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van den Berg SPH, Derksen LY, Drylewicz J, Nanlohy NM, Beckers L, Lanfermeijer J, Gessel SN, Vos M, Otto SA, de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D. Quantification of T-cell dynamics during latent cytomegalovirus infection in humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010152. [PMID: 34914799 PMCID: PMC8717968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has a major impact on the T-cell pool, which is thought to be associated with ageing of the immune system. The effect on the T-cell pool has been interpreted as an effect of CMV on non-CMV specific T-cells. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of CMV could simply be explained by the presence of large, immunodominant, CMV-specific memory CD8+ T-cell populations. These have been suggested to establish through gradual accumulation of long-lived cells. However, little is known about their maintenance. We investigated the effect of CMV infection on T-cell dynamics in healthy older adults, and aimed to unravel the mechanisms of maintenance of large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells. We studied the expression of senescence, proliferation, and apoptosis markers and quantified the in vivo dynamics of CMV-specific and other memory T-cell populations using in vivo deuterium labelling. Increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers by CD8+ T-cells of CMV+ versus CMV- individuals was not solely explained by the presence of large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations. The lifespans of circulating CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly from those of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells, and the lifespans of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly between CMV- and CMV+ individuals. Memory CD4+ T-cells of CMV+ individuals showed increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers and decreased Ki-67 expression. Overall, the expression of senescence markers on T-cell populations correlated positively with their expected in vivo lifespan. Together, this work suggests that i) large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations do not explain the phenotypical differences between CMV+ and CMV- individuals, ii) CMV infection hardly affects the dynamics of the T-cell pool, and iii) large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells are not due to longer lifespans of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. H. van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lyanne Y. Derksen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nening M. Nanlohy
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie N. Gessel
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A. Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Kowalik MM, Trzonkowski P, Łasińska-Kowara M, Mital A, Smiatacz T, Jaguszewski M. COVID-19 - Toward a comprehensive understanding of the disease. Cardiol J 2020; 27:99-114. [PMID: 32378729 PMCID: PMC8016030 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence on the pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection is rapidly growing. Understanding why some patients suffering from COVID-19 are getting so sick, while others are not, has become an informal imperative for researchers and clinicians around the globe. The answer to this question would allow rationalizing the fear surrounding this pandemic. Understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 relies on an understanding of interplaying mechanisms, including SARS-CoV-2 virulence, human immune response, and complex inflammatory reactions with coagulation playing a major role. An interplay with bacterial co-infections, as well as the vascular system and microcirculation affected throughout the body should also be examined. More importantly, a compre-hensive understanding of pathological mechanisms of COVID-19 will increase the efficacy of therapy and decrease mortality. Herewith, presented is the current state of knowledge on COVID-19: beginning from the virus, its transmission, and mechanisms of entry into the human body, through the pathological effects on the cellular level, up to immunological reaction, systemic and organ presentation. Last but not least, currently available and possible future therapeutic and diagnostic options are briefly commented on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Kowalik
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-209 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łasińska-Kowara
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mital
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Miłosz Jaguszewski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University Catheterization Laboratories, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Chanouzas D, Sagmeister M, Faustini S, Nightingale P, Richter A, Ferro CJ, Morgan MD, Moss P, Harper L. Subclinical Reactivation of Cytomegalovirus Drives CD4+CD28null T-Cell Expansion and Impaired Immune Response to Pneumococcal Vaccination in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:234-244. [PMID: 30102389 PMCID: PMC6306020 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection is the leading cause of death in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Expansion of CD4+CD28null T cells is associated with increased risk of infection and mortality, but is only present in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive individuals. We hypothesized that subclinical CMV reactivation drives CD4+CD28null T-cell expansion, that this is associated with impaired immune response to heterologous antigens, and that antiviral therapy may ameliorate this. Methods In a proof-of-concept open-label clinical trial, 38 CMV-seropositive AAV patients were randomized to receive valacyclovir for 6 months or no intervention. CMV reactivation was measured monthly in plasma and urine. CD4+CD28null T cells were enumerated at baseline and at 6 months. At 6 months, 36 patients were vaccinated with a 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G was assayed before and 4 weeks postvaccination to calculate the antibody response ratio. Results Valacyclovir treatment suppressed subclinical CMV reactivation and reduced CD4+CD28null T-cell proportion. CD4+CD28null T-cell reduction correlated with improved vaccine response, whereas CMV reactivation associated with reduced response to vaccination. Furthermore, expansion of CD4+CD28null T cells was associated with a reduction in the functional capacity of the CD4 compartment. Conclusions Suppression of CMV may improve the immune response to a T-cell-dependent pneumococcal vaccination in patients with AAV, thus offering potential clinical benefit. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01633476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Chanouzas
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sagmeister
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Medicine Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew David Morgan
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
- Institute of Translational Medicine Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Nikolich-Žugich J, van Lier RAW. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) research in immune senescence comes of age: overview of the 6th International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence. GeroScience 2017. [PMID: 28624867 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most complex and most ubiquitous latent persistent viruses, with a considerable ability to evade and manipulate the immune system. Following an early-life infection, most immunocompetent humans spend several decades living with CMV, and, because the virus in these hosts does not cause manifest disease, CMV can be considered part of normal aging for more than half of humanity. However, there is accumulating evidence that CMV carriage is not a null event and that both potentially harmful and potentially beneficial outcomes emanate from the interaction of CMV with its mammalian hosts. This article provides an overview of the 6th International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence, highlighting the advances in the field made in the past two years, as related to CMV epidemiology/geroscience, CMV virology with an accent on latency, and CMV immune evasion and immune recognition of the virus and its antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. .,The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - René A W van Lier
