1
|
Mercurio V, Fitzgerald W, Vanpouille C, Molodtsov I, Margolis L. Mechanisms of residual immune activation in HIV-1-infected human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. AIDS 2021; 35:1179-1190. [PMID: 33710022 PMCID: PMC8183484 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 infection triggers immune activation, as reflected by the upregulation of various cytokines. This immune activation remains elevated despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and leads to early age-related diseases. Here, we addressed the mechanisms of sustained immune activation in HIV-1-infected human lymphoid tissues ex vivo. DESIGN/METHOD We investigated several potential causes of immunoactivation, including: a proinflammatory effect of ART drugs themselves; an early HIV-1-triggered cytokine storm, which could in turn trigger a sustained cytokine dysregulation; herpesvirus reactivation; HIV-1 protein release; and production of defective virions and extracellular vesicles. Tissue immune activation was evaluated from measurements of cytokines in culture medium using multiplexed immunoassays. RESULTS Neither ART itself nor simulated cytokine storms nor exogenously added HIV-1 proteins triggered a sustained cytokine upregulation. In contrast, defective (replicative-incompetent) virions and extracellular vesicles induced sustained cytokine upregulation, as did infectious virus. Tissue immune activation was accompanied by reactivation of cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSION The system of ex-vivo human lymphoid tissue allowed investigation, under laboratory-controlled conditions, of possible mechanisms involved in persistent immune activation in HIV-1 patients under ART. Mechanisms of this immunoactivation identified in ex-vivo tissues may indicate potential therapeutic targets for restoration of immune system homeostasis in HIV-1-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mercurio
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christophe Vanpouille
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Molodtsov
- Clinical City Hospital named after I.V.Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Persistent Immune Activation in HIV-1-Infected Ex Vivo Model Tissues Subjected to Antiretroviral Therapy: Soluble and Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Cytokines. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 84:45-53. [PMID: 32032302 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual immune activation after successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1-infected patients is associated with the increased risk of complications. Cytokines, both soluble and extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated, may play an important role in this immune activation. SETTING Ex vivo tissues were infected with X4LAI04 or R5SF162 HIV-1. Virus replicated for 16 days, or tissues were treated with the anti-retroviral drug ritonavir. METHODS Viral replication and production of 33 cytokines in soluble and EV-associated forms were measured with multiplexed bead-based assays. RESULTS Both variants of HIV-1 efficiently replicated in tissues and triggered upregulation of soluble cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-7, IL-18, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES. A similar pattern was observed in EV-associated cytokine release by HIV-infected tissues. In addition, TNF-α and RANTES demonstrated a significant shift to a more soluble form compared with EV-associated cytokines. Ritonavir treatment efficiently suppressed viral replication; however, both soluble and EV-associated cytokines remained largely upregulated after 13 days of treatment. EV-associated cytokines were more likely to remain elevated after ART. Treatment of uninfected tissues with ritonavir itself did not affect cytokine release. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that HIV-1 infection of ex vivo lymphoid tissues resulted in their immune activation as evaluated by upregulation of various cytokines, both soluble and EV-associated. This upregulation persisted despite inhibition of viral replication by ART. Thus, similar to in vivo, HIV-1-infected human tissues ex vivo continue to be immune-activated after viral suppression, providing a new laboratory model to study this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ablashi D, Agut H, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Clark DA, Dewhurst S, DiLuca D, Flamand L, Frenkel N, Gallo R, Gompels UA, Höllsberg P, Jacobson S, Luppi M, Lusso P, Malnati M, Medveczky P, Mori Y, Pellett PE, Pritchett JC, Yamanishi K, Yoshikawa T. Classification of HHV-6A and HHV-6B as distinct viruses. Arch Virol 2014; 159:863-70. [PMID: 24193951 PMCID: PMC4750402 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after the discovery of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), two distinct variants, HHV-6A and HHV-6B, were identified. In 2012, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classified HHV-6A and HHV-6B as separate viruses. This review outlines several of the documented epidemiological, biological, and immunological distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, which support the ICTV classification. The utilization of virus-specific clinical and laboratory assays for distinguishing HHV-6A and HHV-6B is now required for further classification. For clarity in biological and clinical distinctions between HHV-6A and HHV-6B, scientists and physicians are herein urged, where possible, to differentiate carefully between HHV-6A and HHV-6B in all future publications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Arakelyan A, Fitzgerald W, Grivel JC, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. Histocultures (tissue explants) in human retrovirology. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1087:233-48. [PMID: 24158827 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogenesis is studied predominantly in cultures of primary isolated cells or cell lines. Many retroviruses efficiently replicate only in activated cells. Therefore, in order to become efficient viral producers cells should be artificially activated, a procedure which significantly changes cell physiology. However, for many viral diseases, like HIV-1 and other retroviruses' diseases, critical pathogenic events occur in tissues. Therefore, cell isolation from their native microenvironment prevents single-cell cultures from faithfully reflecting important aspects of cell-cell and cell-pathogen interactions that occur in the context of complex tissue cytoarchitecture. Tissue explants (histocultures) that retain tissue cytoarchitecture and many aspects of cell-cell interactions more faithfully represent in vivo tissue features. Human histocultures constitute an adequate model for studying viral pathogenesis under controlled laboratory conditions. Protocols for various human histocultures as applied to study retroviral pathogenesis, in particular of HIV-1, have been refined by our laboratory and are described in the present publication. Histocultures of human tonsils and lymph nodes, as well as of recto-sigmoid and cervicovaginal tissues can be used to study viral transmission, pathogenesis and as a preclinical platform for antivirals evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anush Arakelyan
