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Alqassim AY, Badedi M, Muaddi MA, Alharbi AA, Jareebi MA, Makeen AM, El-Setouhy M, Albasheer OB, Sabai A, Sahly A. Shifting spatial, temporal and demographic patterns of dengue incidence and associated meteorological factors in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia from 2015-2020. J Vector Borne Dis 2024:01196045-990000000-00050. [PMID: 38634364 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_15_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue poses a considerable public health threat in Saudi Arabia, with escalating outbreaks in Jazan, where seasonal rains create ideal mosquito breeding conditions. Elucidating local epidemiological dynamics is imperative to strengthen evidence-based prevention policies. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal, demographic, and meteorological patterns of dengue in Jazan from 2015-2020. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized surveillance records for 3427 confirmed dengue cases. Descriptive analyses characterized geographic, seasonal, age, sex, and nationality distributions. Forecasting models project expected epidemics through 2025. Regression analysis identified climate factors associated with monthly case counts. RESULTS Dengue exhibited shifting seasonal peaks, transitioning into year-round transmission by 2019, indicating endemic establishment. Cases clustered in different high-burden sectors annually, requiring localized vector control. The majority of affected individuals were young male adults, with gender gaps narrowing over time. Saudi nationals had an escalating incidence, but non-citizens showed a higher risk, signaling importation threats. Seasonal outbreaks were associated with temperature, wind speed, and direction. CONCLUSION Enhanced surveillance, outbreak forecasting, targeted control activities, and integrated prevention policies grounded in continuous evidence assessment can effectively address endemic dengue transmission in Jazan. This study provides key insights to optimize data-driven decision-making for dengue control in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Badedi
- Administration of Research and Studies, Jazan Health Department, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Jareebi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Albasheer
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sabai
- Directorate of Primary Health Care Centers, Jazan Health Department, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Sahly
- Public Health Administration, Jazan Health Department, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Gosadi IM, Makeen AM, Jareebi MA, Elmahdy MH, El-Setouhy M, Salih SM, Ahmed AE, Abdelmola A, Jafar RJ, Mutaen YA. Lifestyle Satisfaction Among Jazan University Employees: A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Lifestyle Choices and Influencing Factors. Cureus 2024; 16:e55338. [PMID: 38559547 PMCID: PMC10981903 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle includes habits, behaviors, values, attitudes, and economic levels that define an individual or group's way of living for people living in the same region at a specific time. In the last few decades, with urbanization and modernization, most adults, especially in Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, have adopted a sedentary, less active lifestyle. This study aims to assess lifestyle choices and satisfaction among employees of Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in the Jazan University campus in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through personal interviews conducted by trained medical students. A structured questionnaire was filled out during the interviews. Data analysis was conducted using R software (version 4.2.3) (R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS This study involved 1126 employees of Jazan University, with a response rate of 75%. The occupational distribution was as follows: 576 (51%) in administrative positions, 516 (46%) as faculty members, and 34 (3%) as healthcare workers. In terms of physical activity, 488 (43%) engaged in less than 150 minutes of weekly physical activity, while 363 (32%) reported no physical activity at all. Regarding body weight satisfaction, 590 (52%) were satisfied, while 536 (48%) were not. Males reported a higher satisfaction in body weight, physical activity, and eating behavior. Dietary choices, such as eating fruits and vegetables, low-fat meats, and avoiding high-sugar foods, positively correlated with satisfaction in eating behavior and body weight. The assessment of satisfaction with body weight, physical activity level, and eating behavior indicates that some university affiliates are satisfied with their lifestyle despite having unhealthy lifestyle choices. CONCLUSION The current findings indicate that Jazan University affiliates are experiencing a high prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles, especially in terms of low levels of physical activity, selection of unhealthy food items, and overweight and obesity. This study should be followed up by interventional designs to investigated best evidence-based approaches for lifestyle behavior change, especially among aging populations such as university affiliates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Mohammad A Jareebi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Mona H Elmahdy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, EGY
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
- Department of Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGY
| | - Sarah M Salih
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Anas E Ahmed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Amani Abdelmola
