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Abebe MG, Alemayehu AM, Munaw MB, Tilahun MM, Alemayehu HB. Prevalence and associated factors of refractive error among adults in South Ethiopia, a community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298960. [PMID: 38527026 PMCID: PMC10962790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing prevalence of refractive error has become a serious health issue that needs serious attention. However, there are few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors of refractive error at the community level in Ethiopia as well as in the study area. Therefore, providing updated data is crucial to reduce the burdens of refractive error in the community. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and associated factors of refractive error among adults in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, 2023. METHOD A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 951 adults using a multistage sampling technique from May 8 to June 8, 2023, in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia. A pretested, structured questionnaire combined with an ocular examination and a refraction procedure was used to collect data. The collected data from the Kobo Toolbox was exported to a statistical package for social sciences for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant in the multivariable analysis. RESULT A total of 894 study participants were involved in this study with a 94.1% response rate. The prevalence of refractive error was 12.3% (95% CI: 10.2, 14.5%). Regular use of electronic devices (adjusted odds ratio = 3.64, 95% CI: 2.25, 5.91), being diabetic (adjusted odds ratio = 4.02, 95% CI: 2.16, 7.48), positive family history of refractive error (adjusted odds ratio = 2.71, 95% CI 1.59, 4.61) and positive history of cataract surgery (adjusted odds ratio = 5.17, 95% CI 2.19, 12.4) were significantly associated with refractive error. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The overall magnitude of refractive error in our study area was high. Regular use of electronic devices, being diabetic, positive family history of refractive error, and a positive history of cataract surgery were associated with refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshet Gete Abebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Hawassa University, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Maru Alemayehu
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minychil Bantihun Munaw
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mikias Mered Tilahun
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Biruk Alemayehu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Hawassa University, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Birhanu MY, Bekele GM, Leshargie CT, Jemberie SS. National estimate and associated factors of myopia among schoolchildren in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2024; 17:100480. [PMID: 37976882 PMCID: PMC10692897 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopia is a global public health concern that has a significant socioeconomic and psychological impact on schoolchildren. If Myopic patients are not detected early, they are exposed to retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma. There have been previous studies conducted in Ethiopia, but there is significant inconsistency among studies. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide a single figure as well as associated factors for Myopia among Ethiopian schoolchildren. METHOD The national and international databases and gray literature were searched for important research articles. This review included school-based cross-sectional studies that were reported in English. The data were extracted using Microsoft word and exported to Stata™ Version 17.0 statistical software for further management and analysis .The presence of heterogeneity was checked using Cochrane Q test via fixed effects model and presented by forest plots with 95% CI. Due to the presence of substantial heterogeneity, I2 test using random effects model was computed to estimate the effect size. The existing heterogeneity among studies was explained by regional difference. To identify factors associated with myopia, meta regression was computed and significant factors was reported using OR with 95% CI. RESULTS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 12 studies with a total of 9688 schoolchildren were included. The national estimate of myopia among schoolchildren in Ethiopia was 6.49% (95%CI: 4.86, 8.12). Having family history of myopia (OR: 9.18, 95%CI: 3.5,24.02) and being female (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.98) were the identified factors associated with myopia. CONCLUSION Myopia is one of the most prevalent childhood health condition in Ethiopia, which affects about one in every fourteen schoolchildren. Schoolchildren who had family history of myopia and being female were the identified risk factors of myopia among schoolchildren. Clinical and public engagement activities are needed to address the burden of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Yigzaw Birhanu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos university, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Getamesay Molla Bekele
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Cheru Tesema Leshargie
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos university, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Public health, School of Health Sciences, University of Technology Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Selamawit Shita Jemberie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Lorato MM, Yimer A, Kebede Bizueneh F. Prevalence of myopia in school-age children in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231200105. [PMID: 37808514 PMCID: PMC10559703 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia. Methods Eligible articles were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. In addition, Google Scholar and reference lists of the retrieved articles were searched from 30 July 2022 to 02 January 2023. The preferred reporting of items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis was used to report the search results. Microsoft Excel was used to keep the data. The qualities of eligible studies were checked using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for prevalence studies. Analysis was held using STATA Version 11. The degree of heterogeneity was checked using I² statistics. The possible sources of heterogeneity were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The funnel plot and Egger's test were used to assess the potential publication bias. A correction was made for publication bias using Duval and Twee Die's trim-and-fill analysis. The systematic review registration number is PROSPERO (#CRD42022330541). Results We identified 21 eligible articles including 20,757 subjects. Of those participants, 10,601 (51.1%) and 10,156 (48.9%) were males and females, respectively. A total of 15,152 (73%) participants were urban residents. The estimated prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia was found to be 5.26% (95% confidence interval: 4.09-6.42). Conclusions The prevalence of myopia among school-age children in Ethiopia is considerable, affecting one in 20 school-age children. Therefore, the authors recommend the stakeholders take extra steps to speed up the implementation of the school vision screening program and its integration plan into the existing school nutrition program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merkineh Markos Lorato
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ali Yimer
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Babu L, Kumaran SL, Gupta D. Comparison of Self Refraction accuracy with Cycloplegic Subjective Refraction in Young Adults. Niger Med J 2023; 64:365-372. [PMID: 38974062 PMCID: PMC11223018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Uncorrected refractive error is one of the major causes of blindness. Self-refraction methods are currently practiced to correct refractive error. Self-adjustable eyeglasses are available easily in the present online buying era. Hence this study aimed to compare the visual and refractive outcomes between Self-refraction (SR) eyeglasses and Cycloplegic subjective Refraction (CSR). Methodology This observational cross-sectional study included 59 participants (21 males and 38 females) within the age of 18 to 30yearsand refractive error between +3.00D to -6.00D took part in this study. Subjects with a previous history of non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly, astigmatic error, pathological eye problems, ocular surgery or trauma were excluded from the study. The subjects were allowed to estimate their refractive error with DialVision eyeglasses followed by CSR, which was performed by a single examiner. The visual and refractive outcomes of SR and CSR were collected and analyzed. Result The study participants mean age was 22(2) years.The comparison of visual acuity and duochrome between SR and CSR using Paired T test showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.01). Visual acuity attained from SR resulted in a mean acuity of 0.14(0.05) logMAR compared to CSR 0.002(0.007) logMAR. Duochrome test identified 92% of participants being under corrected with SR. No statistically significant difference was observed in contrast sensitivity and cover test (P>0.01). Conclusion Visual acuity with SR was acceptable but wasn't better than CSR. Appreciable under correction of refractive error with SR raises concern. Encouraging a patient to correct their own refractive error without a comprehensive eye examination can lead to various adverse effects. Even though SR might bring a brief relief towards the burden of uncorrected refractive error, dispensing spectacle based on standard refraction procedure is imperative for good visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logesh Babu
