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Shim YM, Kim SI, Lim SD, Lee K, Kim EE, Won JK, Park SH. An Autopsy-proven Case-based Review of Autoimmune Encephalitis. Exp Neurobiol 2024; 33:1-17. [PMID: 38471800 PMCID: PMC10938074 DOI: 10.5607/en23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a type of immunoreactive encephalitic disorder and is recognized as the most prevalent noninfectious encephalitis. Nevertheless, the rarity of definitive AIE diagnosis through biopsy or autopsy represents a significant hurdle to understanding and managing the disease. In this article, we present the pathological findings of AIE and review the literature based on a distinct case of AIE presenting as CD8+ T-lymphocyte predominant encephalitis. We describe the clinical progression, diagnostic imaging, laboratory data, and autopsy findings of an 80-year-old deceased male patient. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis 6 months before death and received appropriate medications. A week before admission to the hospital, the patient manifested symptoms such as a tendency to sleep, decreased appetite, and confusion. Although the patient temporally improved with medication including correction of hyponatremia, the patient progressed rapidly and died in 6 weeks. The brain tissue revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the gray and white matter, leptomeninges, and perivascular infiltration with a predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting a case of AIE. There was no detectable evidence of viral infection or underlying neoplasm. The autopsy revealed that this patient also had Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and aging-related tau astrogliopathy. This report emphasizes the pivotal role of pathological examination in the diagnosis of AIE, especially when serological autoantibody testing is not available or when a patient is suspected of having multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Shim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seong-Ik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - So Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, KonKuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eric Eunshik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institute of Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Ramírez-Bello J, Jiménez-Morales S, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Sánchez-Zauco N, Hernández-Molina G, Luria-Pérez R, Fragoso JM, Cabello-Gutiérrez C, Montúfar-Robles I. TNFSF4 is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis but not for primary Sjögren's syndrome in the Mexican population. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152244. [PMID: 35835012 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) are autoimmune diseases (ADs) characterized by joint damage and involvement of the salivary glands, respectively. ADs share some susceptibility loci, such as TNFSF4, which is a classical susceptibility gene associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, but its role in RA and pSS is not yet clear. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether three TNFSFS4 polymorphisms are associated with RA and pSS. METHODS Our case-control study included 500 controls, 459 patients with RA, and 210 patients with pSS from Mexico. TNFSF4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1234315C/T, rs2205960G/T, and rs704840T/G were genotyped using TaqMan probes and discrimination allelic assay. RESULTS The three TNFSF4 SNPs were associated with susceptibility to RA (rs1234315C/T: odds ratio [OR] 1.4, p = 0.01; rs2205960G/T: OR 1.23, p = 0.03; rs704840T/G: OR 1.24, p = 0.02). An association between TNFSF4 rs1234315C/T and pSS was also observed (OR 1.28, p = 0.04), however, after Bonferroni correction, this association was lost. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TNFSF4 could be a risk factor in RA but not pSS in a Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ramírez-Bello
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 14610 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Norma Sánchez-Zauco
- División de Auxiliares de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, 06720 IMSS, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Molina
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, 06720, Mexico.
| | - José M Fragoso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Cañas CA, Castaño-Valencia S, Castro-Herrera F. Pharmacological blockade of KV1.3 channel as a promising treatment in autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100146. [PMID: 35146402 PMCID: PMC8818563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 100 autoimmune diseases (AD), which have a high prevalence that ranges between 5% and 8% of the general population. Type I diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis remain the health problem of highest concern among people worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality. The development of new treatment strategies has become a research hotspot. In recent years, the study of the ion channels presents in the cells of the immune system, regarding their functional role, the consequences of mutations in their genes and the different ways of blocking them are the subject of intense research. Pharmacological blockade of KV1.3 channel inhibits Ca2+ signaling, T cell proliferation, and pro-inflammatory interleukins production in human CD4+ effector memory T cells. These cells mediated most of the AD and their inhibition is a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we will highlight the biological function of KV1.3 channel in T cells, consequence of the pharmacological inhibition (through anemone and scorpion toxins, synthetic peptides, nanoparticles, or monoclonal antibodies) as well as the possible therapeutical application in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Cañas
- Universidad Icesi, CIRAT, Centro de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Cali, Colombia
- Unit of Rheumatology, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
- Corresponding author. Rheumatology Unit, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cra. 98 18-49, Cali, 760032, Colombia.