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Arens R, Remmerswaal EBM, Bosch JA, van Lier RAW. 5(th) International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence - A shadow of cytomegalovirus infection on immunological memory. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:954-7. [PMID: 25857239 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201570044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Zapata HJ, Quagliarello VJ. The microbiota and microbiome in aging: potential implications in health and age-related diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:776-81. [PMID: 25851728 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing allow for characterization of the human commensal bacterial community (microbiota) and its corresponding genome (microbiome). Surveys of healthy adults reveal that a signature composite of bacteria characterizes each unique body habitat (e.g., gut, skin, oral cavity, vagina). A myriad of clinical changes, including a basal proinflammatory state (inflamm-aging), that directly interface with the microbiota of older adults and enhance susceptibility to disease accompany aging. Studies in older adults demonstrate that the gut microbiota correlates with diet, location of residence (e.g., community dwelling, long-term care settings), and basal level of inflammation. Links exist between the microbiota and a variety of clinical problems plaguing older adults, including physical frailty, Clostridium difficile colitis, vulvovaginal atrophy, colorectal carcinoma, and atherosclerotic disease. Manipulation of the microbiota and microbiome of older adults holds promise as an innovative strategy to influence the development of comorbidities associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Zapata
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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7
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Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, Bhattacharya S, Angel CJL, Furman D, Shen-Orr S, Dekker CL, Swan GE, Butte AJ, Maecker HT, Davis MM. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell 2015; 160:37-47. [PMID: 25594173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable heterogeneity in immunological parameters between individuals, but its sources are largely unknown. To assess the relative contribution of heritable versus non-heritable factors, we have performed a systems-level analysis of 210 healthy twins between 8 and 82 years of age. We measured 204 different parameters, including cell population frequencies, cytokine responses, and serum proteins, and found that 77% of these are dominated (>50% of variance) and 58% almost completely determined (>80% of variance) by non-heritable influences. In addition, some of these parameters become more variable with age, suggesting the cumulative influence of environmental exposure. Similarly, the serological responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are also determined largely by non-heritable factors, likely due to repeated exposure to different strains. Lastly, in MZ twins discordant for cytomegalovirus infection, more than half of all parameters are affected. These results highlight the largely reactive and adaptive nature of the immune system in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Vladimir Jojic
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sanchita Bhattacharya
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cesar J Lopez Angel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Furman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Center for Pediatric Bioinformatics, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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8
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Cabrera ÁJR. Zinc, aging, and immunosenescence: an overview. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2015; 5:25592. [PMID: 25661703 PMCID: PMC4321209 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v5.25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc plays an essential role in many biochemical pathways and participates in several cell functions, including the immune response. This review describes the role of zinc in human health, aging, and immunosenescence. Zinc deficiency is frequent in the elderly and leads to changes similar to those that occur in oxidative inflammatory aging (oxi-inflamm-aging) and immunosenescence. The possible benefits of zinc supplementation to enhance immune function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Julio Romero Cabrera
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Academic Hospital "Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima", Cienfuegos, Cuba;
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9
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Complex expression of the UL136 gene of human cytomegalovirus results in multiple protein isoforms with unique roles in replication. J Virol 2014; 88:14412-25. [PMID: 25297993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02711-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a complex DNA virus with a 230-kb genome encoding 170 and up to 750 proteins. The upper limit of this coding capacity suggests the evolution of complex mechanisms to substantially increase the coding potential from the 230-kb genome. Our work examines the complexity of one gene, UL136, encoded within the ULb' region of the genome that is lost during serial passage of HCMV in cultured fibroblasts. UL136 is expressed as five protein isoforms. We mapped these isoforms and demonstrate that they originate from both a complex transcriptional profile and, possibly, the usage of multiple translation initiation sites. Intriguingly, the pUL136 isoforms exhibited distinct subcellular distributions with varying association with the Golgi apparatus. The subcellular localization of membrane-bound isoforms of UL136 differed between when they were expressed exogenously and when they were expressed in the context of viral infection, suggesting that the trafficking of these isoforms is mediated by infection-specific factors. While UL136, like most ULb' genes, was dispensable for replication in fibroblasts, the soluble 23- and 19-kDa isoforms suppressed virus replication. In CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) infected in vitro, disruption of the 23- and 19-kDa isoforms resulted in increased replication and a loss of the latency phenotype, similar to the effects of the UL138 latency determinant encoded within the same genetic locus. Our work suggests a complex interplay between the UL136 isoforms which balances viral replication in multiple cell types and likely contributes to the cell type-dependent phenotypes of the UL133/8 locus and the outcome of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE HCMV is a significant cause of morbidity in immunocompromised individuals, including transplant patients. The lifelong persistence of the virus results in a high seroprevalence worldwide and may contribute to age-related pathologies, such as atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of viral persistence are poorly understood; however, understanding the molecular basis of persistence is imperative for the development of new treatments. In this work, we characterize a complex HCMV gene, UL136, which is expressed as five protein isoforms. These isoforms arise predominantly from complex transcriptional mechanisms, which contribute to an increased coding capacity of the virus. Further, the UL136 isoforms oppose the activity of one another to balance HCMV replication in multiple cell types. We identify soluble isoforms of UL136 that function to suppress virus replication in fibroblasts and in CD34(+) HPCs for latency.