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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Ali SA, Salih SM, Abdelmola A, Makeen AM, Solan YM, Mohammed Ali MM. Association of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Treatment Adherence Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e56068. [PMID: 38618389 PMCID: PMC11009697 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a serious public health concern. It is associated with many psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. These co-morbidities are associated with improper adherence to treatment, self-care, poor glycemic control, more complications, and worse outcomes. METHODS This study aimed to measure the level of medication adherence among type 2 diabetics in Jazan, Saudi Arabia, and to find its association with their psychological status (specifically, depression and anxiety). A cross-sectional descriptive design was used among adults with type 2 diabetes at the Diabetes and Endocrinology Center in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The estimated sample size was 480 patients. The General Medication Adherence Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) were used as tools to achieve the study objectives. RESULTS A total of 449 diabetic patients completed the survey (93.5% response rate). Patients with poor, low, and partial adherence account for 337 (75%) of patients and only 112 (25%) have good and high medication adherence. Employment and duration of illness were highly significant with a positive relationship to treatment adherence (p = 0.010 and 0.000, respectively). On the other hand, age and disease duration had a significant relationship with psychological disorders (p = 0.029 and 0.002, respectively). Of the patients, 64 (14.3%) had high scores on the PHQ-4, with depressive symptoms in 46 (10.24%) and anxiety symptoms in 75 (16.7%). Correlation analysis reveals that there is a highly significant negative correlation between psychological disorders and adherence to medications (r = -0.288, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION A negative correlation between psychological disorders and adherence to medications was found. The findings indicate the importance of psychological support for diabetic patients for better treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila A Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Sarah M Salih
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Amani Abdelmola
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Yahia M Solan
- Department of Family Medicine, Jazan Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Jazan, SAU
| | - Mona M Mohammed Ali
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Jazan Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Jazan, SAU
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Alqassim AY, Alharbi AA, Muaddi MA, Makeen AM, Shuayri WH, Safhi AM, Alfifa AY, Samily IH, Darbashi NA, Otayn MA, Moafa AY, Wafi AM, Mahfouz MS. Associations of Electronic Device Use and Physical Activity with Headaches in Saudi Medical Students. Medicina (Kaunas) 2024; 60:299. [PMID: 38399586 PMCID: PMC10889929 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Primary headaches are highly prevalent among medical students, negatively impacting their health and academic performance. Excessive electronic device use has been implicated as a risk factor, in contrast to physical activity, which may be a protective factor; however, comprehensive data are lacking, especially for Saudi medical trainees. This study aims to investigate the associations between device use, exercise, and headaches among Saudi medical students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 504 medical students at Jazan University completed an online survey collecting sociodemographic factors, headache characteristics/triggers, electronic device habits, exercise frequency, and headache impacts. Descriptive analyses summarized sample characteristics. Logistic regression identified predictors of 12-month headache prevalence. Results: Overall, 83% reported experiencing headaches in the past year. High headache prevalence was observed among females (86.6%) and third-year students (88.3%). Using electronic devices ≥4 h daily was associated with higher adjusted odds of headaches (OR 13.89, 95% CI 1.96-98.54) compared to ≤1 h daily. Low physical activity (exercising 1 day vs. 7 days a week) also increased headache odds (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.61-9.42). Headaches impairing productivity (OR 4.39, 95% CI 2.28-8.45) and exacerbated by exercise (OR 10.37, 95% CI 2.02-53.35) were further associated with headache susceptibility. Conclusions: Excessive electronic device use and physical inactivity appear to be modifiable risk factors for frequent headaches in Saudi medical students. Multifaceted interventions incorporating education campaigns, skills training, and support services focused on promoting responsible technology habits, and regular exercise may help mitigate headaches in this population. Robust longitudinal studies and trials are warranted to establish causal mechanisms between lifestyle factors and headaches among medical undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mohammed A. Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.M.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Waleed H. Shuayri
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Abdelelah M. Safhi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Abdulrahman Y. Alfifa
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Idris H. Samily
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Nawaf A. Darbashi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Mohammed A. Otayn
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Abdulaziz Y. Moafa
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (W.H.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.Y.A.); (I.H.S.); (N.A.D.); (M.A.O.); (A.Y.M.)
| | - Ahmed M. Wafi
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.M.); (M.S.M.)
