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Olynyk JK, Grainger R, Currie H, Ramm LE, Ramm GA. The ancestral haplotype markers HLA -A3 and B7 do not influence the likelihood of advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis in HFE hemochromatosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7775. [PMID: 37179448 PMCID: PMC10183001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatic fibrosis occurs in up to 25% of individuals with C282Y homozygous hemochromatosis. Our aim was to determine whether human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A3 and B7 alleles act as genetic modifiers of the likelihood of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Between 1972 and 2013, 133 HFE C282Y homozygous individuals underwent clinical and biochemical evaluation, HLA typing, liver biopsy for fibrosis staging and phlebotomy treatment. Hepatic fibrosis was graded according to Scheuer as F0-2 (low grade hepatic fibrosis), F3-4 (advanced hepatic fibrosis), and F4 cirrhosis. We analysed associations between the severity of fibrosis and HLA-A3 homozygosity, heterozygosity or absence, with or without the presence of HLA-B7 using categorical analysis. The mean age of HLA-A3 homozygotes (n = 24), heterozygotes (n = 65) and HLA-A3 null individuals (n = 44) was 40 years. There were no significant differences between the groups for mean(± SEM) serum ferritin levels (1320 ± 296, 1217 ± 124, 1348 ± 188 [Formula: see text]g/L), hepatic iron concentration (178 ± 26, 213 ± 22, 199 ± 29 [Formula: see text]mol/g), mobilizable iron stores (9.9 ± 1.5, 9.5 ± 1.5, 11.5 ± 1.7 g iron removed via phlebotomy), frequency of advanced hepatic fibrosis (5/24[12%], 13/63[19%], 10/42[19%]) or cirrhosis (3/24[21%], 12/63[21%], 4/42[24%]), respectively. The presence or absence of HLA-B7 did not influence the outcome. Thus, HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 alleles are not associated with the risk of advanced hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis in C282Y hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Olynyk
- Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
| | - Richard Grainger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Helen Currie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Louise E Ramm
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Barton JC, Barton JC, Acton RT. HLA-A*03, the hemochromatosis ancestral haplotype, and phenotypes of referred hemochromatosis probands with HFE p.C282Y homozygosity. Hereditas 2022; 159:25. [PMID: 35659379 PMCID: PMC9169309 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-022-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*03, hemochromatosis ancestral haplotype marker, was associated with greater iron overload in hemochromatosis cohorts reported before discovery of the HFE gene. We sought to learn whether an A*03-linked locus influences phenotypes in referred HFE p.C282Y homozygotes. Methods We tabulated these phenotypes in probands with p.C282Y homozygosity: age, transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin (SF), conditions related to iron overload, fibrosis-four variables (FIB-4) index and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) predictors of severe hepatic fibrosis, and iron removed to achieve depletion (QFe/age). We analyzed phenotypes of men and women separately across three A*03 subgroups. Results There were 104 men (57.8%) and 76 women (42.2%). Mean age (SD) was 49 ± 13 y. Mean TS was 79 ± 17%. Median SF (range) was 715 µg/L (28, 6103). Related conditions included: hemochromatosis arthropathy (21.7%); type 2 diabetes (18.9%); hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (5.8% of men); cardiomyopathy (0%); and cirrhosis (10.0%). Median QFe/age was 61 mg/y (0, 714). A*03 homozygosity, heterozygosity, and no A*03 occurred in 37 (20.6%), 104 (57.8%), and 39 probands (21.7%), respectively. In men, mean TS and median SF were significantly higher in A*03 homozygotes than heterozygotes but not A*03-negative probands. In men, median APRI was significantly lower in A*03 heterozygotes than homozygotes and A*03-negative probands. No other phenotypes, including QFe/age, differed significantly across A*03 subgroups in either men or women. Conclusions Our results suggest that an A*03-linked locus does not influence phenotypes in referred HFE p.C282Y homozygotes. It is unlikely that heritable factors that modify phenotypes of p.C282Y homozygotes are linked to the hemochromatosis ancestral haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Ronald T Acton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Anderson GJ, Bardou-Jacquet E. Revisiting hemochromatosis: genetic vs. phenotypic manifestations. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:731. [PMID: 33987429 PMCID: PMC8106074 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload disorders represent an important class of human diseases. Of the primary iron overload conditions, by far the most common and best studied is HFE-related hemochromatosis, which results from homozygosity for a mutation leading to the C282Y substitution in the HFE protein. This disease is characterized by reduced expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, leading to increased dietary iron absorption and iron deposition in multiple tissues including the liver, pancreas, joints, heart and pituitary. The phenotype of HFE-related hemochromatosis is quite variable, with some individuals showing little or no evidence of increased body iron, yet others showing severe iron loading, tissue damage and clinical sequelae. The majority of genetically predisposed individuals show at least some evidence of iron loading (increased transferrin saturation and serum ferritin), but a minority show clinical symptoms and severe consequences are rare. Thus, the disorder has a high biochemical penetrance, but a low clinical prevalence. Nevertheless, it is such a common condition in Caucasian populations (1:100–200) that it remains an important clinical entity. The phenotypic variability can largely be explained by a range of environmental, genetic and physiological factors. Men are far more likely to manifest significant disease than women, with the latter losing iron through menstrual blood loss and childbirth. Other forms of blood loss, immune system influences, the amount of bioavailable iron in the diet and lifestyle factors such as high alcohol intake can also contribute to iron loading and disease expression. Polymorphisms in a range of genes have been linked to variations in body iron levels, both in the general population and in hemochromatosis. Some of the genes identified play well known roles in iron homeostasis, yet others are novel. Other factors, including both co-morbidities and genetic polymorphisms, do not affect iron levels per se, but determine the propensity for tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edouard Bardou-Jacquet
- Liver Disease Department, University of Rennes and French Reference Center for Hemochromatosis and Iron Metabolism Disease, Rennes, France
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Barton JC, Barton JC, Cruz E, Teles MJ, Guimarães JT, Porto G. Chromosome 6p SNP microhaplotypes and IgG3 levels in hemochromatosis probands with HFE p.C282Y homozygosity. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 85:102461. [PMID: 32623342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Subnormal IgG1 or IgG3 levels occurred in 30% of hemochromatosis probands with HFE p.C282Y homozygosity and were concordant in HLA-identical siblings. We sought to identify factors associated with IgG subclasses in Alabama probands with p.C282Y homozygosity evaluated for 500 kb microhaplotypes AAT and GGG defined by SNPs in chromosome 6p genes PGBD1, ZNF193, and ZNF165. In regressions on IgG subclasses, we used: age; sex; GGG (dichotomous); iron removed to achieve depletion; CD8+ T-lymphocytes; and other IgG subclasses. Among 49 probands, AAT and GGG occurred in 95.9% and 16.3%, respectively. Thirteen probands (26.5%) had subnormal IgG1; 11 probands (22.4%) had subnormal IgG3. Mean IgG3 was higher in probands with than without GGG (75 mg/dL [95% confidence interval 63, 89] vs. 58 mg/dL [49, 71], respectively; p = 0.0321). Regression on IgG3 revealed: GGG positivity (p = 0.0106); and IgG1 (p = 0.0015). In a replication cohort of 22 Portugal probands with p.C282Y homozygosity, mean IgG3 was higher in probands with than without GGG (46 ± 16 vs. 31 ± 12 mg/dL, respectively; p = 0.0410). We conclude that mean IgG3 levels are higher in hemochromatosis probands with p.C282Y homozygosity with chromosome 6p microhaplotype GGG than in probands homozygous for microhaplotype AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Eugénia Cruz
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital - Porto University Hospital Center (CHUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Teles
- Clinical Pathology, S. João University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal; EPI Unit, Institute of Public Health and Biomedicine (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João T Guimarães
- Clinical Pathology, S. João University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal; EPI Unit, Institute of Public Health and Biomedicine (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Graça Porto
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital - Porto University Hospital Center (CHUP), Porto, Portugal; Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Barton JC, Barton JC, Cruz E, Teles MJ, Guimarães JT, Porto G. WITHDRAWN: Chromosome 6p SNP microhaplotypes and IgG3 levels in hemochromatosis probands with HFE p.C282Y homozygosity. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tang J, Li X, Price MA, Sanders EJ, Anzala O, Karita E, Kamali A, Lakhi S, Allen S, Hunter E, Kaslow RA, Gilmour J. CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio as a quantitative measure of immunologic health in HIV-1 infection: findings from an African cohort with prospective data. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:670. [PMID: 26191056 PMCID: PMC4486831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio is often recognized as a quantitative outcome that reflects the critical role of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis or disease progression. Our work aimed to first establish the dynamics and clinical relevance of CD4:CD8 ratio in a cohort of native Africans and then to examine its association with viral and host factors, including: (i) length of infection, (ii) demographics, (iii) HIV-1 viral load (VL), (iv) change in CD4(+) T-lymphocyte count (CD4 slope), (v) HIV-1 subtype, and (vi) host genetics, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variants. Data from 499 HIV-1 seroconverters with frequent (monthly to quarterly) follow-up revealed that CD4:CD8 ratio was stable in the first 3 years of infection, with a modest correlation with VL and CD4 slope. A relatively normal CD4:CD8 ratio (>1.0) in early infection was associated with a substantial delay in disease progression to severe immunodeficiency (<350 CD4 cells/μl), regardless of other correlates of HIV-1 pathogenesis (adjusted hazards ratio (HR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.29-0.63, P < 0.0001). Low VL (<10,000 copies/ml) and HLA-A*74:01 were the main predictors of CD4:CD8 ratio >1.0, but HLA variants (e.g., HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*81) previously associated with VL and/or CD4 trajectories in eastern and southern Africans had no obvious impact on CD4:CD8 ratio. Collectively, these findings suggest that CD4:CD8 ratio is a robust measure of immunologic health with both clinical and epidemiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Matthew A Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY USA ; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi Kenya ; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Nairobi Kenya
| | | | - Anatoli Kamali
- Uganda Virus Research Unit on AIDS, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Masaka Uganda
| | - Shabir Lakhi
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka Zambia
| | - Susan Allen
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka Zambia ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Richard A Kaslow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Jill Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Human Immunology Laboratory, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London UK
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Costa M, Cruz E, Oliveira S, Benes V, Ivacevic T, Silva MJ, Vieira I, Dias F, Fonseca S, Gonçalves M, Lima M, Leitão C, Muckenthaler MU, Pinto J, Porto G. Lymphocyte gene expression signatures from patients and mouse models of hereditary hemochromatosis reveal a function of HFE as a negative regulator of CD8+ T-lymphocyte activation and differentiation in vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124246. [PMID: 25880808 PMCID: PMC4399836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally low CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers is characteristic of some patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), a MHC-linked disorder of iron overload. Both environmental and genetic components are known to influence CD8+ T-lymphocyte homeostasis but the role of the HH associated protein HFE is still insufficiently understood. Genome-wide expression profiling was performed in peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes from HH patients selected according to CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers and from Hfe-/- mice maintained either under normal or high iron diet conditions. In addition, T-lymphocyte apoptosis and cell cycle progression were analyzed by flow cytometry in HH patients. HH patients with low CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers show a differential expression of genes related to lymphocyte differentiation and maturation namely CCR7, LEF1, ACTN1, NAA50, P2RY8 and FOSL2, whose expression correlates with the relative proportions of naïve, central and effector memory subsets. In addition, expression levels of LEF1 and P2RY8 in memory cells as well as the proportions of CD8+ T cells in G2/M cell cycle phase are significantly different in HH patients compared to controls. Hfe-/- mice do not show alterations in CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers but differential gene response patterns. We found an increased expression of S100a8 and S100a9 that is most pronounced in high iron diet conditions. Similarly, CD8+ T lymphocytes from HH patients display higher S100a9 expression both at the mRNA and protein level. Altogether, our results support a role for HFE as a negative regulator of CD8+ T-lymphocyte activation. While the activation markers S100a8 and S100a9 are strongly increased in CD8+ T cells from both, Hfe-/- mice and HH patients, a differential profile of genes related to differentiation/maturation of CD8+ T memory cells is evident in HH patients only. This supports the notion that HFE contributes, at least in part, to the generation of low peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Cruz
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Oliveira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomi Ivacevic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria João Silva
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Vieira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Dias