- Department of Optometry, UIAHS Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
| | - Samuel Livingstone Kumaran
- Department of Optometry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Optometry, NIMS College of Paramedical Technology, NIMS University, Rajasthan, India
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Diress M, Getnet M, Akalu Y, Dagnew B, Belsti Y, Gela YY, Chilot D, Belay DG, Bitew DA, Terefe B, Getahun AB. Myopia and its associated factors among pregnant women at health institutions in Gondar District, Northwest Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 3:1078557. [PMID: 36727043 PMCID: PMC9884705 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.1078557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the most common form of uncorrected refractive error with a growing burden worldwide. It is the principal complaint of most women during pregnancy. Although myopia has led to several consequences across the standard life of pregnant women, there is no previous study in Ethiopia regarding this topic. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of myopia and identifies its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care units at governmental health institutions in Gondar City District, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from 08 February to 08 April 2021. From the selected health centres, study participants were recruited by systematic random sampling technique. A pre-tested, structured-interviewer-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, obstetric and clinical-related variables was used to collect the required data. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed using trial lenses, trial frames, and retinoscopy in a semi-dark examination room. EpiData 3 and STATA 14 were used for data entry and statistical analysis respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify associated factors of myopia. Variables with a p-value ≤0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as statistically significant with myopia. Model fitness was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of test (at p > 0.05). Results A total of four-hundred and twenty-three pregnant women participated with a 100% response rate in this study. The overall prevalence of myopia among pregnant women was 26.48% (95% CI: 22.48-30.91). Eighty-Eight (20.81%) and Eighty-Four (19.85%) of the study participants had myopia in their right and left eyes respectively. The prevalence of myopia was significantly associated with age (AOR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.28), the third trimester of gestation (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.08-3.90), multi & grand multipara (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.59-6.25), and history of contraceptive use (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1. 50-7.28). Conclusion The finding of our study shows that there is a higher prevalence of myopia among pregnant women in our study area. Further prospective analytical studies regarding visual systems among pregnant women, particularly as a result of pregnancy, are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Mengistie Diress
| | - Mihret Getnet
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayeh Belsti
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dagmawi Chilot
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gashaneh Belay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Anmut Bitew
- Department of Reproductive Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Belete Getahun
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Atlaw D, Shiferaw Z, Sahiledengele B, Degno S, Mamo A, Zenbaba D, Gezahegn H, Desta F, Negash W, Assefa T, Abdela M, Hasano A, Walle G, Kene C, Gomora D, Chattu VK. Prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error among children and adolescents in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271313. [PMID: 35980970 PMCID: PMC9387832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, the prevalence of refractive error was 12%, and visual impairment due to refractive error was 2.1%. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment due to refractive error was 12.6% and 3.4%, respectively. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error varies from 2.5% in the Gurage zone to 12.3% in Hawassa city. Hence, this Meta-analysis aimed to summarize the pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted by the authors to identify all relevant primary studies. All articles on the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia were identified through a literature search. The databases used to search for studies were PubMed, Science Direct, POPLINE, HENARI, Google Scholar, and grey literature was searched on Google until December 15, 2021. In this meta-analysis, the presence of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Begg's tests at a significance level of less than 0.05. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to check for a single study's effect on the overall prevalence of refractive error. RESULT About 1664 studies were retrieved from initial electronic searches using international databases and google searches. A total number of 20,088 children and adolescents were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error in Ethiopia using the random effects model was estimated to be 6% (95% CI, 5-7) with a significant level of heterogeneity (I2 = 94.4%; p < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive was analyzed by subtypes, and pooled prevalence was estimated to be 4%, 5.2%, and 1% for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, respectively. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive error was high in Ethiopia. About one in twenty-five Ethiopian children and adolescents are affected by visual impairment due to myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Atlaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Shiferaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Biniyam Sahiledengele
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Degno
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Shashemene Campus, Shashemene, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Mamo
- Department of Pharmacy, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Demisu Zenbaba
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Gezahegn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Fikreab Desta
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Wogene Negash
- Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assefa
- Department of Nursing, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Mujib Abdela
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Abbul Hasano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Walle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Chala Kene
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Degefa Gomora
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temetry Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technological Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
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AlThomali TA, AlQurashi M, AlGhamdi AS, Ibrahim A, AlSwailmi FK. Prevalence of refractive errors in school-going children of Taif region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2022; 36:70-74. [PMID: 35971495 PMCID: PMC9375459 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_46_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in the pediatric population in Taif, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 7356 eyes of 3678 primary and secondary school children (males = 1837; females = 1841) with a mean age of 11.8 ± 2.2 years (range: 7-18) (males = 11.4 ± 2.0 [range: 8-16]; females = 12.2 ± 2.3 [range: 7-18]). All participants were selected from the school registers. The participants underwent noncycloplegic refraction to determine refractive errors. Students who refused visual acuity assessment or eye examination and were inconsistent in visual acuity assessment were excluded. RESULTS The manifest refraction spherical equivalent of the study population was 0.37 ± 1.52 D (range from - 18.4 to 8.8 D) (males = -0.32 ± 1.4 D [range - 15.88-8.8 D]; females = -0.42 ± 1.6 D [range - 18.38-8.0 D]). The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among school children in this study was 50.91%. The overall distribution of astigmatism (cylinder error of ≥0.50 D) in the current study population was found to be 50.14% (3688/7356 eyes). CONCLUSION Nearly half of the study population in this area was affected with at least one type of refractive error. The findings reveal the necessity for implementing timely and sensitive screening programs/methods to identify and correct refractive errors in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal A. AlThomali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Talal A. AlThomali, Taif University, PO Box 795, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Majed AlQurashi
- Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Farhan K. AlSwailmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
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Markos M, Kefyalew B, Tesfaye HB. Pooled prevalence of blindness in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2022; 7:bmjophth-2021-000949. [PMID: 36161856 PMCID: PMC9171275 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blindness is defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 3/60 in the better eye. Its highest proportion has been conforming to the developing countries such as Ethiopia. So, timely information is crucial to design strategies. However, the study on the magnitude of blindness in Ethiopia was outdated which means it was conducted in 2005–2006. Therefore, this study was proposed to estimate the pooled prevalence of blindness in Ethiopia. Databases like PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and references of retrieved articles were used to search for articles. A standard data extraction approach was employed and presented using Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Analysis held using STATA V.11. The funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were applied to check for the potential sources of bias. Heterogeneity among the studies was tested using I² statistics that have been calculated and compared with the standard. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were done to identify the potential sources of heterogeneity. Estimation of blindness was carried out using Duval and Twee die’s trim and fill analysis. The pooled prevalence of blindness in Ethiopia is found to be 1.18% (95% CI 0.650% to 1.706%). Blindness is among the main public health difficulties in Ethiopia. So, it demands up-to-date strategies and its implementation, preventive and curative eye care service with affordable and accessible interventions, and evidence-based advocacy. The trial Registration Number is CRD42021268448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merkineh Markos
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Biruktayit Kefyalew
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Hana Belay Tesfaye
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Sume BW, Seyoum G. Prevalence of refractive errors among school students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20503121221127096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Refractive errors are most common ocular disorders among children and adolescents. They remain as secondary causes of avoidable blindness in impoverished areas in Africa, most notably in Ethiopia. The problem worsens if it is not managed and addressed early. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among school students in Ethiopia. Methods: We searched international databases such as PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct for relevant articles. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and exported to Stata version 14.0 software for analysis. The Cochrane Q and I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity. Funnel plot, Egger’s, and Begg’s tests were used to assess reporting bias. Random effect meta-analysis model was employed to estimate pooled prevalence of refractive errors. A regional subgroup analysis was carried out. Results: We reviewed 22 qualified studies with 23,355 study participants. The overall prevalence of refractive errors among school students was 7.36% (95% confidence interval = 6.05, 8.67). The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 5.10% (95% confidence interval = 3.79, 6.40), 0.95% (95% confidence interval = 0.59, 1.31), and 0.01% (95% confidence interval = 0.01, 0.04), respectively. From subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence of refractive errors was reported in Amhara Region (9.18%, 95% confidence interval = 6.63, 11.74), followed by Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region (6.78%, 95% confidence interval = 4.65, 8.92) while the lowest prevalence of refractive errors was reported in Addis Ababa (3.93%, 95% confidence interval = 3.30, 4.56). Conclusion: In Ethiopia, the prevalence of refractive errors among school students is higher (7.36%) compared to what it was 5 years (7.05%) ago. Amhara Region has the highest prevalence of refractive errors among school students in Ethiopia with myopia being the most common type of refractive error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bickes Wube Sume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Oguego N, Udeh N, Aghaji A, Okoye O, Okoye O, Maduka-Okafor F, Ezegwui I, Ezisi C, Achigbu E, Nwobi AE, Onwasigwe NE, Umeh R, Aneji C. Preferred spectacles among nigerian school children: Report from a refractive error in school children (RESC) study. NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/njm.njm_158_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yekta A, Hooshmand E, Saatchi M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Asharlous A, Taheri A, Khabazkhoob M. Global Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol 2022; 34:1-15. [PMID: 35620376 PMCID: PMC9128433 DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_135_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the global prevalence and common causes of visual impairment (VI) and blindness in children. Methods: In this meta-analysis, a structured search strategy was applied to search electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as the list of references in the selected articles to identify all population-based cross-sectional studies that concerned the prevalence of VI and blindness in populations under 20 years of age up to January 2018, regardless of the publication date and language, gender, region of residence, or race. VI was reported based on presenting visual acuity (PVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of equal to 20/60 or worse in the better eye. Blindness was reported as visual acuity worse than 20/400 in the better eye. Results: In the present study, 5711 articles were identified, and the final analyses were done on 80 articles including 769,720 people from twenty-eight different countries. The prevalence of VI based on UCVA was 7.26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.34%–10.19%), PVA was 3.82% (95% CI: 2.06%–5.57%), BCVA was 1.67% (95% CI 0.97%–2.37%), and blindness was 0.17% (95% CI: 0.13%–0.21%). Refractive errors were the most common cause of VI in the subjects of selected articles (77.20% [95% CI: 73.40%–81.00%]). The prevalence of amblyopia was 7.60% (95% CI: 05.60%–09.10%) and congenital cataract was 0.60% (95% CI: 0.3%–0.9%). Conclusion: Despite differences in the definition of VI and blindness, based on PVA, 3.82%, and based on BCVA, 1.67% of the examined samples suffer from VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Hooshmand
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saatchi
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Taheri
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tshivhase SE, Mashau NS, Mathebula D. Prevalence and risk factors of myopia amongst Grade 8 learners in the Vhembe district, South Africa. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v80i1.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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13