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Muaddi MA, El-Setouhy M, Alharbi AA, Makeen AM, Adawi EA, Gohal G, Alqassim AY. Assessment of Medical Students Burnout during COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3560. [PMID: 36834259 PMCID: PMC9964633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated the prevalence of burnout and its determinants among medical students at Jazan University during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 444 medical students completed an online survey containing the Maslach burnout inventory. The prevalence of burnout was 54.5%. Burnout reached its peak during the fourth year whereas it was the lowest in the internship year. Being a resident in mountain areas, being delayed in college-level, being divorced, and having divorced parents were all associated with an increased risk of burnout. During their time at medical school, students generally showed a trend of consistently high scores in the personal accomplishment subscale, a decreasing trend in the emotional exhaustion subscale, and an increasing trend in the depersonalization subscale. The most important predictive factor was having separated parents. Perceived study satisfaction appeared to be a significant protective factor in a dose-response manner. These findings suggest that burnout among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic is a concern that should be monitored and prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Muaddi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Abdullah A. Alharbi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa A. Adawi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gassem Gohal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Albasheer O, Alhazmi AH, Alharbi A, Makeen AM, Alqassim AY, Al-Musawa HI, Alabah AE, Alhazmi AK, Khormi NA, Hamzi YA, Sharhah EYA, Salami RM, Alshareef M, Suwaydi H, Elkhobby A. Effectiveness and determinants of smoking cessation in the Saudi Arabian Region of Jazan: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:06. [PMID: 36721860 PMCID: PMC9865635 DOI: 10.18332/tid/156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking cessation has significant health benefits. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy and related factors of smoking cessation therapies in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that took place at smoking cessation clinics in primary healthcare centers between January 2019 and January 2020. RESULTS This study enrolled a total of 103 people. The success rate for quitting smoking was 36% at three months, with a 13% relapse rate at six months. Age (p=0.017), occupation (p=0.046), daily cigarette intake (p=0.015), and number of visits (p=0.001) were all found to be significant determinants of smoking cessation. In the multivariate analysis, only the number of visits increased the likelihood to quit smoking (AOR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.15-0.63). Self-efficacy was cited as the primary reason for quitting smoking by 71% of the participants, whereas family support, smoking cessation therapies, and friends' support were cited as predictive variables by 18%, 10%, and 1% of the participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Smokers who received the smoking cessation intervention package were three times more likely to succeed in giving up smoking when compared to those who received the routine service. Regular follow-up during smoking cessation interventions significantly enhanced the quit rate. It is recommended that pharmacotherapy strategies and intense therapy performed face-to-face with a cessation counselor be combined to improve the quit rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Albasheer
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz H. Alhazmi
- Emerging and Epidemic Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia,Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amjad E. Alabah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawaf A. Khormi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A. Hamzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohammed Alshareef
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Suwaydi
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkhobby
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
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Albasheer O, Alhazmi AH, Alharbi A, Makeen AM, Alqassim AY, Al-Musawa HI, Alabah AE, Alhazmi AK, Khormi NA, Hamzi YA, Abu Sharhah EY, Salami RM, Alshareef M, Suwaydi H, Elkhobby A. Corrigendum: Effectiveness and determinants of smoking cessation in the Saudi Arabian Region of Jazan: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:48. [PMID: 37035837 PMCID: PMC10074765 DOI: 10.18332/tid/162787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18332/tid/156842.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Albasheer
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz H. Alhazmi
- Emerging and Epidemic Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amjad E. Alabah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawaf A. Khormi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A. Hamzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mohammed Alshareef
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Suwaydi
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkhobby
- Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Saudi Arabia
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Alharbi AA, Alqassim AY, Muaddi MA, Makeen AM, Hagawi AM, Shaabi LA, Alhweity SM, Alharbi MA, Sultan MA, Alshamakhi AH, Aburasain NS, Horner RD. Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09424. [PMID: 35601230 PMCID: PMC9106396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure anxiety levels and many co-factors that might influence the levels of anxiety during the COVID-19 outbreak in southern Saudi Arabia (KSA). A cross-sectional self-reporting survey was conducted to determine the level of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms related to COVID-19 and quarantining. We selected a convenience sample of eligible participants who had been invited online through social media apps. The survey instrument was distributed, and 981 participants responded. Of the total sample, almost 90% were under the age of 40, 75% were women, and 77% had an educational level beyond high school. Just over half were single, with nearly all participants Saudi nationals. The overall prevalence of anxiety related to COVID-19 was 27%. Factors most strongly related to reporting anxiety included having a diagnosis of COVID-19, spending 1- ≥ 3 h focused on COVID-19, having a previous mental illness history, being a current or former smoker, being female, having a previous diagnosis of chronic or respiratory illness, being below age 40, having a limited standard of living, and being a student. Our study reveals how critical it is to emphasize preventive mental health care during pandemics and what factors may make some individuals most vulnerable to anxiety. Further research is recommended to examine GAD levels pre, during and post pandemic. Additional research to explore the long-term impact of the pandemic on mental health is also needed. being a student, and a limited standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Hagawi
- Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla A Shaabi
- Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabreen M Alhweity
- Tabuk Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Tabuk City, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maryam A Sultan
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nada S Aburasain
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ronnie D Horner
- Health Services Research and Administration Department, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha City, Nebraska, USA
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Aqeeli AA, Makeen AM, Al Bahhawi T, Ryani MA, Bahri AA, Alqassim AY, El-Setouhy M. Awareness, knowledge and perception of electronic cigarettes among undergraduate students in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:706-713. [PMID: 32974976 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has steadily grown over the past few years, rising in popularity amongst young adults, especially. Owing to the perception that e-cigarettes are less harmful than conventional cigarettes, some people have resorted to using them as a means of quitting cigarette smoking. This study aimed to assess the awareness, knowledge, perception and use of e-cigarettes among Jazan University students in Saudi Arabia. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with 775 students. Using stratified random sampling to recruit study participants, the dataset tabling the use of e-cigarettes, as well as knowledge, perception and awareness was collected using a translated and culturally adapted structured Arabic questionnaire. Our results showed that 21.0% of the participants used e-cigarettes and 35.1% of them used them to quit smoking. E-cigarette use was mostly reported by students from the College of Medical Applied Sciences (31.7%). The overall knowledge score was 3.9, with a standard deviation of 1.3 for the score range from zero to seven. About half of the participants correctly identified e-cigarettes as not less addictive' than cigarettes. However, 70.2% of students failed to identify e-cigarettes as a source of second-hand exposure to nicotine. About two-thirds of the sample believed that e-cigarettes could adversely affect health. The perception of using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation was not significantly associated with e-cigarette use. In conclusion, the prevalence of e-cigarette use was similar to that reported in the literature. However, Jazan University students failed to identify the health risks associated with e-cigarette use. Therefore, a strategy to enhance students' awareness of the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab A Aqeeli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Al Bahhawi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A Ryani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Bahri
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Makeen AM, Alharbi AA, Mahfouz MS, Alqassim AY, Ismail AA, Arishi HM, El-Setouhi MA, Horner RD, Muaddi MA. Needlestick and sharps injuries among secondary and tertiary healthcare workers, Saudi Arabia. Nurs Open 2021; 9:816-823. [PMID: 34806326 PMCID: PMC8685775 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The study aimed to assess the incidence of needlestick and sharps injuries among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia, as well as to determine whether there exists an association between hospital level and needlestick and sharps injuries rate. Design A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 609 randomly selected HCWs from nine general hospitals. Methods A self‐administered questionnaire, which covered the structure and process of injection safety, was used for data collection. Results The overall needlestick and sharps injuries incidence rate was 24%. The needlestick and sharps injuries rates were 30% and 14% in secondary and tertiary hospitals, respectively. HCWs working in tertiary hospitals were 61% less likely to have needlestick and sharps injuries than those employed in secondary hospitals. This was mainly the impact of better and continuous training. High safety level maintenance and health education provision are vital in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Mahfouz
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ismail
- Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka City, Kansas, USA
| | - Haider M Arishi
- King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan Health Department, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A El-Setouhi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ronnie D Horner
- Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia City, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Alharbi AA, Alqassim AY, Alharbi AA, Gosadi IM, Aqeeli AA, Muaddi MA, Makeen AM, Alharbi OA. Variations in length of stay of inpatients with COVID-19: A nationwide test of the new model of care under vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6631-6638. [PMID: 34305430 PMCID: PMC8289721 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) as it has other nations. However, length of stay (LOS), as a healthcare quality indicator, has not been examined across the healthcare regions in the KSA. Therefore, this study aimed to examine factors associated with LOS to better understand the Saudi Health System's performance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the newly suggested five Saudi regional business units (BUs). Methods A retrospective study was conducted using Ministry of Health (MOH) data on hospital LOS during the period from March to mid-July 2020. Participants were adult inpatients (18 years or older) with confirmed COVID-19 (n = 1743 patients). The 13 regions of the KSA were united into the defined five regional BUs during the reorganization of the health system. Covariates included demographics such as age and sex, comorbidities, and complications of COVID-19. A multiple linear regression with stepwise forward selection was used to model LOS for other explanatory variables associated with LOS, including demographic, comorbidities, and complications. Results The mean LOS was 11.85 days which differed significantly across the BUs, ranging from 9.3 days to 13.3 days (p value < 0.001). BUs differed significantly in LOS for transferred patients but not for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) or those who died in-hospital. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the LOS for inpatients admitted in the Eastern and Southern BUs was significantly shorter than for those in the Central BU. (p value < 0.001). Admission to the ICU was associated with lengthier stays (p value < 0.0001). Factors significantly associated with shorter stays (compared to the reference), were being Saudi, death during admission, and patients referred to another hospital (p value < 0.05). Conclusion The LOS for patients with COVID-19 differed across the proposed regional healthcare BUs, suggesting regional differences in quality of care under the reorganization of the national health system. Since patient and disease characteristics did not explain these findings, differences in staffing and other resources need to be examined to develop interventions.