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Fonseca
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Gonçalves
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Lima
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leitão
- Advanced Flow Cytometry Unit, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Departments of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg and Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jorge Pinto
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Porto
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology, IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital—Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Immunology and Pathology, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez-Murillo L, Xu B, Roos JL, Abecasis GR, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. Fine mapping on chromosome 13q32-34 and brain expression analysis implicates MYO16 in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:934-43. [PMID: 24141571 PMCID: PMC3924527 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported linkage of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder to 13q32-34 in the European descent Afrikaner population from South Africa. The nature of genetic variation underlying linkage peaks in psychiatric disorders remains largely unknown and both rare and common variants may be contributing. Here, we examine the contribution of common variants located under the 13q32-34 linkage region. We used densely spaced SNPs to fine map the linkage peak region using both a discovery sample of 415 families and a meta-analysis incorporating two additional replication family samples. In a second phase of the study, we use one family-based data set with 237 families and independent case-control data sets for fine mapping of the common variant association signal using HapMap SNPs. We report a significant association with a genetic variant (rs9583277) within the gene encoding for the myosin heavy-chain Myr 8 (MYO16), which has been implicated in neuronal phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Follow-up analysis of HapMap variation within MYO16 in a second set of Afrikaner families and additional case-control data sets of European descent highlighted a region across introns 2-6 as the most likely region to harbor common MYO16 risk variants. Expression analysis revealed a significant increase in the level of MYO16 expression in the brains of schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest that common variation within MYO16 may contribute to the genetic liability to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Louw Roos
- Department of Psychiatry and Weskoppies Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph A Gogos
- Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Costa M, Cruz E, Barton JC, Thorstensen K, Morais S, da Silva BM, Pinto JP, Vieira CP, Vieira J, Acton RT, Porto G. Effects of highly conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC) extended haplotypes on iron and low CD8+ T lymphocyte phenotypes in HFE C282Y homozygous hemochromatosis patients from three geographically distant areas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79990. [PMID: 24282517 PMCID: PMC3839968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a recessively inherited disorder of iron overload occurring commonly in subjects homozygous for the C282Y mutation in HFE gene localized on chromosome 6p21.3 in linkage disequilibrium with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A locus. Although its genetic homogeneity, the phenotypic expression is variable suggesting the presence of modifying factors. One such genetic factor, a SNP microhaplotype named A-A-T, was recently found to be associated with a more severe phenotype and also with low CD8+T-lymphocyte numbers. The present study aimed to test whether the predictive value of the A-A-T microhaplotype remained in other population settings. In this study of 304 HH patients from 3 geographically distant populations (Porto, Portugal 65; Alabama, USA 57; Nord-Trøndelag, Norway 182), the extended haplotypes involving A-A-T were studied in 608 chromosomes and the CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers were determined in all subjects. Patients from Porto had a more severe phenotype than those from other settings. Patients with A-A-T seemed on average to have greater iron stores (p = 0.021), but significant differences were not confirmed in the 3 separate populations. Low CD8+ T-lymphocytes were associated with HLA-A*03-A-A-T in Porto and Alabama patients but not in the greater series from Nord-Trøndelag. Although A-A-T may signal a more severe iron phenotype, this study was unable to prove such an association in all population settings, precluding its use as a universal predictive marker of iron overload in HH. Interestingly, the association between A-A-T and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, which was confirmed in Porto and Alabama patients, was not observed in Nord-Trøndelag patients, showing that common HLA haplotypes like A*01–B*08 or A*03–B*07 segregating with HFE/C282Y in the three populations may carry different messages. These findings further strengthen the relevance of HH as a good disease model to search for novel candidate loci associated with the genetic transmission of CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costa