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Nsiangani Lusambo N, Kilangalanga Ngoy J, Dilu Ahuka A, Munyeku Bazitama Y, Moanda Kapopo A, Ilunga Muleya J, Makwanga Mankiew E, Stahnke T, Guthoff R. Prevalence and patterns of childhood ocular morbidity in Kinshasa. A population-based study. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 3:100054. [PMID: 37635715 PMCID: PMC10445959 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2021.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Childhood ocular disorders can seriously impact on development and education, future employment opportunities and quality of life, their consequences are especially severe in low resource settings. There is a lack of data on pattern and prevalence of ocular morbidities among children in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Objective The aim of this study was to determine the pattern and magnitude of childhood ocular disorders in children in Kinshasa, the capital city of DRC. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2017. Children aged less than 16 years old were screened by volunteers in households and those with ocular pathologies were examined by two ophthalmologists. Prevalence and pattern of ocular diseases were determined. Results A total of 4307 households were visited by the surveyors and 13,197 children were screened. Ocular pathologies were diagnosed among 399 children. Girls represented 50.7% of the children and the mean age ± SD was 9.2 ± 4.1 years. The overall prevalence of ocular morbidity in our population was 3.6% [95% CI 3.3-3.9]. Allergic conjunctivitis was the most frequent pathology (56.2%) followed by refractive errors (27.4%) and strabismus (5%). Age of children was the only risk factor with a significant impact on the frequency of ocular pathology. Forty-five percent of children had never benefited from any treatment, self-medication, and recourse to traditional treatments concerned respectively 18.%, and 2.3% of children. Conclusion Childhood ocular morbidity in Kinshasa city was dominated by allergic conjunctivitis and refractive errors. The frequency of these conditions varies depending on the age of the children. Very few parents consult medical staff when their children have ocular problems, ignorance and limited financial resources are the principal barriers to consult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nsiangani Lusambo
- Eye department, University Clinic, Medical School, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Janvier Kilangalanga Ngoy
- Eye department, University Clinic, Medical School, University of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Angèle Dilu Ahuka
- School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yannick Munyeku Bazitama
- Department of Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Astride Moanda Kapopo
- Department of Childhood Blindness, Rehabilitation A Base Communautaire, Archidiocese de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Josette Ilunga Muleya
- National Program for Vision and Eye Health, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emile Makwanga Mankiew
- National Program for Vision and Eye Health, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thomas Stahnke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rudolf Guthoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Barros VFDS, Oliveira RADSGD, Maia RB, Fernandes N, Almodin EM. Effects of the excessive use of electronic screens on vision and emotional state. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.37039/1982.8551.20210046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Sengo DB, Dos Santos IIDB, Faquihe MF, Tomo HBJF, Muaprato AM, Puchar S, Lôbo GMRJ, López-Izquierdo I, Caballero P. The Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Refractive Errors among a Youth Population in Mozambique: Evidence of the Need for Intervention. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:892. [PMID: 34682157 PMCID: PMC8534347 DOI: 10.3390/children8100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual impairment (VI) can significantly interfere in the child's daily activities and quality of life, having a negative effect on their development and learning. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of VI and associated demographic factors in students examined during the program "Moçambique te vejo melhor". This study was cross-sectional and retrospective, based on the 2018/19 edition of the program. Eye examinations were performed in secondary school students, aged between 12 and 20 years, of five districts in Nampula province. The examination included visual acuity, non-cycloplegic refraction and assessment of the anterior and posterior segment and ocular adnexa. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting and best-corrected VI found was 18.3%, 10.8%, and 5.0%, respectively. Refractive error (RE) had a prevalence of 24.7%, and the age groups between 15-17 years and 18-20 years were significantly associated with myopia (with OR: 4.9 and OR: 8.8, respectively), as well as the 11th and 12th grade (OR: 8.1 and OR: 10.7, respectively), and Malema district had association with myopia (ORa: 0.4) and hyperopia (ORa: 0.4 and OR: 0.3) as a protective factor. The prevalence of RE and VI was relatively high, showing the need for greater intervention at the school level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulnério B. Sengo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Isaura I. D. B. Dos Santos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Momade F. Faquihe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Hermenegildo B. J. F. Tomo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Alcino M. Muaprato
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Sualé Puchar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Guida M. R. J. Lôbo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula City 3100, Mozambique; (D.B.S.); (I.I.D.B.D.S.); (M.F.F.); (H.B.J.F.T.); (A.M.M.); (S.P.); (G.M.R.J.L.)
| | - Inmaculada López-Izquierdo
- Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area, University of Seville, Reina Mercedes St., 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Caballero
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
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Ghaderi S, Hashemi H, Jafarzadehpur E, Yekta A, Ostadimoghaddam H, Mirzajani A, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in seven‐year‐old children. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 101:380-385. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Ghaderi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Ali Mirzajani
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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Rizk HI, Abdel-Razik MS, Elsebaei EH. Evaluation of health appraisal project of primary school children: a study in Egypt. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:1126-1142. [PMID: 33792073 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School Health insurance (SHI) is working in Egypt since 2003. However, there were no impact indicators that inform policy makers about health status of school children. Therefore, the school health project was conducted by Arab Medical Union (AMU) Medical Syndicate in cooperation with Ministry of Education (MOE), Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) and Public Health Department, Cairo University to conduct comprehensive medical services to primary school children and to assess the impact of the SHI and the efficiency of AMU project to promote health of children. METHODS In-depth interview with policy makers in MOHP, MOE, SHI and secondary analysis of AMU documents. A systematic random sample of 7000 students (7-10 years) was selected which formed 10% of the examined children in AMU project and proportionally distributed in 355 schools in seven Districts in Fayoum Governorate. RESULTS SHI was ineffective in providing preventive services to school children. The AMU project was efficient in covering 82% of the targeted students with clinical, preventive and referral services with estimated cost per student were 54.8LE. Clinical findings showed anaemia the major problem (84%), dental (33%), hair/scalp (9%) and visual errors (6%). CONCLUSION The current Primary Health Care facilities needs to improve the quality preventive and curative health services provided to school children. Also, providing health services through medical conveys was of high cost and unsustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ibrahim Rizk
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Hany Elsebaei
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Alem KD, Gebru EA. A cross-sectional analysis of refractive error prevalence and associated factors among elementary school children in Hawassa, Ethiopia. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060521998894. [PMID: 33752506 PMCID: PMC8013717 DOI: 10.1177/0300060521998894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed the prevalence of refractive error (RE) and its
associated factors among elementary school children in Hawassa,
Ethiopia. Methods In this school-based cross-sectional study, a random selection technique with
proportional allocation was used to ensure a representative sample of
students. Survey questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic,
environmental, and family history data. Clinical examinations were performed
to assess RE and ocular health. Associations between dependent and
independent variables were computed using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and
95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Overall, 529 children participated in this study, with a response rate of
95.5% (529/554). Most participants were aged ≥12 years (337 [63.7%]), in
grade levels 5 to 8 (307 [58%]), and attended public schools (366 [69.2%]).