| | - Santiago Castaño-Valencia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Castro-Herrera
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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Risk of new-onset autoimmune diseases in primary aldosteronism: a nation-wide population-based study. J Hypertens 2021; 38:745-754. [PMID: 31764584 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between hyperaldosteronism and autoimmune disorders has been postulated. However, long-term incidence of a variety of new-onset autoimmune diseases (NOAD) among patients with primary aldosteronism has not been well investigated. METHODS From Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database with a 23-million population insurance registry, the identification of primary aldosteronism, essential hypertension and NOAD as well as all-cause mortality were ascertained by a validated algorithm. RESULTS From 1997 to 2009, 2319 primary aldosteronism patients without previously autoimmune disease were identified and propensity score-matched with 9276 patients with essential hypertension. Among those primary aldosteronism patients, 806 patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) were identified and matched with 3224 essential hypertension controls. NOAD incidence is augmented in primary aldosteronism patients compared with its matched essential hypertension (hazard ratio 3.82, P < 0.001, versus essential hypertension). Furthermore, NOAD incidence is also higher in APA patients compared with its matched essential hypertension (hazard ratio = 2.96, P < 0.001, versus essential hypertension). However, after a mean 8.9 years of follow-up, primary aldosteronism patients who underwent adrenalectomy (hazard ratio = 3.10, P < 0.001, versus essential hypertension) and took mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) still had increased NOAD incidence (hazard ratio = 4.04, P < 0.001, versus essential hypertension). CONCLUSION Primary aldosteronism patients had an augmented risk for a variety of incident NOAD and all-cause of mortality, compared with matched essential hypertension controls. Notably, the risk of incident NOAD remained increased in patients treated by adrenalectomy or MRA compared with matched essential hypertension controls. This observation supports the theory of primary aldosteronism being associated with a higher risk of multiple autoimmune diseases.
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Association between FAS gene -670 A/G and -1377 G/A polymorphisms and the risk of autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221503. [PMID: 31840751 PMCID: PMC6944657 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: FAS plays a critical role in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in autoimmune diseases. Previous studies investigating the association between FAS gene −670 A/G and −1377 G/A polymorphisms and the risk of autoimmune diseases reported controversial results. We performed the meta-analysis to evaluate the possible association. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases up to December 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the association. Results: A total of 43 articles including 67 studies (52 studies for FAS −670 A/G and 15 studies for −1377 G/A) were included in the meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that the FAS −670 A/G polymorphism was associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases (GG vs. GA: OR = 1.079, 95% CI = 1.004–1.160, P=0.038), especially in Caucasians (GG vs. GA: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.23, P=0.012), Asians (G vs. A: OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83–0.96, P=0.002), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (G vs. A: OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.77–0.94, P=0.001), multiple sclerosis (MS) (GG+GA vs. AA: OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.70–0.99, P=0.043), systemic sclerosis (SSc) (GG vs. GA: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.36, P=0.003) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) (G vs. A: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.10–1.90, P=0.008); the FAS −1377 G/A polymorphism was associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases (A vs. G: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03–1.20, P=0.008), especially in Asians (A vs. G: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05–1.25, P=0.002) and high quality studies (A vs. G: OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05–1.24, P=0.002). Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that the FAS –670A/G and –1377 G/A polymorphisms were associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases.
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Arakelyan A, Nersisyan L, Poghosyan D, Khondkaryan L, Hakobyan A, Löffler-Wirth H, Melanitou E, Binder H. Autoimmunity and autoinflammation: A systems view on signaling pathway dysregulation profiles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187572. [PMID: 29099860 PMCID: PMC5669448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders are characterized by aberrant changes in innate and adaptive immunity that may lead from an initial inflammatory state to an organ specific damage. These disorders possess heterogeneity in terms of affected organs and clinical phenotypes. However, despite the differences in etiology and phenotypic variations, they share genetic associations, treatment responses and clinical manifestations. The mechanisms involved in their initiation and development remain poorly understood, however the existence of some clear similarities between autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders indicates variable degrees of interaction between immune-related mechanisms. METHODS Our study aims at contributing to a holistic, pathway-centered view on the inflammatory condition of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. We have evaluated similarities and specificities of pathway activity changes in twelve autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders by performing meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using a bioinformatics pipeline that integrates Self Organizing Maps and Pathway Signal Flow algorithms along with KEGG pathway topologies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results reveal that clinically divergent disease groups share common pathway perturbation profiles. We identified pathways, similarly perturbed in all the studied diseases, such as PI3K-Akt, Toll-like receptor, and NF-kappa B signaling, that serve as integrators of signals guiding immune cell polarization, migration, growth, survival and differentiation. Further, two clusters of diseases were identified based on specifically dysregulated pathways: one gathering mostly autoimmune and the other mainly autoinflammatory diseases. Cluster separation was driven not only by apparent involvement of pathways implicated in adaptive immunity in one case, and inflammation in the other, but also by processes not explicitly related to immune response, but rather representing various events related to the formation of specific pathophysiological environment. Thus, our data suggest that while all of the studied diseases are affected by activation of common inflammatory processes, disease-specific variations in their relative balance are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Arakelyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences RA, Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lilit Nersisyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences RA, Yerevan, Armenia