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology (BCRIB), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Cruz
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology (BCRIB), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - James C. Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ketil Thorstensen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, St. Olav Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sandra Morais
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Biomedical Investigation (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Internal Medicine, Pedro Hispano Hospital, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Berta M. da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Unit of Biomedical Investigation (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge P. Pinto
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology (BCRIB), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina P. Vieira
- Evolutionary Systems Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Molecular Evolution, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ronald T. Acton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Epidemiology and International Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Graça Porto
- Basic and Clinical Research on Iron Biology (BCRIB), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Arnaoty A, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Casteret S, Pitard B, Bigot Y, Lecomte T. Reliability of the nanopheres-DNA immunization technology to produce polyclonal antibodies directed against human neogenic proteins. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:347-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The discovery of hemochromatosis genes and the availability of molecular-genetic tests considerably modified the knowledge of the disease relative to physiopathology, penetrance, and expression, and had major impact in the diagnostic settings. AREAS COVERED Hemochromatosis is a heterogenous disorder at both genetic and phenotypic level. The review discusses criteria to define patients' iron phenotype and to use molecular tests to diagnose HFE-related and non-HFE hemochromatosis. The material examined includes articles published in the journals covered by PubMed US National Library of Medicine. The author has been working in the field of iron overload diseases for several years and has contributed 18 of the papers cited in the references. EXPERT OPINION Hemochromatosis genotyping is inseparable from phenotype characterization. A full clinical assessment is needed and DNA test performed when data suggest a clear indication of suspicion of being at risk for HH. HFE testing for p.Cys282Tyr mutation and p.His63Asp variant is the first molecular diagnostic step. Genotyping for rare mutations can be offered to patients with negative first-level HFE testing who have iron overload with no other explanation and should be performed in referral centers for iron overload disorders that can provide genetic advice and in-house genotyping services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Piperno
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemochromatosis and Iron Disorders, S.Gerardo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Monza, Italy.
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ER Stress and Iron Homeostasis: A New Frontier for the UPR. Biochem Res Int 2010; 2011:896474. [PMID: 21197476 PMCID: PMC3010616 DOI: 10.1155/2011/896474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The C282Y mutation of HFE accounts for the majority of cases of the iron overload disease Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH).
The conformational changes introduced by this mutation impair the HFE association with β2-microglobulin
(β2m) and the cell surface expression of the protein: with two major consequences. From a functional perspective,
the ability of HFE to bind to transferrin receptors 1 and 2 is lost in the C282Y mutant, thus affecting hepcidin regulation. Also due to the faulty
assembly with β2m, HFE-C282Y molecules remain in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as aggregates that undergo
proteasomal degradation and activate an Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). UPR activation, regardless of the ER stress stimuli, was shown
to reshape the expression profile of iron-related genes and to decrease MHC-I cell surface expression. The possibility of a HFE-C282Y-mediated
interplay between the UPR and iron homeostasis influencing disease progression and the clinical heterogeneity among C282Y carriers is
discussed. The responsiveness of the ER chaperone calreticulin to both ER and iron-induced oxidative stresses, and its correlation with HH
patients' phenotype, reinforce the interest of dissecting the UPR signaling/iron metabolism crosstalk and points to the potential
clinical value of use of pharmacological chaperones in HFE-HH.