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10
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Sansoni P, Vescovini R, Fagnoni FF, Akbar A, Arens R, Chiu YL, Cičin-Šain L, Dechanet-Merville J, Derhovanessian E, Ferrando-Martinez S, Franceschi C, Frasca D, Fulöp T, Furman D, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Goodrum F, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Hurme M, Kern F, Lilleri D, López-Botet M, Maier AB, Marandu T, Marchant A, Matheï C, Moss P, Muntasell A, Remmerswaal EBM, Riddell NE, Rothe K, Sauce D, Shin EC, Simanek AM, Smithey MJ, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Solana R, Thomas PG, van Lier R, Pawelec G, Nikolich-Zugich J. New advances in CMV and immunosenescence. Exp Gerontol 2014; 55:54-62. [PMID: 24703889 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence, defined as the age-associated dysregulation and dysfunction of the immune system, is characterized by impaired protective immunity and decreased efficacy of vaccines. An increasing number of immunological, clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that persistent Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with accelerated aging of the immune system and with several age-related diseases. However, current evidence on whether and how human CMV (HCMV) infection is implicated in immunosenescence and in age-related diseases remains incomplete and many aspects of CMV involvement in immune aging remain controversial. The attendees of the 4th International Workshop on "CMV & Immunosenescence", held in Parma, Italy, 25-27th March, 2013, presented and discussed data related to these open questions, which are reported in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sansoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Vescovini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Arne Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luka Cičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julie Dechanet-Merville
- Composantes Innées de la Response Immunitaire et Différenciation, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Ferrando-Martinez
- Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tamas Fulöp
- Division of Geriatrics and Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Furman
- Composantes Innées de la Response Immunitaire et Différenciation, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | | | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mikko Hurme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Florian Kern
- Division of Medicine, Pathogen Host Interaction (PHI), Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratori Sperimentali di Ricerca, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Immunology Unity, University Pompeu Fabra and Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Marandu
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Catharina Matheï
- KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Immunology Unity, University Pompeu Fabra and Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalie E Riddell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Rothe
- Section of Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Delphine Sauce
- INSERM, Infections and Immunity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (LIID), Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Amanda M Simanek
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rene van Lier
- Division of Research, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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11
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Umashankar M, Rak M, Bughio F, Zagallo P, Caviness K, Goodrum FD. Antagonistic determinants controlling replicative and latent states of human cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:5987-6002. [PMID: 24623432 PMCID: PMC4093889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03506-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms by which viruses persist and particularly those by which viruses actively contribute to their own latency have been elusive. Here we report the existence of opposing functions encoded by genes within a polycistronic locus of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome that regulate cell type-dependent viral fates: replication and latency. The locus, referred to as the UL133-UL138 (UL133/8) locus, encodes four proteins, pUL133, pUL135, pUL136, and pUL138. As part of the ULb' region of the genome, the UL133/8 locus is lost upon serial passage of clinical strains of HCMV in cultured fibroblasts and is therefore considered dispensable for replication in this context. Strikingly, we could not reconstitute infection in permissive fibroblasts from bacterial artificial chromosome clones of the HCMV genome where UL135 alone was disrupted. The loss of UL135 resulted in complex phenotypes and could ultimately be overcome by infection at high multiplicities. The requirement for UL135 but not the entire locus led us to hypothesize that another gene in this locus suppressed virus replication in the absence of UL135. The defect associated with the loss of UL135 was largely rescued by the additional disruption of the UL138 latency determinant, indicating a requirement for UL135 for virus replication when UL138 is expressed. In the CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor model of latency, viruses lacking only UL135 were defective for viral genome amplification and reactivation. Taken together, these data indicate that UL135 and UL138 comprise a molecular switch whereby UL135 is required to overcome UL138-mediated suppression of virus replication to balance states of latency and reactivation. IMPORTANCE Mechanisms by which viruses persist in their host remain one of the most poorly understood phenomena in virology. Herpesviruses, including HCMV, persist in an incurable, latent state that has profound implications for immunocompromised individuals, including transplant patients. Further, the latent coexistence of HCMV may increase the risk of age-related pathologies, including vascular disease. The key to controlling or eradicating HCMV lies in understanding the molecular basis for latency. In this work, we describe the complex interplay between two viral proteins, pUL135 and pUL138, which antagonize one another in infection to promote viral replication or latency, respectively. We previously described the role of pUL138 in suppressing virus replication for latency. Here we demonstrate a role of pUL135 in overcoming pUL138-mediated suppression for viral reactivation. From this work, we propose that pUL135 and pUL138 constitute a molecular switch balancing states of latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Rak