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Key Words
- ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- CI, Confidence interval
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- GIT, Gastrointestinal tract
- Hospital admission
- ICU, Intensive care unit
- KSA, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- LOS, Length of stay
- Length of stay
- MOC, Model of care
- MOH, Ministry of Health
- OR, Odds Ratio
- Occupational and environmental health
- Saudi Arabia
- Vision 2030
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: 2501 Dar Al-Nassr St., Abu Arish, Jazan 45911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A. Alharbi
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Gosadi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab A. Aqeeli
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Alharbi AA, Alqassim AY, Gosadi IM, Aqeeli AA, Muaddi MA, Makeen AM, Alhazmi AH, Alharbi AA. Regional differences in COVID-19 ICU admission rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A simulation of the new model of care under vision 2030. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:717-723. [PMID: 34020211 PMCID: PMC8113109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Saudi Arabia has succeeded in having one of the lowest rates of COVID-19 worldwide due to the government’s initiatives in taking swift action to control both the spread and severity of the virus. However, Covid-19 can serve as a test case of the expected response of the new healthcare system under Vision 2030. This study used data from the thirteen present administrative regions of KSA to simulate the variations in ICU admission as a quality indicator in the five business units proposed by a new Model of Care. Methods We determined the rates of ICU admission for patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) from March to mid-July 2020. The final sample included 1743 inpatients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Patient characteristics, including demographics, pre-existing chronic conditions, and COVID-19 complications, were collected. Business units (BUs) were compared with respect to the relative odds of ICU admission by using multiple logistic regression. Results After keeping patient and clinical characteristics constant, clear BU differences were observed in the relative odds of ICU admission of COVID-19 patients. Inpatient admission to ICU in our total sample was almost 50%. Compared to the Central BU, the Northern and Western BUs showed significantly higher odds of ICU admission while the Eastern & Southern BUs had significantly lower odds. Conclusion ICU use for COVID-19 patients differed significantly in KSA healthcare BUs, consistent with variations in care for other non-COVID-19-related conditions. These differences cannot be explained by patient or clinical characteristics, suggesting quality-of-care differences. We believe that privatization and the shift to fewer administrative BUs will help lessen or eliminate altogether the present variations in healthcare service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alharbi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab A Aqeeli
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz H Alhazmi
- Microbiology and Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alharbi
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan City, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Makeen AM, Alanazi AMM, AlAhmari MD, Murriky AA, Alfaraj M, Al-Zalabani AH. Delphi consensus on research priorities in tobacco use and substance abuse in Saudi Arabia. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:1-12. [PMID: 33190625 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1845900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to develop research priorities in tobacco use and substance abuse in Saudi Arabia. Health personnel and community volunteers participated in a national internet survey using the Delphi method. In Round 1, 75 experts identified 33 research priorities. In Round 2, 47 experts divided those research priorities into five primary research categories. The panelists then scored both the categories and priorities. Preventive services received the highest priority in research categories. Smoking relapse and its determinants were ranked the top research priorities. Future research should focus on cigarette smoking relapse and factors associated with long-term smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah M M Alanazi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Hassounah MM, Al-Zalabani AH, AlAhmari MD, Murriky AA, Makeen AM, Alanazi AM. Implementation of Cigarette Plain Packaging: Triadic Reactions of Consumers, State Officials, and Tobacco Companies-The Case of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E2668. [PMID: 32295009 PMCID: PMC7215406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In August 2019, Saudi Arabia started implementing plain packaging for cigarettes. Three months later, an opposing campaign on twitter using an Arabic hashtag "the new smoke" gained momentum amongst smokers. The purpose of this study is to document this opposing campaign's timeline and describe consumers, government, and tobacco industry rhetoric. METHODS We created a timeline of the campaign events then performed online social listening of Arabic twitter hashtags related to the campaign. RESULTS Campaigners mainly complained of an unfavorable new taste in cigarette packs with plain packaging. The messaging developed to accusations to government entities and neighboring countries, and then after threats to boycott tobacco companies. The campaign received a significant amount of media coverage and elicited an official response from a number of Saudi government bodies, such as the Saudi Food and Drug Authority and Ministry of Commerce and Investment. CONCLUSION This case points at a need for risk communication training, possible tobacco industry manipulation, and a need to gain consumer trust with evidence-based messaging techniques. The case of cigarette plain packaging adoption in Saudi Arabia serves as an example to other countries of potential consumer interaction, tobacco industry interference, and state official counter-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah M. Hassounah