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Aarnink A, Garchon HJ, Puissant-Lubrano B, Blancher-Sardou M, Apoil PA, Blancher A. Impact of MHC class II polymorphism on blood counts of CD4+ T lymphocytes in macaque. Immunogenetics 2010; 63:95-102. [PMID: 21086122 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and of their two main subsets (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) varies little in a given healthy individual, substantial variation is observed between individuals. It was proposed that these counts could be influenced by MHC polymorphisms because of the well-established role of MHC molecules in thymic T lymphocyte maturation and presentation of antigenic peptides to peripheral T lymphocytes. To test this hypothesis, we have chosen the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), an animal model phylogenetically close to man. We selected the Philippine macaque population because of a restriction of the MHC polymorphism in this islander population. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were counted with an automated analyzer and T lymphocyte subsets were assessed by immunolabeling and flow cytometry. The MHC polymorphism was investigated in 200 unrelated subjects using 14 microsatellites markers distributed across the MHC and the DRB locus that was genotyped by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. All markers were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allelic associations were tested with the UNPHASED software. We revealed a significant influence of the MHC class II region on CD4+ T lymphocyte blood count with the largest effect associated with a two-locus haplotypes combining the DRACA allele 274 and the DRB haplotype #8a (p < 8 × 10(-7)). Our data should stimulate a similar association study of the CD4+ T cell counts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Aarnink
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, EA 3034, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, IFR150 (INSERM), CHU de Toulouse, 1 avenue Jean Poulhes, TSA 50032, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France
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14
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Barton JC, Clayborn Barton J, Acton RT. Longer survival associated with HLA-A*03, B*14 among 212 hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y homozygosity and HLA-A and -B typing and haplotyping1. Eur J Haematol 2010; 85:439-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Factors influencing disease phenotype and penetrance in HFE haemochromatosis. Hum Genet 2010; 128:233-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter variants and iron phenotypes in 785 hemochromatosis and iron overload screening (HEIRS) study participants. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 44:252-6. [PMID: 20178892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine if TNF promoter variants could explain iron phenotype heterogeneity in adults with previous HFE genotyping. HEIRS Study participants genotyped for C282Y and H63D were designated as high transferrin saturation (TS) and/or serum ferritin (SF) (high TS/SF), low TS/SF, or controls. We grouped 191 C282Y homozygotes as high TS/SF, low TS/SF, or controls, and 594 other participants by race/ethnicity as high TS/SF or controls. Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), we screened the TNF promoter region in each participant. We performed multiple regression analyses in C282Y homozygotes using age, sex, HEIRS Study Field Center, and positivity for TNF -308G-->A and -238G-->A to determine if these attributes predicted ln TS or ln SF. DHPLC analyses were successful in 99.3% of 791 participants and detected 9 different variants; TNF -308G-->A and -238G-->A were the most prevalent. Most subjects positive for variants were heterozygous. The phenotype frequencies of each variant did not differ significantly (p<0.05) across subgroups of C282Y homozygotes, or across white, black, Hispanic, and Asian non-C282Y homozygotes subgrouped as high TS/SF phenotypes and controls. TNF -308G-->A positivity was a significant predictor of initial screening ln TS but not ln SF; TNF -238G-->A predicted neither ln TS nor ln SF. We conclude that TNF promoter variants have little, if any, effect on initial screening SF values in adults with or without C282Y homozygosity. We cannot exclude a possible association of homozygosity for TNF promoter variants on TS and SF values.