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Farah Bughio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Patricia Zagallo
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katie Caviness
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Felicia D. Goodrum
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Turner JE, Campbell JP, Edwards KM, Howarth LJ, Pawelec G, Aldred S, Moss P, Drayson MT, Burns VE, Bosch JA. Rudimentary signs of immunosenescence in Cytomegalovirus-seropositive healthy young adults. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:287-297. [PMID: 23846127 PMCID: PMC3889879 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with a decline in immune competence termed immunosenescence. In the elderly, this process results in an accumulation of differentiated 'effector' phenotype memory T cells, predominantly driven by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Here, we asked whether CMV also drives immunity towards a senescent profile in healthy young adults. One hundred and fifty-eight individuals (mean ± SD; age 21 ± 3 years, body mass index 22.7 ± 2.7 kg m(2)) were assessed for CMV serostatus, the numbers/proportions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) late differentiated/effector memory cells (i.e. CD27(-)CD28(-)/CD45RA(+)), plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and antibody responses to an in vivo antigen challenge (half-dose influenza vaccine). Thirty percent (48/158) of participants were CMV(+). A higher lymphocyte and CD8(+) count (both p < 0.01) and a lower CD4/CD8 ratio (p < 0.03) were observed in CMV(+) people. Eight percent (4/58) of CMV(+) individuals exhibited a CD4/CD8 ratio <1.0, whereas no CMV(-) donor showed an inverted ratio (p < 0.001). The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+)CD27(-)CD28(-)/CD45RA(+) cells were ~ fourfold higher in CMV(+) people (p < 0.001). Plasma IL-6 was higher in CMV(+) donors (p < 0.05) and showed a positive association with the numbers of CD8(+)CD28(-) cells (p < 0.03). Finally, there was a significant negative correlation between vaccine-induced antibody responses to the A/Brisbane influenza strain and CMV-specific immunoglobulin G titres (p < 0.05). This reduced vaccination response was associated with greater numbers of total CD8(+) and CD4(+) and CD8(+)CD27(-)CD28(-)/CD45RA(+) cells (p < 0.05). This study observed marked changes in the immune profile of young adults infected with CMV, suggesting that this virus may underlie rudimentary aspects of immunosenescence even in a chronologically young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Turner
- />School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- />Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - John P. Campbell
- />School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- />School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kate M. Edwards
- />Exercise Health and Performance Research Group, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW UK
| | - Lauren J. Howarth
- />School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Pawelec
- />Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Aldred
- />School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- />School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- />School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Victoria E. Burns
- />School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jos A. Bosch
- />Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- />School of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Terrazzini N, Bajwa M, Vita S, Thomas D, Smith H, Vescovini R, Sansoni P, Kern F. Cytomegalovirus infection modulates the phenotype and functional profile of the T-cell immune response to mycobacterial antigens in older life. Exp Gerontol 2013; 54:94-100. [PMID: 24370373 PMCID: PMC4003347 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Cytomegalovirus is associated with accelerated immunosenescence. Expansions of CMV-specific T cell responses have previously been demonstrated to affect the ability of T cells to respond to other infections. Most people above 60 years of age display M. tuberculosis-specific immunity because of vaccination, exposure, or both. T-cell responses can be assessed by measuring intracellular IFN-γ in vitro after tuberculin stimulation. Here we investigated tuberculin-specific CD4 T-cell responses in independently living healthy older people in the South of England using flow-cytometry. Individuals were investigated for tuberculin and CMV-specific T-cell immunity using in vitro antigen stimulation followed by intracellular staining for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL2, as well as degranulation and CD154 upregulation. We also examined a control group of younger individuals (20–35 years of age). There was no significant difference between older and young people in regards to tuberculin responsiveness of CD4 T-cells; however, older people seemed to show more outliers. Increased responsiveness to tuberculin was significantly correlated to CMV responsiveness but not age. In older donors, the memory phenotype of tuberculin-induced T-cells was significantly skewed towards a more terminal differentiation phenotype in CMV-infected compared to uninfected individuals and the degree of skewing correlated quantitatively with the size of the CMV-specific CD4 T-cell response. This is a fundamental advance over previous reports of changes of the tuberculin-specific CD4 T-cell response with CMV serostatus. Our results show that how the immune system responds to CMV has a fundamental impact on the phenotype and function of the immune response to mycobacterial antigens in older life. We examine the CD4 T-cell response to tuberculosis antigens in older people. The CD4 T-cell response to Cytomegalovirus is explored in parallel. CMV infection changes the profile of the tuberculin-specific-response. The size of the CMV T-cell response is linked to these changes in a quantitative way. The way we respond to CMV (‘mode’) affects our T-cell immunity to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Terrazzini
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Bajwa
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Vita
- Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Thomas
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Smith
- Division of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Vescovini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Scienze Biomediche, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Sansoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Scienze Biomediche, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Florian Kern
