1
|
Analysis of the Complete Genomes of Enterovirus 71 Subtypes in China. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 2021:5564099. [PMID: 34484496 PMCID: PMC8416384 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5564099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the most pathogens to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) as well as neurological complications in young children. Molecular characteristic of EV-A71 is important to prevent the virus outbreak. Here, the complete genomes of EV-A71 from China between 1998 and 2019 were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were developed by MEGA7.0 software, and the complete genetic epidemiological characteristics and amino acid mutations of EV-A71 from China were also analysed. The results showed that major epidemic EV-A71 subtype was C4b before 2004, while it turned to C4a after 2004 in mainland China, and C4 and B5 were major subtypes in Taiwan. VP1, VP4, 2C, 3C, 3D, and complete genome sequence can be used for virus genotyping, and VP1, VP4, and complete genomes have obvious advantages over other segments. There were many significant mutations in the viral complete genome sequence. This study indicated that the major C4 and B5 subtypes will contribute to the development of vaccines and drugs of EV-A71 for prevention and monitoring of EV-A71-associated HFMD in China.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang B, Yang KD. Immunopathogenesis of Different Emerging Viral Infections: Evasion, Fatal Mechanism, and Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690976. [PMID: 34335596 PMCID: PMC8320726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different emerging viral infections may emerge in different regions of the world and pose a global pandemic threat with high fatality. Clarification of the immunopathogenesis of different emerging viral infections can provide a plan for the crisis management and prevention of emerging infections. This perspective article describes how an emerging viral infection evolves from microbial mutation, zoonotic and/or vector-borne transmission that progresses to a fatal infection due to overt viremia, tissue-specific cytotropic damage or/and immunopathology. We classified immunopathogenesis of common emerging viral infections into 4 categories: 1) deficient immunity with disseminated viremia (e.g., Ebola); 2) pneumocytotropism with/without later hyperinflammation (e.g., COVID-19); 3) augmented immunopathology (e.g., Hanta); and 4) antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with altered immunity (e.g., Dengue). A practical guide to early blocking of viral evasion, limiting viral load and identifying the fatal mechanism of an emerging viral infection is provided to prevent and reduce the transmission, and to do rapid diagnoses followed by the early treatment of virus neutralization for reduction of morbidity and mortality of an emerging viral infection such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Yang
- Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Kuender D Yang
- DIvision of Medical Research, Mackay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molecular epidemiology and recombination of Enterovirus A71 in mainland China from 1987 to 2017. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:291-299. [PMID: 33608776 PMCID: PMC7895512 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important pathogen of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the molecular epidemiology and recombination of EV-A71 in mainland China during 1987–2017. Phylogenetic tree showed that besides the previously reported subgenotypes A, B5, C0, C2, C3, and C4, a new subgenotype C6 emerged in mainland China. Recombination analysis indicated that C4 EV-A71 was derived from a common ancestor as a “double-recombinant” virus by intertypic recombination between C EV-A71 and CVA4, CVA5, CVA14, and CVA16 strains in P3 region and intratypic recombination between C and B EV-A71 strains in P2 region. The B5 EV-A71 shared high similarity with C EV-A71 in P1 region while it contained an unidentified sequence in P2 and P3 regions with two possible recombination patterns: one occurred between C4 EV-A71 and CVA3, CVA5, CVA6, CVA10, and CVA12 stains with one breakpoint in 3C, and the other occurred between C1, C2, C3, and C5 EV-A71 and CVA4, CVA5, CVA14, and CVA16 strains with two breakpoints in the 2A/2B junction and 3C. The C2 EV-A71 was probably a recombinant virus between C4 EV-A71 and CVA8 strains with two breakpoints located in the 5′UTR and 2A/2B junction. Moreover, an incredible recombination of C6 EV-A71 occurred between C4 and C2 EV-A71 with multiple breakpoints. Thus, continuous studies on EV-A71 genome characteristics are still useful and essential for monitoring emergence of new viruses and preventing HFMD outbreaks.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang CS, Liao CC, Liou AT, Chou YC, Yu YY, Lin CY, Lin JS, Suen CS, Hwang MJ, Shih C. Novel Naturally Occurring Mutations of Enterovirus 71 Associated With Disease Severity. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610568. [PMID: 33519765 PMCID: PMC7838335 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the re-emerging enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is associated with a wide range of disease severity, including herpangina, encephalitis, and cardiopulmonary failure. At present, there is no FDA-approved therapeutics for EV-A71. Early diagnosis for the high-risk children is the key to successful patient care. We examined viral genome sequences at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and the capsid protein VP1 from 36 mild and 27 severe cases. We identified five EV-A71 mutations associated with severe diseases, including (1) the 5′ UTR mutations C580U, A707G, C709U; (2) a VP1 alanine-to-threonine mutation at position 280 (280T), and (3) a VP1 glutamic acid-to-(non-glutamic acid) at position 145 [145(non-E)]. SCARB2 is a known entry receptor for EV-A71. Based on a recent cryoEM structure of the EV-A71-SCARB2 binding complex, VP1-280T is near the binding interface between the VP1-VP2 complex and its entry receptor SCARB2. A de novo created hydrogen bonding between the mutant VP1-280T and the VP2-139T, could help strengthen a web-like interaction structure of the VP1-VP2 complex. A stabilized loop turn of VP2, once in contact with SCARB2, can enhance interaction with the host SCARB2 receptor for viral entry. Our findings here could facilitate early detection of severe cases infected with EV-A71 in clinical medicine. In addition, it opens up the opportunity of functional studies via infectious cDNA cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, and animal models in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Shin Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Ting Liou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yen Yu
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Lin
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shiou Lin
- Section of Clinical Virology and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiaho Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang CR. Pathogenesis of hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1465-1472. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i24.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a global infectious disease. The infected population is mainly infants and young children. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen. In addition to HFMD, EV71 infection can also affect the nervous system and other organs, resulting in aseptic meningitis, brainstem encephalitis, and poliomyelitis-like paralysis, causing serious harm to children's health. At present, the pathogenesis of HFMD caused by EV71 is still unclear, and there is no effective treatment. In this paper, we discuss the factors influencing EV71 infection from the aspects of virus gene recombination and spontaneous mutation, host genes, and receptor sites, review the pathogenesis of HFMD caused by EV71 based on the study findings from animal infection models, and explore the main problems in the study of pathogenesis of this condition, in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of HFMD and for the development of new drugs or effective vaccines for EV71 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rong Wang
- Institute for Viral Disease Detection, Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu ZW, Zhuang ZC, Chen R, Wang XR, Zhang HL, Li SH, Wang ZY, Wen HL. Enterovirus 71 VP1 Protein Regulates Viral Replication in SH-SY5Y Cells via the mTOR Autophagy Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010011. [PMID: 31861844 PMCID: PMC7019657 DOI: 10.3390/v12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen that causes severe hand, foot, and mouth disease with fatal neurological complications. However, its neurovirulence mechanism is still unclear. Candidate virulence sites were screened out at structural protein VP1, but the function of these candidate virulence sites remains unclear. Several studies have shown that autophagy is associated with viral replication. However, the relationship between VP1 and autophagy in human neurons has not been studied. Methods: A recombinant virus—SDLY107-VP1, obtained by replacing the VP1 full-length gene of the SDLY107 strain with the VP1 full-length gene of the attenuated strain SDJN2015-01—was constructed and tested for replication and virulence. We then tested the effect of the recombinant virus on autophagy in nerve cells. The effect of autophagy on virus replication was detected by western blot and plaque test. Finally, the changes of mTOR signaling molecules during EV71 infection and the effect of mTOR on virus replication at the RNA level were detected. Results: Viral recombination triggered virulence attenuation. The replication ability of recombinant virus SDLY107-VP1 was significantly weaker than that of the parent strain SDLY107. The SDLY107 strain could inhibit autophagic flux and led to accumulation of autophagosomes, while the SDLY107-VP1 strain could not cause autophagosome accumulation. The synthesis of EV71 RNA was inhibited by inhibiting mTOR. Conclusions: Replacement of VP1 weakened the replication ability of virulent strains and reduced the level of autophagy in nerve cells. This autophagy facilitates the replication of virulent strains in nerve cells. VP1 is an important neurovirulence determinant of EV71, which affects virus replication by regulating cell autophagy. mTOR is a key molecule in this type of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhuang
- Department of pathogenic microbiology, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300000, China;