- Community Medicine Unit, Family and Community Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed D. AlAhmari
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afraa A. Murriky
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 88723, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah M.M. Alanazi
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University For Health Sciences, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- Sparkman Center for Global Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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El-Setouhy M, Alsanosy R, Makeen AM, Ghailan KY, Alsharqi A, Sheikh KA. Impact of khat price increases on consumption behavior - price elasticity analysis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31088478 PMCID: PMC6518615 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-019-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The long border of Saudi Arabia with Yemen is the primary route for khat entry to the Kingdom. As of April 2015, the government of SA tightened the border, making it more difficult to import khat into the country. As a result, local user prices of khat probably increased due in part to higher supply costs and perhaps lower quantities. One anti-drug strategy is to increase consumption cost by increasing the price of supply. We aim in this study to measure the responsiveness of khat demand to price changes. Methods This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Two stage sampling was used to recruit 350 khat chewers from four selected primary healthcare centers in Jazan province (South western province of Saudi Arabia). The data were collected during the first quarter of 2017. This study used both contingent valuation and revealed preference methods to assess the impact of price increases on the purchasing of khat. Graphical analysis, paired-samples t-test, and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the impact of price increases on khat consumption. Results The study results showed a significant decrease in khat consumption amount (t = 8.63, p ≤ 0.05), frequency (t = 30.42, p ≤ 0.05), and expenditure (t = 34.67, p ≤ 0.05) after the tightening of the Saudi–Yemeni border. Hence khat demand is price elastic. The price elasticity of khat demand in Jazan is estimated to be between − 2.38 and − 1.07. Therefore, each 1% increase in price is associated with 1–2% reduction in quantity demanded. This means khat chewers are relatively responsive to price changes (i.e., khat demand is price elastic). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed price increases significantly affect the quantity {F(4, 2.58) = 257, p ≤ 0.05, ηp2 = 0.423} and frequency {F(4, 1.83) = 415, p ≤ 0.05, ηp2 = 0.543} of khat chewing. Conclusions Increased prices for khat would significantly decrease demand. Accordingly, we recommend implementing law enforcement strategies focused on disrupting the khat supply chain to realize high prices and so discourage use, hence reducing the incidence of khat-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Community, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rashad Alsanosy
- Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Yaser Ghailan
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health &Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kamaludin Ahmed Sheikh
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health &Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Al Bahhawi T, Makeen AM, Daghreeri HH, Tobaigy MF, Adawi AM, Guhal FM, Akkur MA, Alotayfi MJ, Otayf MM, Bajoned MS, Mahfouz MS. Refractive Error among Male Primary School Students in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Open Ophthalmol J 2018; 12:264-272. [PMID: 30369991 PMCID: PMC6174611 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101812010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Refractive error is a common and serious eye disorder that affects more than 153 million people globally. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among male primary school children in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected group of 395 students (aged 6-14 years) in Jazan region, Southwest Saudi Arabia. An optometrist and medical students assessed the refraction error using an autorefractor, a Snellen E chart and retinoscopy. Results: The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in either eye was, 22% higher among rural students. The most prevalent refractive error was hyperopia (32.2%) followed by myopic astigmatism (31%) then myopia (17.2%). Next were hyperopic astigmatism (16.1%) and mixed astigmatism (3.5%). The following variables were associated with a higher risk of refractive errors and myopia: living in rural areas, having parents with refractive errors, spending more time on electronic devices and shorter visual distances. Conclusion: Refractive error was highly prevalent among primary school children in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The rural students were more affected by refractive errors, mainly hyperopia. The preschool vision test should be reconsidered, and a periodic vision examination should be applied to detect vision problems as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Bahhawi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bahhawi TA, Albasheer OB, Makeen AM, Arishi AM, Hakami OM, Maashi SM, Al-Khairat HK, Alganmy OM, Sahal YA, Sharif AA, Mahfouz MS. Depression, anxiety, and stress and their association with khat use: a cross-sectional study among Jazan University students, Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2755-2761. [PMID: 30425493 PMCID: PMC6200432 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s182744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression, anxiety, and stress levels are considered important indicators for mental health. Khat chewing habit is prevalent among all segments of Jazan population in Saudi Arabia. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress among Jazan University students, and information about the correlation between khat use and these disorders is scarce. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and their correlation with khat chewing and other risk factors among Jazan University students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 642 students from Jazan University. Multistage sampling was used, with probability proportional to size-sampling technique. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0 software. RESULTS Moderate depression was prevalent among 53.6% of the sample, anxiety was found among 65.7%, while 34.3% of the students suffered from stress. Female gender was strongly associated with higher mean scores for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, with P-values <0.05 for all. Moreover, anxiety symptoms scores were statistically associated with grade point average and caffeine consumption. Khat use was statistically associated with higher mean scores of anxiety among males and a higher mean score of depression and anxiety among females. CONCLUSION The results indicate a high rate of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among Jazan University students. Khat use was associated with anxiety, and a higher rate of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress was indicated among female students. Therefore, strategy for the prevention and management of depression, anxiety, and stress is highly recommended to minimize the impact of these serious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Al Bahhawi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Osama B Albasheer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasir Adnan Sahal
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
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Mahfouz MS, Aqeeli A, Makeen AM, Hakami RM, Najmi HH, Mobarki AT, Haroobi MH, Almalki SM, Mahnashi MA, Ageel OA. Mental Health Literacy Among Undergraduate Students of a Saudi Tertiary Institution: A Cross-sectional Study. Ment Illn 2016; 8:6806. [PMID: 28217273 PMCID: PMC5225830 DOI: 10.4081/mi.2016.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of mental health literacy has been widely studied in developed countries, with few studies conducted in Arab countries. In this study we aimed to investigate mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric patients among students of Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A crosssectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using a validated Arabicversion questionnaire. A total of 557 students were recruited from different Jazan university colleges. The majority of students (90.3%) have intermediate mental health literacy. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, students agreed that genetic inheritance (45.8%), poor quality of life (65%) and social relationship weakness (73.1%) are the main causes of mental illness. The majority thought that mentally ill people are not capable of true friendships (52.5%) and that anyone can suffer from a mental illness (49.4%). Students’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients were mixed, with 68.7% reporting that they could maintain a friendship with a mentally ill person and that people with mental illness should have the same rights as anyone else (82.5%). Mental health literacy among university students was intermediate. There is an urgent need for health educational programs to change the attitudes of students regarding this important health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Mahfouz
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Jazan University , Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi M Hakami
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University , Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatim H Najmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University , Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | - Osayd A Ageel
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University , Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Mahfouz MS, Aqeeli A, Makeen AM, Hakami RM, Najmi HH, Mobarki AT, Haroobi MH, Almalki SM, Mahnashi MA, Ageel OA. Mental health literacy among undergraduate students of a Saudi tertiary institution: a cross-sectional study. Ment Illn 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/mi.2016.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of mental health literacy has been widely studied in developed countries, with few studies conducted in Arab countries. In this study we aimed to investigate mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric patients among students of Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students using a validated Arabic-version questionnaire. A total of 557 students were recruited from different Jazan university colleges. The majority of students (90.3%) have intermediate mental health literacy. Regarding the etiology of mental illness, students agreed that genetic inheritance (45.8%), poor quality of life (65%) and social relationship weakness (73.1%) are the main causes of mental illness. The majority thought that mentally ill people are not capable of true friendships (52.5%) and that anyone can suffer from a mental illness (49.4%). Students' attitudes towards psychiatric patients were mixed, with 68.7% reporting that they could maintain a friendship with a mentally ill person and that people with mental illness should have the same rights as anyone else (82.5%). Mental health literacy among university students was intermediate. There is an urgent need for health educational programs to change the attitudes of students regarding this important health issue.