- Zaven and Sonia Akian College of Science and Engineering, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - David Poghosyan
- Group of Immune Response Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lusine Khondkaryan
- Group of Immune Response Regulation, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna Hakobyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Henry Löffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evie Melanitou
- Department of Parasitology and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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The autoimmune tautology. A summary of evidence. Joint Bone Spine 2017; 84:251-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Anaya JM, Duarte-Rey C, Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Bardey D, Castiblanco J, Rojas-Villarraga A. Personalized medicine. Closing the gap between knowledge and clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:833-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Anaya JM, Ramirez-Santana C, Alzate MA, Molano-Gonzalez N, Rojas-Villarraga A. The Autoimmune Ecology. Front Immunol 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 27199979 PMCID: PMC4844615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect specific target organs or multiple organ systems. These conditions share common immunopathogenic mechanisms (i.e., the autoimmune tautology), which explain the clinical similarities they have among them as well as their familial clustering (i.e., coaggregation). As part of the autoimmune tautology, the influence of environmental exposure on the risk of developing ADs is paramount (i.e., the autoimmune ecology). In fact, environment, more than genetics, shapes immune system. Autoimmune ecology is akin to exposome, that is all the exposures - internal and external - across the lifespan, interacting with hereditary factors (both genetics and epigenetics) to favor or protect against autoimmunity and its outcomes. Herein, we provide an overview of the autoimmune ecology, focusing on the immune response to environmental agents in general, and microbiota, cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, socioeconomic status (SES), gender and sex hormones, vitamin D, organic solvents, and vaccines in particular. Inclusion of the autoimmune ecology in disease etiology and health will improve the way personalized medicine is currently conceived and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramirez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Maria A Alzate
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Nicolas Molano-Gonzalez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
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Zhou Y, Li X, Wang G, Li X. Association of FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 Polymorphism with Susceptibility to Autoimmune Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:336-48. [PMID: 27105348 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1157812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between family with sequence similarity 167A-B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (FAM167A-BLK) rs2736340 polymorphism and autoimmune diseases. METHODS Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM) and Chinese database, Wan Fang database were used in searching eligible studies from January 1, 1966 to October 2, 2015. The odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 25 studies with 30,217 patients and 44,754 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The overall results showed FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 T allele was a risk allele for autoimmune diseases (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.28-1.44, p < 0.001). In the subgroup by ethnicities, the results suggested T allele was an increased risk in North America, Europe, and Asia (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.60, p = 0.004; OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.22-1.31, p < 0.001; and OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.40-1563, p < 0.001, respectively), but not in Africa. Subgroup analysis in different genetic models (recessive, dominant, and additive) revealed significant association between rs2736340 and autoimmune diseases in Asia and North America, but not the recessive model in Europe or Africa, or the additive model in Africa. Stratification analysis by diseases suggested FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 had a positive association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Kawasaki disease, primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS), primary antiphosholipid syndrome (APS), and myositis. CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis suggested that FAM167A-BLK rs2736340 polymorphism is associated with several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Zhou
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiangpei Li
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Guosheng Wang
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- a Department of Rheumatology and Immunology , Anhui Provincial Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui , China
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Friedenberg SG, Buhrman G, Chdid L, Olby NJ, Olivry T, Guillaumin J, O'Toole T, Goggs R, Kennedy LJ, Rose RB, Meurs KM. Evaluation of a DLA-79 allele associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases in dogs. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:205-17. [PMID: 26711123 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases are common and life-threatening disorders in dogs. Many canine immune-mediated diseases have strong breed predispositions and are believed to be inherited. However, the genetic mutations that cause these diseases are mostly unknown. As many immune-mediated diseases in humans share polymorphisms among a common set of genes, we conducted a candidate gene study of 15 of these genes across four immune-mediated diseases (immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), and atopic dermatitis) in 195 affected and 206 unaffected dogs to assess whether causative or predictive polymorphisms might exist in similar genes in dogs. We demonstrate a strong association (Fisher's exact p = 0.0004 for allelic association, p = 0.0035 for genotypic association) between two polymorphic positions (10 bp apart) in exon 2 of one allele in DLA-79, DLA-79*001:02, and multiple immune-mediated diseases. The frequency of this allele was significantly higher in dogs with immune-mediated disease than in control dogs (0.21 vs. 0.12) and ranged from 0.28 in dogs with IMPA to 0.15 in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This allele has two non-synonymous substitutions (compared with the reference allele, DLA-79*001:01), resulting in F33L and N37D amino acid changes. These mutations occur in the peptide-binding pocket of the protein, and based upon our computational modeling studies, are likely to affect critical interactions with the peptide N-terminus. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings more broadly and to determine the specific mechanism by which the identified variants alter canine immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Greg Buhrman