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shu-Han Li
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hong-Ling Wen
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The untranslated regions of EV-A71 contribute to its pathogenicity and virulence. Virus Res 2019; 263:55-63. [PMID: 30611822 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is known for its manifestation as hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which has caused countless large-scale epidemic outbreaks throughout the world. However, the molecular pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is still elusive. Previous studies found that the biological characteristics of a mild EV-A71 strain (SDLY1) and a severe EV-A71 strain (SDLY107) are significantly different, and sequence analysis showed that there are several differences in nucleotide sites of UTRs (88 nt, 123 nt, 143 nt, 154 nt, 187 nt, 241 nt, 243 nt, 253 nt, 291 nt, 438 nt, 440 nt, 571 nt, 579 nt, 602 nt, 658 nt, 664 nt, 690 nt, 696 nt, 7328 nt, 7335 nt, 7367 nt, and 7395 nt). The aim of this study was to determine whether these amino sites in UTRs are associated with the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and are responsible for different clinical manifestations. Based on the reverse genetics technology, we rescued two chimeric viruses SDLY107(1-5'UTR) and SDLY107(1-3'UTR) by replacing 5'UTR/3'UTR gene fragments of an infectious cDNA clone. Replication kinetics and cytotoxicity assays showed that the virulence of the two chimeric strains significantly changed in vitro. The viral loads of the two chimeric strains in infected ICR mice were reduced and pathological damage in the brains, lungs, intestinal tissues, and muscles were lightened. Our findings suggest that some nucleotide sites in UTRs may have a function in the pathogenicity and virulence of EV-A71.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cobbin JCA, Britton PN, Burrell R, Thosar D, Selvakumar K, Eden JS, Jones CA, Holmes EC. A complex mosaic of enteroviruses shapes community-acquired hand, foot and mouth disease transmission and evolution within a single hospital. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey020. [PMID: 30026965 PMCID: PMC6047454 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EV) pose a major risk to public health. This is especially so in the Asia-Pacific region where increasing numbers of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases and large outbreaks of severe neurological disease associated with EV-A71 have occurred. Despite their importance, key aspects of the emergence, epidemiology and evolution of EVs remain unclear, and most studies of EV evolution have focused on a limited number of genes. Here, we describe the genomic-scale evolution of EV-A viruses sampled from pediatric patients with mild disease attending a single hospital in western Sydney, Australia, over an 18-month period. This analysis revealed the presence of eight viral serotypes-Coxsackievirus (CV) A2, A4, A5, A6, A8, A10, A16 and EV-A71-with up to four different serotypes circulating in any 1 month. Despite an absence of large-scale outbreaks, high levels of geographical and temporal mixing of serotypes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that multiple strains of the same serotype were present in the community, and that this diversity was shaped by multiple introductions into the Sydney population, with only a single lineage of CV-A6 exhibiting in situ transmission over the entire study period. Genomic-scale analyses also revealed the presence of novel and historical EV recombinants. Notably, our analysis revealed no association between viral phylogeny, including serotype, and patient age, sex, nor disease severity (for uncomplicated disease). This study emphasizes the contribution of EV-A viruses other than EV-A71 to mild EV disease including HFMD in Australia and highlights the need for greater surveillance of these viruses to improve strategies for outbreak preparedness and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C A Cobbin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deepali Thosar
- Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kierrtana Selvakumar
- Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl A Jones
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mandary MB, Poh CL. Changes in the EV-A71 Genome through Recombination and Spontaneous Mutations: Impact on Virulence. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060320. [PMID: 29895721 PMCID: PMC6024729 DOI: 10.3390/v10060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) that mainly affects young children less than five years old. The onset of severe HFMD is due to neurological complications bringing about acute flaccid paralysis and pulmonary oedema. In this review, we address how genetic events such as recombination and spontaneous mutations could change the genomic organization of EV-A71, leading to an impact on viral virulence. An understanding of the recombination mechanism of the poliovirus and non-polio enteroviruses will provide further evidence of the emergence of novel strains responsible for fatal HFMD outbreaks. We aim to see if the virulence of EV-A71 is contributed solely by the presence of fatal strains or is due to the co-operation of quasispecies within a viral population. The phenomenon of quasispecies within the poliovirus is discussed to reflect viral fitness, virulence and its implications for EV-A71. Ultimately, this review gives an insight into the evolution patterns of EV-A71 by looking into its recombination history and how spontaneous mutations would affect its virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madiiha Bibi Mandary