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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Fülöp T, Larbi A, Pawelec G. Human T cell aging and the impact of persistent viral infections. Front Immunol 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24062739 PMCID: PMC3772506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a dysregulation of the immune response, loosely termed “immunosenescence.” Each part of the immune system is influenced to some extent by the aging process. However, adaptive immunity seems more extensively affected and among all participating cells it is the T cells that are most altered. There is a large body of experimental work devoted to the investigation of age-associated differences in T cell phenotypes and functions in young and old individuals, but few longitudinal studies in humans actually delineating changes at the level of the individual. In most studies, the number and proportion of late-differentiated T cells, especially CD8+ T cells, is reported to be higher in the elderly than in the young. Limited longitudinal studies suggest that accumulation of these cells is a dynamic process and does indeed represent an age-associated change. Accumulations of such late-stage cells may contribute to the enhanced systemic pro-inflammatory milieu commonly seen in older people. We do not know exactly what causes these observed changes, but an understanding of the possible causes is now beginning to emerge. A favored hypothesis is that these events are at least partly due to the effects of the maintenance of essential immune surveillance against persistent viral infections, notably Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which may exhaust the immune system over time. It is still a matter of debate as to whether these changes are compensatory and beneficial or pathological and detrimental to the proper functioning of the immune system and whether they impact longevity. Here, we will review present knowledge of T cell changes with aging and their relation to chronic viral and possibly other persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fülöp
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
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15
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Lurain NS, Hanson BA, Martinson J, Leurgans SE, Landay AL, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Virological and immunological characteristics of human cytomegalovirus infection associated with Alzheimer disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:564-72. [PMID: 23661800 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cryopreserved lymphocytes from subjects in the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center Religious Orders Study were analyzed for associations between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and clinical and pathological markers of Alzheimer disease. CMV antibody levels were associated with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). CSF interferon γ was only detected in seropositive subjects and was significantly associated with NFTs. The percentage of senescent T cells (CD4+ or CD8+CD28-CD57+) was significantly higher for CMV-seropositive as compared to CMV-seronegative subjects and was marginally associated with the pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (CD4+) or amyloid-β (CD8+). Immunocytochemical analysis showed induction of amyloid-β in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) infected with each of 3 clinical CMV strains. In the same subjects, there was no association of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) antibody levels with CMV antibody levels or clinical or pathological markers of Alzheimer disease. HSV-1 infection of HFFs did not induce amyloid-β. These data support an association between CMV and the development of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell S Lurain
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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16
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Deroux A, Larrat S, Hilleret MN, Baccard M, Qin W, Billet G, Zaoui P, Morand P. Case report: detection of a hepatitis B surface antigen variant emerging in an elderly patient after an ischemic cerebral vascular accident. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1897-900. [PMID: 23080493 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HBV reactivations are observed frequently in patients with past hepatitis B infection receiving cytotoxic and/or immunosuppressive chemotherapy for hemato-oncological malignancies or autoimmune diseases. Recent ischemic stroke was shown to induce immunodepression by misunderstood mechanisms. To our knowledge, the association between HBV reactivation and ischemic stroke has not been reported before. This study reports the case of an anti-HBs- and anti-HBc-positive patient who presented HBV reactivation in a context of recent ischemic stroke, with no other intercurrent iatrogenic phenomenon or usual immunosuppressive pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Deroux
- Virology Laboratory / UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, CHU Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Santulli G, Iaccarino G. Pinpointing beta adrenergic receptor in ageing pathophysiology: victim or executioner? Evidence from crime scenes. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:10. [PMID: 23497413 PMCID: PMC3763845 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in cellular communication, allowing human cells to sense external cues or to talk each other through hormones or neurotransmitters. Research in this field has been recently awarded with the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka, for their pioneering work on beta adrenergic receptors (βARs), a prototype GPCR. Such receptors, and β2AR in particular, which is extensively distributed throughout the body, are involved in a number of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, a large amount of studies has demonstrated their participation in ageing process. Reciprocally, age-related changes in regulation of receptor responses have been observed in numerous tissues and include modifications of βAR responses. Impaired sympathetic nervous system function has been indeed evoked as at least a partial explanation for several modifications that occur with ageing. This article represents an updated presentation of the current knowledge in the field, summarizing in a systematic way the major findings of research on ageing in several organs and tissues (crime scenes) expressing βARs: heart, vessels, skeletal muscle, respiratory system, brain, immune system, pancreatic islets, liver, kidney and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Departments of Translational Medical Sciences and Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.