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lhoucine Chdid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Theresa O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PT
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Abstract
The term "autoimmunity" refers to a pathological condition in which the immunological tolerance of self-antigens is broken through, cross-reactive T cells are activated, and autoantibodies are produced by B cells. The intricate interplay among those aberrantly activated immune cells as well as inflammatory cytokines secreted by them contributes to the development of proinflammatory cascade which eventually leads to the occurrence of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and organ damage. Autoimmune diseases occupy a broad spectrum of human diseases with more than 70 different disorders and afflict approximately 5-8 % of the world's population. AIDs can be categorized into organ-specific and systemic. Although the exact mechanism of AIDs remains elusive, it is generally believed that both genetic polymorphism and environmental exposure are involved in the development of AIDs. Aberrant epigenetic marks are also identified in patients with AIDs. In addition, dysregulation of innate immune system and molecular mimicry are indicated to play important roles in the initiation and maintenance of autoreactive inflammation. Based on the progress made in elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying AIDs, novel biomarkers for prediction, early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response, and therapeutic strategies are proposed, which represents a promising future in the battle against AIDs. However, challenges remain regarding the clinical application of these potential new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China,
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Castiblanco J, Anaya JM. Genetics and vaccines in the era of personalized medicine. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:47-59. [PMID: 25937813 PMCID: PMC4412964 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666141223220551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent the most successful and sustainable tactic to prevent and counteract infection. A vaccine generally improves immunity to a particular disease upon administration by inducing specific protective and efficient immune responses in all of the receiving population. The main known factors influencing the observed heterogeneity for immune re-sponses induced by vaccines are gender, age, co-morbidity, immune system, and genetic background. This review is mainly focused on the genetic status effect to vaccine immune responses and how this could contribute to the development of novel vaccine candidates that could be better directed and predicted relative to the genetic history of an individual and/or population. The text offers a brief history of vaccinology as a field, a description of the genetic status of the most relevant and studied genes and their functionality and correlation with exposure to specific vaccines; followed by an inside look into autoimmunity as a concern when designing vaccines as well as perspectives and conclusions looking towards an era of personalized and predictive vaccinology instead of a one size fits all approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Castiblanco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63-C-69, Bogota, Colombia ; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá,Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 #63-C-69, Bogota, Colombia
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15
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Candidate gene discovery in autoimmunity by using extreme phenotypes, next generation sequencing and whole exome capture. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Hilhorst M, Shirai T, Berry G, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. T cell-macrophage interactions and granuloma formation in vasculitis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:432. [PMID: 25309534 PMCID: PMC4162471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granuloma formation, bringing into close proximity highly activated macrophages and T cells, is a typical event in inflammatory blood vessel diseases, and is noted in the name of several of the vasculitides. It is not known whether specific properties of the microenvironment in the blood vessel wall or the immediate surroundings of blood vessels contribute to granuloma formation and, in some cases, generation of multinucleated giant cells. Granulomas provide a specialized niche to optimize macrophage-T cell interactions, strongly activating both cell types. This is mirrored by the intensity of the systemic inflammation encountered in patients with vasculitis, often presenting with malaise, weight loss, fever, and strongly upregulated acute phase responses. As a sophisticated and highly organized structure, granulomas can serve as an ideal site to induce differentiation and maturation of T cells. The granulomas possibly seed aberrant Th1 and Th17 cells into the circulation, which are known to be the main pathogenic cells in vasculitis. Through the induction of memory T cells, aberrant innate immune responses can imprint the host immune system for decades to come and promote chronicity of the disease process. Improved understanding of T cell-macrophage interactions will redefine pathogenic models in the vasculitides and provide new avenues for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilhorst
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Gerald Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
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17