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Mahfouz MS, Rahim BEEA, Solan YMH, Makeen AM, Alsanosy RM. Khat Chewing Habits in the Population of the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and Associated Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134545. [PMID: 26247471 PMCID: PMC4527766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of khat (Catha edulis) is a major public health and social problem that is believed to be growing globally. The khat chewing habit is prevalent in all areas of the Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). However, few studies have been conducted at the community level to investigate the khat chewing habits in this area. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the prevalence and predictors of khat chewing among the Jazan community population. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample (n = 4,500) of the Jizani population who attended primary heath care centers in Jazan region. The participants were selected using a two-stage cluster random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The overall lifetime prevalence of khat chewing was 33.2% (95% CI 31.8-34.7) and was significantly higher for males 42.2% (95% CI 40.4-43.9) than for females 11.3% (95% CI 9.6-13.1) (P < 0.001). Current khat chewers accounted for 28.7% (95% CI 27.4-30.1) of the population sampled; 36.9% (95% CI 35.2-38.6) of whom were males, which is a significantly higher percentage than the 8.7% (95% CI 7.3-10.4) of current khat chewers who were females (P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis suggests that the most important independent predictors of khat chewing were having a friend who chewed khat (OR = 20.1, P < 0.001), participant's smoking status (OR) = 3.9, P < 0.001), friend's smoking status (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001), gender (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001) and educational level (OR = 1.5, P < 0.05). A large proportion of the Jizani populations chew khat. Government and non-governmental organizations NGOs should design and strengthen community prevention programs to curb the high prevalence of khat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salih Mahfouz
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- University of Gezira, Gezira State, Wad-Medani, Sudan
- * E-mail:
| | - Bahaa-eldin E. A. Rahim
- Population Health Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya M. H. Solan
- Department of Primary Healthcare, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Population Health Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad Mohammed Alsanosy
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Makeen AM. The association of infective hepatitis type A (HAV) and diabetes mellitus. Trop Geogr Med 1992; 44:362-4. [PMID: 1295148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cases of three patients who developed diabetes mellitus (DM) within 2-3 weeks of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection associated with diabetic ketoacidosis are reported. The ketoacidosis was considered an index of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus most likely precipitated by the acute virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Makeen
- King Saud University, Abha Branch, College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia
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Robinson CJ, Spanos E, James MF, Pike JW, Haussler MR, Makeen AM, Hillyard CJ, MacIntyre I. Role of prolactin in vitamin D metabolism and calcium absorption during lactation in the rat. J Endocrinol 1982; 94:443-53. [PMID: 6896886 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.0940443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal calcium absorption and plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) were measured in lactating and non-lacting rats and the effects of bromocriptine and exogenous prolactin treatment were evaluated. In lacting rats calcium absorption and plasma levels of parathyroid hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3 and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased. Bromocriptine treatment significantly reduced the enhanced calcium absorption and levels of plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and alkaline phosphatase but had no significant effect on plasma levels of parathyroid hormone. Prolactin administered with bromocriptine to lactating animals prevented all the changes observed with bromocriptine treatment alone. It was concluded that the increased plasma levels of prolacting during lactation lead to high plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 which are responsible for the enhanced intestinal calcium absorption.
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Abstract
The results of a cross-sectional anthropometric survey of Sudanese children up to the age of thirteen years and six months is reported. Children in whom a quick clinical examination revealed pathology were excluded, as were children who did not have a true birth certificate. Height, weight and mid-arm circumference were measured in all children, head and chest circumference were measured in children up to the age of 5 years and 6 months. Skinfold thickness at biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac sites were measured in children above the age of 30 months. The children were found to be shorter and lighter, and to have less subcutaneous fat than British children. The findings are also compared with those from other African populations. Comparison with a survey performed in the same village seven years earlier reveals that the heights and weights of the children have hardly changed despite a considerable improvement in economic status. The children have a lower weight for height than British and other African populations.
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James MF, Spanos E, Robinson CJ, Makeen AM, Snowball S, Colston KW, Hillyard C, MacIntyre I. Effect of anterior pituitary and related peptide hormones on calcium absorption and the metabolism of vitamin D [proceedings]. J Endocrinol 1978; 79:38P-39P. [PMID: 731163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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James MF, Makeen AM, Foley S, Stevens J, Robinson CJ. Effects of prolactin and bromocriptine upon calcium and phosphorus absorption in lactating and non-lactating rats [proceedings]. J Endocrinol 1977; 75:53P-54P. [PMID: 563428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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