origin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 133:273-83. [PMID: 22434521 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) at the BRCA2 locus explain a non-negligible proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndromes. The multiplex ligation and probe amplification (MLPA) assay has permitted in recent years to identify several families carrying LGRs at this locus, but very few such alterations have been fully characterized at the molecular level. Yet, molecular characterization is essential to identify recurrent alterations, to analyze the genetic mechanisms underlying such alterations, or to investigate potential genotype/phenotype relationships. We have used MLPA to identify BRCA2 LGRs in 7 out of 813 Spanish HBOC families previously tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 small genomic alterations (substitutions and indels) and BRCA1 LGRs. We used a combination of long-range PCR, restriction mapping, and cDNA analysis to characterize the alterations at the molecular level. We found that Del Exon1-Exon2, Del Exon12-Exon16 and Del Exon22-Exon24 explain one family each, while Del Exon2 appears to be a Spanish founder mutation explaining four independent families. Finally, we have combined our data with a comprehensive review of the literature to reevaluate the genetic mechanisms underlying LGRs at the BRCA2 locus. Our study substantially increases the spectrum of BRCA2 LGRs fully characterized at the molecular level. Further on, we provide data to suggest that non-allelic homologous recombination has been overestimated as a mechanism underlying these alterations, while the opposite might be true for microhomology-mediated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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