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Olsson KS, Ritter B, Raha-Chowdhury R. HLA-A3-B14 and the origin of the haemochromatosis C282Y mutation: founder effects and recombination events during 12 generations in a Scandinavian family with major iron overload. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:145-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pinto JP, Dias V, Zoller H, Porto G, Carmo H, Carvalho F, de Sousa M. Hepcidin messenger RNA expression in human lymphocytes. Immunology 2010; 130:217-30. [PMID: 20102409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin regulates intracellular iron levels by interacting with and promoting the degradation of ferroportin, a membrane protein and the only known cellular iron exporter. Studies of hepcidin expression and regulation have focused on its effects in innate immunity and as a regulator of systemic iron metabolism. In the present study we characterized the expression of hepcidin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a focus on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). We found that (1) all human PBMCs analyzed express basal hepcidin mRNA levels; (2) hepcidin mRNA expression increases after T-lymphocyte activation; (3) expression by PBLs increases in response to challenge by holotransferrin (Fe-TF) and by ferric citrate in vitro; (4) the Fe-TF-mediated up-regulation of hepcidin decreases ferroportin expression at the cytoplasmic membrane of PBLs; and (5) silencing of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) abrogates the effect of Fe-TF. In summary, we show that hepcidin expression determines intracellular iron levels by regulating the expression of ferroportin, as described in other cells, and that inappropriately low expression of hepcidin impairs normal lymphocyte proliferation. The results establish hepcidin as a new player in lymphocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P Pinto
- Iron Genes and Immune System, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Macedo MF, Porto G, Costa M, Vieira CP, Rocha B, Cruz E. Low numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes in hereditary haemochromatosis are explained by a decrease of the most mature CD8+ effector memory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:363-71. [PMID: 20015273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers have long been described in hereditary haemochromatosis (HH). Recently, two conserved haplotypes localized near the microsatellite D6S105 at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region were described predicting the clinical expression of HH and the CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers. The A-A-T haplotype was associated with a severe clinical expression of HH and low CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers, while the G-G-G haplotype was associated with a milder clinical expression of HH and high CD8(+) T lymphocyte numbers. As CD8(+) T lymphocytes are a very heterogeneous population, in this study we analysed the CD8(+) subpopulations of naive, central memory (T(CM)) and effector memory (T(EM)), and further subsets of CD8(+) T(EM) cells in 47 HH patients and 68 controls. In addition, association studies were conducted between the conserved haplotypes and the CD8(+) T cell subpopulations in HH. Variations of the numbers of naive and central memory cells with age were similar between HH patients and controls. For T(EM) cells and the T(EM) CD27(-)CD28(-) subset no effect of age was observed in HH [R(2) = 0.001, not significant (n.s.) and R(2) = 0.01, n.s., respectively] contrasting with the increasing of these subpopulations with age in controls (R(2) = 0.09, P = 0.017 and R(2) = 0.22, P = 0.0005, respectively). Interestingly, patients homozygous for the A-A-T haplotype have lower numbers of CD8(+) T(EM) cells due especially to lower numbers of T(EM) CD27(-)CD28(-) (0.206 +/- 0.119 and 0.066 +/- 0.067 x 10(6) cells/ml, respectively) than patients carrying the G-G-G haplotype (0.358 +/- 0.195 and 0.246 +/- 0.202 x 10(6) cells/ml, respectively). This may suggest an inability of HH patients to differentiate the CD8(+) T cells into the most mature phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Macedo
- Iron Genes and the Immune System (IRIS), IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progress in the dissection of the molecular pathogenesis of most prevalent inherited liver diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is continuing. This review highlights recent achievements that have clarified defective molecular pathways and shed new lights on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in determining disease phenotype. This advancement paves the way for development of new strategies to diagnose and cure metabolic liver diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Hepcidin, the iron hormone that is defective in hemochromatosis, is controlled not only by iron signals but also by a number of circulatory and membrane-associated regulators. Serum and urinary hepcidin can be now measured. New studies have provided important information on variable clinical expressivity of the genetic defect in hemochromatosis. The molecular and cellular events that accompany Wilson's disease and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency are being elucidated. In both, an unexpected pathogenic link with early metabolic abnormality in lipid or glycogen metabolism has emerged. Interference with apoptotic pathways may offer new therapeutic tools to prevent liver disease progression and acute liver failure associated with inherited metabolic diseases of the liver. SUMMARY The field of inherited diseases of the liver is rapidly evolving. Understanding molecular pathogenesis of these disorders is improving our ability to diagnose and treat them. The most recent findings are detailed in this review.
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