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Prendergast AJ, Klenerman P, Goulder PJR. The impact of differential antiviral immunity in children and adults. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:636-48. [PMID: 22918466 DOI: 10.1038/nri3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The course of immune maturation has evolved to favour survival at each stage of development in early life. Fetal and neonatal immune adaptations facilitate intrauterine survival and provide early postnatal protection against extracellular pathogens, but they leave infants susceptible to intracellular pathogens such as viruses that are acquired perinatally. This Review focuses on three such pathogens--HIV, hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus--and relates the differential impact of these infections in infants and adults to the antiviral immunity that is generated at different ages. A better understanding of age-specific antiviral immunity may inform the development of integrated prevention, treatment and vaccine strategies to minimize the global disease burden resulting from these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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19
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Didier ES, Sugimoto C, Bowers LC, Khan IA, Kuroda MJ. Immune correlates of aging in outdoor-housed captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:25. [PMID: 23151307 PMCID: PMC3541156 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Questions remain about whether inflammation is a cause, consequence, or coincidence of aging. The purpose of this study was to define baseline immunological characteristics from blood to develop a model in rhesus macaques that could be used to address the relationship between inflammation and aging. Hematology, flow cytometry, clinical chemistry, and multiplex cytokine/chemokine analyses were performed on a group of 101 outdoor-housed captive rhesus macaques ranging from 2 to 24 years of age, approximately equivalent to 8 to 77 years of age in humans. Results These results extend earlier reports correlating changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokines/chemokines with increasing age. There were significant declines in numbers of white blood cells (WBC) overall, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells with increasing age. Among lymphocytes, there were no significant declines in NK cells and T cells, whereas B cell numbers exhibited significant declines with age. Within the T cell populations, there were significant declines in numbers of CD4+ naïve T cells and CD8+ naïve T cells. Conversely, numbers of CD4+CD8+ effector memory and CD8+effector memory T cells increased with age. New multiplex analyses revealed that concentrations of a panel of ten circulating cytokines/chemokines, IFNγ, IL1b, IL6, IL12, IL15, TNFα, MCP1, MIP1α, IL1ra, and IL4, each significantly correlated with age and also exhibited concordant pairwise correlations with every other factor within this group. To also control for outlier values, mean rank values of each of these cytokine concentrations in relation to age of each animal and these also correlated with age. Conclusions A panel of ten cytokines/chemokines were identified that correlated with aging and also with each other. This will permit selection of animals exhibiting relatively higher and lower inflammation status as a model to test mechanisms of inflammation status in aging with susceptibility to infections and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.,Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Lisa C Bowers
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Imtiaz A Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, Ross Hall Room 745, George Washington University, 2300 I Street, N.W, Washington D.C, 20037, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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Solana R, Tarazona R, Aiello AE, Akbar AN, Appay V, Beswick M, Bosch JA, Campos C, Cantisán S, Cicin-Sain L, Derhovanessian E, Ferrando-Martínez S, Frasca D, Fulöp T, Govind S, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Hill A, Hurme M, Kern F, Larbi A, López-Botet M, Maier AB, McElhaney JE, Moss P, Naumova E, Nikolich-Zugich J, Pera A, Rector JL, Riddell N, Sanchez-Correa B, Sansoni P, Sauce D, van Lier R, Wang GC, Wills MR, Zieliński M, Pawelec G. CMV and Immunosenescence: from basics to clinics. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:23. [PMID: 23114110 PMCID: PMC3585851 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alone among herpesviruses, persistent Cytomegalovirus (CMV) markedly alters the numbers and proportions of peripheral immune cells in infected-vs-uninfected people. Because the rate of CMV infection increases with age in most countries, it has been suggested that it drives or at least exacerbates “immunosenescence”. This contention remains controversial and was the primary subject of the Third International Workshop on CMV & Immunosenescence which was held in Cordoba, Spain, 15-16th March, 2012. Discussions focused on several main themes including the effects of CMV on adaptive immunity and immunosenescence, characterization of CMV-specific T cells, impact of CMV infection and ageing on innate immunity, and finally, most important, the clinical implications of immunosenescence and CMV infection. Here we summarize the major findings of this workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Solana