RE prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI: 10.0–16.1). Higher grade level (AOR=3.18,
95% CI: 1.68–5.97), positive family history of RE (AOR=3.69, 95% CI:
1.57–8.67), lack of paternal formal education (AOR=3.25, 95% CI: 1.20–8.77),
and public school attendance (AOR=3.33, 95% CI: 1.52–7.27) were factors
significantly associated with RE. Conclusions RE prevalence among elementary school children in Hawassa was higher than in
previous reports. Grade level, family history, paternal education level, and
school type significantly influenced RE status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindie Desta Alem
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Abera Gebru
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Assem AS, Tegegne MM, Fekadu SA. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among school children in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248936. [PMID: 33750986 PMCID: PMC7984635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia is the leading cause of correctable visual impairment and preventable blindness worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Myopia is appearing with greater prevalence in young children. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of myopia among school children in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Methods and materials A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among school children of 6 to 18 years of age in Bahir Dar city from October to November 2019. A pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 634 participants using a multi-stage sampling technique from primary and secondary schools. Cycloplegic refraction was performed by optometrists for each student with 1% cyclopentolate eye drop, and subjective refraction was carried out to determine the final prescription of the students. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive error of ≥ 0.5 diopter in either eye. Data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 for analysis. Tables, frequency, and mean were used for descriptive statistics. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify risk factors of myopia. Odds ratio with 95% confidence level was determined and variables with p–value of < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results Among a total of 601 study participants, 51 (8.49%) were myopic. Age group of 10–13 years (AOR = 6.54: 95% CI = 5.56–10.86), 14–18 years (AOR = 6.32: 95% CI = 5.32–9.69), 2–4 hour per day mobile exposure (AOR = 3.69: 95% CI = 1.63–8.38), > 4 hour per day mobile exposure (AOR = 11.6: 95% CI = 4.41–30.42), near working distance of < 33 centimeter (AOR = 6.89: 95% CI = 2.71–17.56) and outdoor activity (AOR = 3.94: 95% CI = 1.87–8.31) were significantly associated with myopia. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia was high among school children in Bahir Dar city. Older age, longer duration of mobile exposure, shorter near working distance were the risk factors for the development of myopia whereas having outdoor activity was the protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Sinshaw Assem
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mebratu Mulusew Tegegne
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sofonias Addis Fekadu
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Diress M, Yeshaw Y, Bantihun M, Dagnew B, Ambelu A, Seid MA, Akalu Y. Refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246174. [PMID: 33577552 PMCID: PMC7880455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refractive error is one of the commonly encountered problems during pregnancy and being the cause of deleterious effects on health. Despite its impacts, there is no evidence on the magnitude and associated factors of refractive error among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive error and its associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed. An ocular examination was performed using Retinoscope and Snellen’s illiterate “E” chart. The required data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which comprised socio-demographic, clinical and pregnancy-related variables. EpiData 3.02 and STATA 14 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were executed to identify factors associated with refractive error. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were declared as significantly associated factors with refractive error. Results A total of 401 pregnant women with a median age of 27 (IQR = 24–31) years participated in this study. The overall prevalence of refractive error among the study participants was 35.66% (95% CI: 30.95–40.37). Of the total study participants, ninety-two (22.90%) of them were myopic, forty-five (11.22%) were hyperopic and the rest were antimetropic. Increased maternal age (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16–1.48)), increased parity (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.92–5.25), increased gestational age (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08–1.22), and regular use of computers/ watching television (AOR = 6.19, 95% CI: 2.46–15.59) were significantly associated with refractive error. Conclusion The prevalence of refractive error among pregnant women was high where myopia was the most common variety. Advanced maternal age, increased gestational age, increased parity and regular use of computer or watching television were significantly associated with refractive error among pregnant women. Therefore, apart from providing other maternal health services, routine screening and evaluation of pregnant women for refractive error during antenatal care visit is recommended to avoid its negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yigizie Yeshaw
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minychil Bantihun
- Department of Optometry, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Dagnew
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Ambelu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Akalu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Magakwe TS, Xulu-Kasaba ZN, Hansraj R. Visual impairment and refractive error amongst school-going children aged 6–18 years in Sekhukhune District (Limpopo, South Africa). AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v79i1.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Refractive error (RE) and visual impairment (VI) remain major problems affecting school-going children worldwide.Aim: To determine the prevalence and distribution of VI and RE in school-going children aged 6–18 years.Setting: The study was conducted in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africa.Methods: A multistage random sampling method was used to select school-going children aged 6–18 years from Grades 1 to 12. A total of 326 learners went through eye examinations, which included visual acuity (VA) measurement using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution chart, autorefraction under cycloplegia and ocular health assessment.Results: The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting and best-corrected VA of 0.30 M or worse in the better eye was 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.70–15.80), 12.3% (95% CI, 8.70–15.80) and 2.1% (95% CI, 0.60–3.70), respectively. Refractive error accounted for 80% (95% CI, 67.6–92.4) of all causes of VI. Myopia was the most prevalent RE (50.7%; 95% CI, 38.8–62.7), followed by astigmatism (36%; 95% CI, 24.3–47.3) and hypermetropia (13.6%; 95% CI, 5.30–21.6). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of RE and VI between males (50.7%; 95% CI, 38.8–62.7) and females (49.3%; 95% CI, 37.3–61.2). Refractive error and VI were higher amongst children aged 14–18 years: 56.7% (95% CI, 44.9–68.6) and 60% (95% CI, 44.8–75.20), respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of RE and VI amongst school-going children in Sekhukhune District was high, highlighting the need for school visual screening and strategies to address these conditions in that area.