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Program on Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kainth MK, Fisher SG, Fernandez D, Luque A, Hall CB, Hoang AT, Lashkari A, Peck A, Hasan L, Caserta MT. Understanding the association between chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 and HIV disease: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2013; 2:269. [PMID: 24555113 PMCID: PMC3892924 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-269.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional investigation to identify evidence of a potential modifying effect of chromosomally integrated human herpes virus 6 (ciHHV-6) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression and/or severity. ciHHV-6 was identified by detecting HHV-6 DNA in hair follicle specimens of 439 subjects. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of ciHHV-6 and HIV disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. However, after adjusting for use of antiretroviral therapy, all subjects with ciHHV-6 had low severity HIV disease; these findings were not statistically significant. A multi-center study with a larger sample size will be needed to more precisely determine if there is an association between ciHHV-6 and low HIV disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mundeep K Kainth
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susan G Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amneris Luque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Caroline B Hall
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anh Thi Hoang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anisha Lashkari
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Peck
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lubaba Hasan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mary T Caserta
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reynaud JM, Horvat B. Animal models for human herpesvirus 6 infection. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:174. [PMID: 23847599 PMCID: PMC3701164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A and HHV-6B are two enveloped DNA viruses of β-herpesvirus family, infecting over 90% of the population and associated with several diseases, including exanthema subitum (for HHV-6B), multiple sclerosis and encephalitis, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Animal models are highly important to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infections. Naturally developed neutralizing antibodies to HHV-6 or a related virus were found in different species of monkeys, suggesting their susceptibility to HHV-6 infection. Both HHV-6 DNA and infectious virus were detected in experimentally infected Cynomolgus and African green monkeys, although most animals remained clinically asymptomatic. Furthermore, HHV-6A infection was shown to accelerate the progression of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in macaques and to lead to the development of neurological symptoms in the marmoset model. Humanized SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice efficiently replicated HHV-6 and were also susceptible to coinfection with HHV-6 and HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1). As CD46 was identified as a receptor for HHV-6, transgenic mice expressing human CD46 may present a potentially interesting model for study certain aspects of HHV-6 infection and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine M Reynaud
- International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, University of Lyon 1 Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. At any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35-40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. Compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. Remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, especially during the clinically asymptomatic phase of infection referred to as latency. This review explores data in human and animal systems that reveal the ability of latent herpesviruses to modulate the immune response to self and environmental antigens. From the perspective of the host, there are both potentially detrimental and surprisingly beneficial effects of this lifelong interaction. The realization that latent herpesvirus infection modulates immune responses in asymptomatic hosts forces us to reconsider what constitutes a 'normal' immune system in a healthy individual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. White
- Division of Rheumatology, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - R. Suzanne Beard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Erik S. Barton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lisco A, Munawwar A, Introini A, Vanpouille C, Saba E, Feng X, Grivel JC, Singh S, Margolis L. Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:97-105. [PMID: 22107749 PMCID: PMC3242745 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semen is the main carrier of sexually transmitted viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, semen is not just a mere passive transporter of virions but also plays an active role in HIV-1 transmission through cytokines and other biological factors. METHODS To study the relationship between viruses and the chemokine-cytokine network in the male genital tract, we measured the concentrations of 21 cytokines/chemokines and the loads of HIV-1 and of 6 herpesviruses in seminal and blood plasma from HIV-1-infected and HIV-uninfected men. RESULTS We found that (1) semen is enriched in cytokines and chemokines that play key roles in HIV-1 infection or transmission; (2) HIV-1 infection changes the chemokine-cytokine network in semen, further enriching it in cytokines that modulate its replication; (3) HIV-1 infection is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) compartmentalized seminal reactivation; (4) CMV and EBV concomitant seminal shedding is associated with higher HIV-1 loads in blood and seminal plasma; and (5) CMV seminal reactivation increases the seminal levels of the CCR5 ligands RANTES and eotaxin, and of the CXCR3 ligand monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG). CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 infection results in an aberrant production of cytokines and reactivation of EBV and CMV that further changes the seminal cytokine network. The altered seminal milieu in HIV-1 infection may be a determinant of HIV-1 sexual transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisco
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
| | - Arshi Munawwar
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Andrea Introini
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
| | - Christophe Vanpouille
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
| | - Elisa Saba
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jean-Charles Grivel
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Eunice-Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Margolis L. War and peace between microbes: HIV-1 interactions with coinfecting viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:403-8. [PMID: 19917495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 disrupts the homeostatic equilibrium between the host and coinfecting microbes, facilitating reactivation of persistent viruses and invasion by new viruses. These viruses usually accelerate HIV disease but occasionally create conditions detrimental for HIV-1. Understanding these phenomena may lead to anti-HIV-1 strategies that specifically target interactions between HIV-1 and coinfecting viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisco
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|