- Immunology Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)-Reina Sofia University Hospital-University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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Antiviral therapy can reverse the development of immune senescence in elderly mice with latent cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol 2012; 87:779-89. [PMID: 23115277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02427-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to the development of adaptive and humoral immune responses that are among the largest for any pathogen, and intriguingly, the magnitude of the immune response increases with age, a phenomenon termed "memory inflation." Elevated CMV-specific immunity has been correlated with an increased mortality rate in elderly individuals and with impaired vaccination responses. The latent phase of CMV infection is characterized by intermittent episodes of subclinical viral reactivation and the production of immunogenic transcripts that may maintain memory inflation of virus-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, the relative importance of CMV reactivation in the development of memory inflation is uncertain, as is the potential for antiviral treatment to reverse this effect. Here, we administered valaciclovir for up to 12 months in mice with established murine CMV (MCMV) infection. Treatment reduced the magnitude of the MCMV-specific CD8(+) T-lymphocyte response by 80%, and the residual MCMV tetramer-specific lymphocytes exhibited a less differentiated phenotype. In addition, latent MCMV infection suppressed the proportion of naïve CD8(+) T cells by 60% compared to antiviral-treated mice or MCMV-negative animals. Furthermore, treatment led to a reduction in influenza A viral loads following a challenge in elderly MCMV-infected animals and also reduced the differentiation of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. These observations demonstrate that MCMV-specific memory inflation is maintained by viral replication and that therapeutic intervention could lead to improved immune function.
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Chen S, de Craen AJM, Raz Y, Derhovanessian E, Vossen ACTM, Westendorp RGJ, Pawelec G, Maier AB. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with glucose regulation in the oldest old. Results from the Leiden 85-plus Study. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:18. [PMID: 22929089 PMCID: PMC3478991 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and post-transplantation diabetes. However, CMV infection has not been evaluated as a possible risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate potential associations between CMV seropositivity, CMV IgG antibody level and glucose regulation in the oldest old. Results CMV seropositive subjects were more likely to have type 2 diabetes (17.2% vs 7.9%, p = 0.016), had a higher level of HbA1c (p = 0.014) and higher non-fasting glucose (p = 0.024) in the oldest olds. These associations remained significant after adjustment for possible confounders. CMV IgG antibody level was not significantly associated with glucose regulation (all p > 0.05). Conclusions In the oldest old, CMV seropositivity is significantly associated with various indicators of glucose regulation. This finding suggests that CMV infection might be a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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Cytomegalovirus infection impairs immune responses and accentuates T-cell pool changes observed in mice with aging. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002849. [PMID: 22916012 PMCID: PMC3420928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent immune alterations associated with aging include the loss of naïve T-cell numbers, diversity and function. While genetic contributors and mechanistic details in the aging process have been addressed in multiple studies, the role of environmental agents in immune aging remains incompletely understood. From the standpoint of environmental infectious agents, latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated with an immune risk profile in the elderly humans, yet the cause-effect relationship of this association remains unclear. Here we present direct experimental evidence that mouse CMV (MCMV) infection results in select T-cell subset changes associated with immune aging, namely the increase of relative and absolute counts of CD8 T-cells in the blood, with a decreased representation of the naïve and the increased representation of the effector memory blood CD8 T-cells. Moreover, MCMV infection resulted in significantly weaker CD8 responses to superinfection with Influenza, Human Herpes Virus I or West-Nile-Virus, even 16 months following MCMV infection. These irreversible losses in T-cell function could not be observed in uninfected or in vaccinia virus-infected controls and were not due to the immune-evasive action of MCMV genes. Rather, the CD8 activation in draining lymph nodes upon viral challenge was decreased in MCMV infected mice and the immune response correlated directly to the frequency of the naïve and inversely to that of the effector cells in the blood CD8 pool. Therefore, latent MCMV infection resulted in pronounced changes of the T-cell compartment consistent with impaired naïve T-cell function.