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Systemic lupus erythematosus 2014. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:274323. [PMID: 24782920 PMCID: PMC3982263 DOI: 10.1155/2014/274323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Gaio V, Nunes B, Fernandes A, Mendonça F, Horta Correia F, Beleza Á, Gil AP, Bourbon M, Vicente A, Dias CM, Barreto da Silva M. Genetic variation at the CYP2C19 gene associated with metabolic syndrome susceptibility in a South Portuguese population: results from the pilot study of the European Health Examination Survey in Portugal. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:23. [PMID: 24548628 PMCID: PMC3932792 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Since pathways implicated in different diseases reveal surprising insights into shared genetic bases underlying apparently unrelated traits, we hypothesize that there are common genetic components involved in the clustering of MetS traits. With the aim of identifying these common genetic components, we have performed a genetic association study by integrating MetS traits in a continuous MetS score. METHODS A cross-sectional study developed in the context of the Portuguese Component of the European Health Examination Survey (EHES) was used. Data was collected through a detailed questionnaire and physical examination. Blood samples were collected and biochemical analyses were performed. Waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels were used to compute a continuous MetS score, obtained by Principal Component Analysis. A total of 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and individually tested for association with the score, adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS A total of 206 individuals were studied. Calculated MetS score increased progressively with increasing number of risk factors (P < 0.001). We found a significant association between CYP2C19 rs4244285 and the MetS score not detected using the MetS dichotomic approach. Individuals with the A allelic variant seem to be protected against MetS, displaying a lower MetS score (Mean difference: 0.847; 95%CI: 0.163-1.531; P = 0.015), after adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. An additive genetic effect of GABRA2 rs279871, NPY rs16147 and TPMT rs1142345 in the MetS score variation was also found. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a genetic association study using a continuous MetS score. The significant association found between the CYP2C19 polymorphism and the MetS score but not with the individual associated traits, emphasizes the importance of lipid metabolism in a MetS common etiological pathway and consequently on the clustering of different cardiovascular risk factors. Despite the sample size limitation of our study, this strategy can be useful to find genetic factors involved in the etiology of other disorders that are defined in a dichotomized way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gaio
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aida Fernandes
- Laboratório de Saúde Pública Dra. Laura Ayres, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Álvaro Beleza
- Laboratório de Saúde Pública Dra. Laura Ayres, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Gil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Bourbon
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção das Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Astrid Vicente
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Prevenção das Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Matias Dias
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Barreto da Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ramos PS, Shaftman SR, Ward RC, Langefeld CD. Genes associated with SLE are targets of recent positive selection. Autoimmune Dis 2014; 2014:203435. [PMID: 24587899 PMCID: PMC3920976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the ethnic disparities in the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the relative high frequency of SLE risk alleles in the population are not fully understood. Population genetic factors such as natural selection alter allele frequencies over generations and may help explain the persistence of such common risk variants in the population and the differential risk of SLE. In order to better understand the genetic basis of SLE that might be due to natural selection, a total of 74 genomic regions with compelling evidence for association with SLE were tested for evidence of recent positive selection in the HapMap and HGDP populations, using population differentiation, allele frequency, and haplotype-based tests. Consistent signs of positive selection across different studies and statistical methods were observed at several SLE-associated loci, including PTPN22, TNFSF4, TET3-DGUOK, TNIP1, UHRF1BP1, BLK, and ITGAM genes. This study is the first to evaluate and report that several SLE-associated regions show signs of positive natural selection. These results provide corroborating evidence in support of recent positive selection as one mechanism underlying the elevated population frequency of SLE risk loci and supports future research that integrates signals of natural selection to help identify functional SLE risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S. Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Shaftman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ralph C. Ward
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine and Center for Public Health Genomics, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Anaya JM. The diagnosis and clinical significance of polyautoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:423-6. [PMID: 24424171 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are chronic and heterogeneous conditions that affect specific target organs or multiple organ systems. The chronic nature of these diseases places a significant burden on the utilization of medical care, direct and indirect economic costs, and quality of life. ADs are observed in genetically susceptible individuals in whom their clinical expression is modified by permissive and protective environments occurring over time. These are complex traits, meaning that their inheritance does not follow a single-gene dominant or single-gene recessive Mendelian law, and thus that they are polygenic. ADs are often diagnosed according to classification criteria, however they share similar subphenotypes including signs and symptoms, non-specific autoantibodies and other immune changes, which are prone to taxonomic problems. Polyautoimmunity is defined as the presence of more than one AD in a single patient. When three or more ADs coexist, this condition is called multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS), which represents the best example of polyautoimmunity as well as the effect of a single genotype on diverse autoimmune phenotypes. Its study will provide important clues to elucidate the common mechanisms of ADs (i.e., the autoimmune tautology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Piso 3, Bogota, Colombia.
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