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Visual Impairment among Primary School Children in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:6934013. [PMID: 32908684 PMCID: PMC7463391 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6934013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An impairment of the visual system at or shortly after birth adversely affects educational performance of children which typically occurs through vision. Limited evidence on the magnitude and causes of visual impairment is one of the reasons for the low priority given to eye care in low-income countries. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and determine the causes of visual impairment in primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 1289 children aged 5–15 years who were randomly selected in 9 primary schools (government and private) from May to June 2016. Visual acuity was measured at 6 m using Snellen's chart, and children with an acuity of less than 6/18 in the better eye underwent refraction and a detailed eye examination. A cause of their impairment was determined. Data were recorded using pretested tools. . Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16 was used to enter and analyze the data using 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence of visual impairment was 1.8%. Refractive errors (nearly 70%) followed by strabismus and cataract, each contributing 4.3%, were the most frequent causes of visual impairment in the study population. Majority (87%) of the children had moderate degree of vision impairment, and 10–15-year age groups are the more affected ones. Children of age fifteen and above showed statistically significant association with visual impairment (p=0.005). Conclusion The magnitude of visual impairment in primary school children in the study area is significant. School screening programme is recommended to minimize the burden of visual impairment in the study area.
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Screen Exposure during Early Life and the Increased Risk of Astigmatism among Preschool Children: Findings from Longhua Child Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072216. [PMID: 32224959 PMCID: PMC7177845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Screen media usage has become increasingly prevalent in daily life with children being exposed to screens at an early age. This is a growing public health concern with evidence linking screen exposure to detrimental health outcomes, whereas relationship between screen exposure and the presence of astigmatism among preschoolers remains unknown, thus we aimed to resolve this issue. During the 2017 survey of the Longhua Child Cohort Study, data of 29,595 preschoolers were collected via a caregiver-reported questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, screen exposure and refraction. Cox regression models were adopted to generate adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to estimate the association between early screen exposure and astigmatism. 28,029 preschoolers were included in the final analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders, screen exposure during early life was significantly associated with the increased risk of astigmatism (APR and 95% CI: 2.25, 1.76–2.88), and the greatest risk was observed in the period from birth to 1-year (APR and 95% CI: 3.10, 2.41–3.98). The risk of astigmatism increased with both the total years of exposure and the average daily duration of screen exposure. Our findings suggested that preschoolers who were exposed to screens during early life might have an increased risk of astigmatism.
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Halim A, Suganda R, Sirait SN, Memed FK, Syumarti, Rini M, Ratnaningsih N. Prevalence and associated factors of uncorrected refractive errors among school children in suburban areas in Bandung, Indonesia. COGENT MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1737354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aldiana Halim
- Research Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Ratika Suganda
- The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Susanti Natalya Sirait
- Low Vision and Refractive Services Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Feti Karfiati Memed
- Pediatric Ophthalmology Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Syumarti
- Community Ophthalmology Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Mayang Rini
- Community Ophthalmology Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
| | - Nina Ratnaningsih
- Community Ophthalmology Department, The Indonesian Eye Center, Cicendo Eye Hospital Bandung Indonesia
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Myopia and Childhood Migration: A Study of 607 862 Adolescents. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:713-723. [PMID: 32005562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immigration studies can shed light on myopia development and reveal high-risk populations. To this end, we investigated the association among immigration, age at immigration, and myopia occurrence during adolescence. DESIGN Population-based, retrospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred seven thousand eight hundred sixty-two adolescents, Israeli born and immigrants, with origins in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Ethiopia, or Israel, assessed for medical fitness for mandatory military service at 17 years of age between 1993 and 2016. METHODS Myopia and high myopia were defined based on right eye refractive data. Age at immigration was categorized into 0 to 5 years of age, 6 to 11 years of age, and 12 to 19 years of age. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were created. Myopia odds ratios (ORs) were calculated according to immigration status, with Israeli-born natives as controls. Next, myopia ORs were calculated according to age at immigration, with Israeli-born of same origin as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Myopia prevalence and ORs. RESULTS Myopia was less prevalent among immigrants than Israeli-born controls. When stratified according to age at immigration, a decrease in myopia prevalence and ORs with increasing age at migration were observed, most prominent in immigrants arriving after 11 years of age, who also showed lower high-myopia ORs. The immigrants from the USSR and Ethiopia arriving after 11 years of age showed a myopia OR of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.67; P < 10-205) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.46-0.58; P < 10-27) compared with the Israeli-born controls. Notably, Ethiopians arriving earlier than 5 years of age showed a 2-fold higher myopia OR than those migrating after 11 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Immigrants arriving after 11 years of age showed markedly lower ORs for myopia and high myopia relative to Israeli-born controls or those arriving during early childhood, likely because of environmental and lifestyle changes. Differences between immigrants arriving up to 5 years of age and those arriving between 6 and 11 years of age were relatively smaller, suggesting exposures at elementary school age play a greater role in this population.