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Pawelec G. Hallmarks of human "immunosenescence": adaptation or dysregulation? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:15. [PMID: 22830639 PMCID: PMC3416738 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Is immunosenescence an intrinsic ageing process leading to dysregulation of immunity or an adaptive response of the individual to pathogen exposure? Age-associated differences in bone marrow immune cell output and thymic involution suggest the former. Accepted hallmarks of immunosenescence (decreased numbers and percentages of peripheral naïve T cells, especially CD8 + cells, and accumulations of memory T cells, especially late-stage differentiated CD8+ cells) suggest the latter, viewed as the result of depletion of the reservoir of naïve cells over time by contact with pathogens and their conversion to memory cells, the basis of adaptive immunity. Thymic involution beginning early in life limits the generation of naive cells such that the adult is believed to rely to a great extent on the naïve cell pool produced mostly before puberty. Thus, these hallmarks of immunosenescence would be markedly affected by the history of the individual´s exposure to pathogens. It would be predicted that in modern industrialized populations, the cumulative effects of antigenic “stressors” would be lower than in less hygienic societies, whereas intrinsic processes might be more similar in different populations. Identifying such stressors and taking steps to nullify their impact could therefore result in delayed immunosenescence and contribute significantly to improving public health. Here, I discuss some of the available data bearing on this prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Medical School, Waldhörnlestr, 22, Tübingen, D-72072, Germany.
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Translational research in immune senescence: assessing the relevance of current models. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:373-82. [PMID: 22633440 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing age is accompanied by profound changes in immune function; some are induced by the loss of critical niches that support development of naïve cells (e.g. thymic involution), others by the intrinsic physiology of long-lived cells attempting to maintain homeostasis, still others by extrinsic effects such as oxidative stress or long-term exposure to antigen due to persistent viral infections. Once compensatory mechanisms can no longer maintain a youthful phenotype the end result is the immune senescent milieu - one characterized by chronic, low grade, systemic inflammation and impaired responses to immune challenge, particularly when encountering new antigens. This state is associated with progression of chronic illnesses like atherosclerosis and dementia, and an increased risk of acute illness, disability and death in older adults. The complex interaction between immune senescence and chronic illness provides an ideal landscape for translational research with the potential to greatly affect human health. However, current animal models and even human investigative strategies for immune senescence have marked limitations, and the reductionist paradigm itself may be poorly suited to meet these challenges. A new paradigm, one that embraces complexity as a core feature of research in older adults is required to address the critical health issues facing the burgeoning senior population, the group that consumes the majority of healthcare resources. In this review, we outline the major advantages and limitations of current models and offer suggestions for how to move forward.
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Nikolich-Žugich J, Li G, Uhrlaub JL, Renkema KR, Smithey MJ. Age-related changes in CD8 T cell homeostasis and immunity to infection. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:356-64. [PMID: 22554418 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of CD8 T cell responses to vaccination or infection with various pathogens in both animal models and human subjects have revealed a markedly consistent array of age-related defects. In general, recent work shows that aged CD8 T cell responses are decreased in magnitude, and show poor differentiation into effector cells, with a reduced arsenal of effector functions. Here we review potential mechanisms underlying these defects. We specifically address phenotypic and numeric changes to the naïve CD8 T cell precursor pool, the impact of persistent viral infection(s) and inflammation, and contributions of the aging environment in which these cells are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Abstract
Viral persistence is the rule following infection with all herpesviruses. The β-herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), persists through chronic and latent states of infection. Both of these states of infection contribute to HCMV persistence and to the high HCMV seroprevalence worldwide. The chronic infection is poorly defined molecularly, but clinically manifests as low-level virus shedding over extended periods of time and often in the absence of symptoms. Latency requires long-term maintenance of viral genomes in a reversibly quiescent state in the immunocompetent host. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the biology of HCMV persistence, particularly with respect to the latent mode of persistence. Latently infected individuals harbour HCMV genomes in haematopoietic cells and maintain large subsets of HCMV-specific T-cells. In the last few years, impressive advances have been made in understanding virus-host interactions important to HCMV infection, many of which will profoundly impact HCMV persistence. We discuss these advances and their known or potential impact on viral latency. As herpesviruses are met with similar challenges in achieving latency and often employ conserved strategies to persist, we discuss current and future directions of HCMV persistence in the context of the greater body of knowledge regarding α- and γ-herpesviruses persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Ohyashiki M, Ohyashiki JH, Hirota A, Kobayashi C, Ohyashiki K. Age-related decrease of miRNA-92a levels in human CD8+ T-cells correlates with a reduction of naïve T lymphocytes. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2011; 8:11. [PMID: 22082184 PMCID: PMC3225295 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-17-92a expression plays a crucial role in lymphocyte ontogeny. We therefore set out to determine miR-92a expression levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy subjects to ascertain any association between these levels and ageing. We found a positive correlation between the miR-92a expression level and the percentages of RO-CD8+CD27+ (P = 0.0046) and CD3+CD8+CD62L+ (P = 0.0011). This suggests that the majority of miR-92a of CD8+ T cells is derived from naïve cells, and the miR-92a expression level in CD8+ T cells declines progressively with age. These results indicate that the age-related attrition of naïve T cells is linked to a reduction of miR-92a in human T -lymphocytes. Therefore, we should careful attention when evaluating human miRNA levels in T lymphocytes to use normal control values.
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