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Liu S, Ye S, Xi W, Zhang X. Electronic devices and myopic refraction among children aged 6-14 years in urban areas of Tianjin, China. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39:282-293. [PMID: 31099434 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess associations between different types of electronic devices, myopic refraction and ocular biometric parameters in children aged 6-14 years in urban areas of Tianjin, China. METHODS A school-based, cross-sectional study was performed on 566 children (302 boys and 264 girls). The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. The children's parents completed a detailed questionnaire that included each child's demographics, the use of electronic devices and other related risk factors. RESULTS Myopia was not associated with time spent using various electronic devices. However, the mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) decreased by 0.28 D (p = 0.042) and 0.33 D (p = 0.018) for each 1-h increase in the time spent using smart phones and computers, respectively. In the multiple linear regression analyses of factors associated with the SER, the standardised coefficient B for time spent reading and writing was approximately four to five times larger than the standardised coefficient for time spent using smart phones or computers. Time spent using tablets and watching television was not significantly associated with the SER. A longer axial length (AL) was associated with more time spent using smart phones (B = 0.23, p = 0.006) and computers (B = 0.26, p = 0.002) but not using tablets (p = 0.45) and watching television (p = 0.45). No significant association was found between other ocular biometric parameters and time spent using various electronic devices. CONCLUSIONS On average, a more myopic SER and longer AL were both associated with more time spent using smart phones and computers, but not with time spent using tablets and watching television. The magnitude of the association between SER and time spent reading and writing was a substantially larger than that for smart phone or computer use. Different types of electronic devices had differing levels of association with myopic refraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxin Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Impact of various types of near work and time spent outdoors at different times of day on visual acuity and refractive error among Chinese school-going children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215827. [PMID: 31026279 PMCID: PMC6485919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various types of near work have been suggested to promote the incidence and progression of myopia, while outdoor activity appears to prevent or retard myopia. However, there is a lack of consensus on how to interpret these results and translate them into effective intervention strategies. This study examined the association between visual acuity and time allocated to various activities among school-going children. Methods Population-based survey of 19,934 students in grade 4 and 5 from 252 randomly selected rural primary schools in Northwest China in September 2012. This survey measured visual acuity and collected self-reported data on time spent outdoors and time spent doing various types of near activities. Results Prolonged (>60 minutes/day) computer usage (-0.025 LogMAR units, P = .011) and smartphone usage (-0.041 LogMAR units, P = .001) were significantly associated with greater refractive error, while television viewing and after-school study were not. For time spent outdoors, only time around midday was significantly associated with better uncorrected visual acuity. Compared to children who reported no midday time outdoors, those who spent time outdoors at midday for 31–60 minutes or more than 60 minutes had better uncorrected visual acuity by 0.016 LogMAR units (P = .014) and 0.016 units (P = .042), respectively. Conclusions Use of smart phones and computers were associated with declines in children’s vision, while television viewing was not. Statistically significant associations between outdoor time at midday and reduced myopia may support the hypothesis that light intensity plays a role in the protective effects of outdoor time.
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Al Bahhawi T, Makeen AM, Daghreeri HH, Tobaigy MF, Adawi AM, Guhal FM, Akkur MA, Alotayfi MJ, Otayf MM, Bajoned MS, Mahfouz MS. Refractive Error among Male Primary School Students in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Open Ophthalmol J 2018; 12:264-272. [PMID: 30369991 PMCID: PMC6174611 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101812010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Refractive error is a common and serious eye disorder that affects more than 153 million people globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among male primary school children in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected group of 395 students (aged 6-14 years) in Jazan region, Southwest Saudi Arabia. An optometrist and medical students assessed the refraction error using an autorefractor, a Snellen E chart and retinoscopy. Results: The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in either eye was, 22% higher among rural students. The most prevalent refractive error was hyperopia (32.2%) followed by myopic astigmatism (31%) then myopia (17.2%). Next were hyperopic astigmatism (16.1%) and mixed astigmatism (3.5%). The following variables were associated with a higher risk of refractive errors and myopia: living in rural areas, having parents with refractive errors, spending more time on electronic devices and shorter visual distances. Conclusion: Refractive error was highly prevalent among primary school children in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The rural students were more affected by refractive errors, mainly hyperopia. The preschool vision test should be reconsidered, and a periodic vision examination should be applied to detect vision problems as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Bahhawi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Alsaqr A, Abu Sharha A, Fagehi R, Almutairi A, Alosaimi S, Almalki A, Alluwaymi A. The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:965-972. [PMID: 29872255 PMCID: PMC5973314 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The visual status of adolescents in Saudi Arabia (SA) has not been well reported. To date, the prevalence and types of refractive errors (REs), amblyopia, strabismus, and correctable visual impairments have not been quantified. The aim of the study was to investigate the visual status in adolescents in Riyadh, SA. Methods This study was based on a population cross-sectional and random cluster design. After design and the sample calculations, 1,007 participants, 12–20 years of age, were screened during the study. Nine participants were excluded due to ocular disorders. The participants were assessed for REs, distance visual acuity logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, pinhole test findings, and cover–uncover test findings. Results The results showed that 55.5% of the participants had some form of REs, while correctable visual impairment was found in one-fifth of the screened participants. Myopia was the dominant type (53.3%, ranged from −0.50 DS to −14.00 DS), whereas hyperopia was found in 2.2% (+2.00 DS to +5.50 DS) and astigmatism was present in 15% (−0.75 DC to −5.25 DC). Only 43% of the participants had corrected REs; however, the noncompliance for spectacle use was 20.25%. Conclusion This study was the first attempt to investigate the visual status in adolescents in SA. It provided estimations of the REs, amblyopia, and strabismus. The high prevalence of REs emphasizes the need to identify the best proactive strategies to detect and manage REs to reduce the incidence of visual impairment in SA. Increasing awareness about eye health and employing efficient screening programs could help to address the need for REs corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu Sharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raied Fagehi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Almutairi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alosaimi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Almalki
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alluwaymi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mahayana IT, Indrawati SG, Pawiroranu S. The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in urban, suburban, exurban and rural primary school children in Indonesian population. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1771-1776. [PMID: 29181324 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncorrected refractive error (URE) is a major health problem among school children. This study was aimed to determine the frequency and patterns of URE across 4 gradients of residential densities (urban, exurban, suburban and rural). This was a cross-sectional study of school children from 3 districts in Yogyakarta and 1 district near Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The information regarding age, sex, school and school grader were recorded. The Snellen's chart was used to measure the visual acuity and to perform the subjective refraction. The district was then divided into urban, suburban, exurban and rural area based on their location and population. In total, 410 school children were included in the analyses (urban=79, exurban=73, suburban=160 and rural=98 school children). Urban school children revealed the worst visual acuity (P<0.001) and it was significant when compared with exurban and rural. The proportion of URE among urban, suburban, exurban and rural area were 10.1%, 12.3%, 3.8%, and 1%, respectively, and it was significant when compared to the proportion of ametropia and corrected refractive error across residential densities (P=0.003). The risk of URE development in urban, suburban, exurban, and rural were 2.218 (95%CI: 0.914-5.385), 3.019 (95%CI: 1.266-7.197), 0.502 (95%CI: 0.195-1.293), and 0.130 (95%CI:0.017-0.972), respectively. Urban school children showed the worst visual acuity. The school children in urban and suburban residential area had 2 and 3 times higher risk of developing the URE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Tri Mahayana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sagung Gede Indrawati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suhardjo Pawiroranu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada-Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.,Dr. Yap Eye Hospital, Yogyakarta 55232, Indonesia
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol 2017; 30:3-22. [PMID: 29564404 PMCID: PMC5859285 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was a systematic review of refractive errors across the world according to the WHO regions. Methods To extract articles on the prevalence of refractive errors for this meta-analysis, international databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. The results of the retrieved studies were merged using a random effect model and reported as estimated pool prevalence (EPP) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In children, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5–13.0), 4.6% (95% CI: 3.9–5.2), and 14.9% (95% CI: 12.7–17.1), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 4.9% (95% CI: 1.6–8.1) in South–East Asia to 18.2% (95% CI: 10.9–25.5) in the Western Pacific region, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.2–3.3) in South-East Asia to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.4–15.2) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 9.8% in South-East Asia to 27.2% in the Americas. In adults, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4–29.6), 30.9% (95% CI: 26.2–35.6), and 40.4% (95% CI: 34.3–46.6), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 16.2% (95% CI: 15.6–16.8) in the Americas to 32.9% (95% CI: 25.1–40.7) in South-East Asia, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 23.1% (95% CI: 6.1%–40.2%) in Europe to 38.6% (95% CI: 22.4–54.8) in Africa and 37.2% (95% CI: 25.3–49) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 11.4% (95% CI: 2.1–20.7) in Africa to 45.6% (95% CI: 44.1–47.1) in the Americas and 44.8% (95% CI: 36.6–53.1) in South-East Asia. The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of myopia increased from 1993 (10.4%) to 2016 (34.2%) (P = 0.097). Conclusion This report showed that astigmatism was the most common refractive errors in children and adults followed by hyperopia and myopia. The highest prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was seen in South-East Asian adults. The highest prevalence of hyperopia in children and adults was seen in the Americas.
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Vilela-Estrada MA, Araujo Chumacero MM, Solano Zapata FE, Dávila-Adrianzén A, Mejia CR. Agudeza visual baja según residir en una ciudad rural del norte del Perú: estudio de casos y controles. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Hashemi H, Yekta A, Nabovati P, Khoshhal F, Riazi A, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of refractive errors in 5-15 year-old population of two underserved rural areas of Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2017; 30:250-254. [PMID: 30197956 PMCID: PMC6127353 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of hyperopia and myopia and their associations with age and gender in 5- to 15-year-old children in underserved rural areas in Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, sampling was done using a multistage cluster sampling method from two underprivileged rural regions in Iran, and 3851 persons over 1 year old of age were invited to the study. After inviting the selected participants, examinations were conducted at a designated site in the selected villages. All participants underwent measurements of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, and a slit-lamp examination. Cycloplegic refraction was done by instilling cyclopentolate 1% eye drops in under 15-year-old participants. Results Of the 3851 selected persons, 3314 subjects participated (86.5%), and of these, 602 were in the 5–15 year age group. The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in the studied children was 2.60% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–4.10] and 4.00% (95% CI: 1.84–6.15), respectively. The prevalence of myopia in male and female children was 2.65% and 2.55%, respectively (P = 0.951). The prevalence of hyperopia in male and female children was 2.83% and 5.25%, respectively (P = 0.130). The prevalence of myopia in the villages of southwest and north was 2.42% and 3.09%, respectively (P = 0.618), and the prevalence of hyperopia was 4.71% and 2.10%, respectively (P = 0.0056). Conclusion The present report is a brief description of the status of refractive errors in children residing in underprivileged villages of two rural districts in Iran. As presented, the prevalence of myopia is not high, although the prevalence of hyperopia is in the mid-range compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Riazi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Norouzirad R, Hashemi H, Yekta A, Nirouzad F, Ostadimoghaddam H, Yazdani N, Dadbin N, Javaherforoushzadeh A, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of refractive errors in 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2015; 27:51-5. [PMID: 27239576 PMCID: PMC4877718 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive errors, among 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Dezful in western Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1375 Dezful schoolchildren were selected through multistage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consent, participants had uncorrected and corrected visual acuity tests and cycloplegic refraction at the school site. Refractive errors were defined as myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) −0.5 diopter (D)], hyperopia (SE ≥ 2.0D), and astigmatism (cylinder error > 0.5D). Results 1151 (83.7%) schoolchildren participated in the study. Of these, 1130 completed their examinations. 21 individuals were excluded because of poor cooperation and contraindication for cycloplegic refraction. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were 14.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.1–19.6), 12.9% (95% CI: 7.2–18.6), and 45.3% (95% CI: 40.3–50.3), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an age-related increase in myopia prevalence (p << 0.001) and a decrease in hyperopia prevalence (p << 0.001). There was a higher prevalence of myopia in boys (p<<0.001) and hyperopia in girls (p = 0.007). Conclusion This study showed a considerably high prevalence of refractive errors among the Iranian population of schoolchildren in Dezful in the west of Iran. The prevalence of myopia is considerably high compared to previous studies in Iran and increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negareh Yazdani
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Dadbin
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor eye hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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