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van der Sanden SMG, Sachs N, Koekkoek SM, Koen G, Pajkrt D, Clevers H, Wolthers KC. Enterovirus 71 infection of human airway organoids reveals VP1-145 as a viral infectivity determinant. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:84. [PMID: 29743570 PMCID: PMC5943241 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses frequently cause severe diseases in children. Human enteroviruses are transmitted via the fecal-oral route and respiratory droplets, and primary replication occurs in the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts; however, how enteroviruses infect these sites is largely unknown. Human intestinal organoids have recently proven to be valuable tools for studying enterovirus-host interactions in the intestinal tract. In this study, we demonstrated the susceptibility of a newly developed human airway organoid model for enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. We showed for the first time in a human physiological model that EV71 replication kinetics are strain-dependent. A glutamine at position 145 of the VP1 capsid protein was identified as a key determinant of infectivity, and residues VP1-98K and VP1-104D were identified as potential infectivity markers. The results from this study provide new insights into EV71 infectivity in the human airway epithelia and demonstrate the value of organoid technology for virus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center Utrecht and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie M Koekkoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Center Utrecht and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Wang F, Zhao D, Liu J, Su H, Wang B. Sequence analysis-based characterization and identification of neurovirulence-associated variants of 36 EV71 strains from China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1310-1317. [PMID: 29603282 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and causes several neurological complications. As new strains of EV71 are constantly discovered, it is important to understand the genomic characteristics of the viruses and the mechanism of virulence. Herein, we isolated five strains of EV71 from HFMD patients with or without neurovirulence and sequenced their whole genomes. We then performed whole genome sequence analysis of totally 36 EV71 strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region revealed all five isolated strains are clustered into C4a of C4 subgenotype. In addition, by comparing the complete genome sequences of 36 strains, 253 variable amino acid positions were found, 14 of which were identified to be associated with neurovirulence (P < 0.05). Moreover, a similar pattern of amino acid variants combination was identified in four strains without neurovirulence, indicating this type of variant pattern might be associated with avirulence. The strains with neurovirulence appeared to be distinguished from those without neurovirulence by the variants in VP1 and P2 regions, implying VP1 and P2 are the important regions associated with neurovirulence. Indeed, 3-D modeling of VP1 and P2 regions of non-neurovirulent and neurovirulent strains revealed that the different variants resulted in different protein structures and amino acid composition of ligand binding site, which might account for their difference in neurovirulence. In summary, our study reveals 14 variable amino acid positions of VP1, P2 and P3 regions are related to the virulence and that mutations in the capsid proteins of EV71 might contribute to neurovirulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Huainan Municipal Commission of Health and Planning, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huainan First People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Desheng Zhao
- The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Huainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li C, Qiao Q, Hao SB, Dong Z, Zhao L, Ji J, Wang ZY, Wen HL. Nonstructural protein 2A modulates replication and virulence of enterovirus 71. Virus Res 2017; 244:262-269. [PMID: 29175108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease in children, and severe infections can induce neurological complications and even death. However, the pathogenesis of EV71 remains unknown. The 2A proteinase (2Apro) of EV71 plays an important role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, inhibiting host protein synthesis, and evading innate immunity. This study was to determine the function of EV71 2Apro in replication and virulence. A chimeric strain (SDLY 107-2A-1) was recombined by replacing 2Apro of a severe strain (SDLY107) with that of a mild strain (SDLY1) based on an infectious cDNA clone. The replication kinetics of the chimeric strain in vitro and in vivo were determined by qRT-PCR, which showed that the chimeric strain replicated slower and generated less viral RNA than the severe strain. The pathological change and viral load of chimeric strain infected mice were intermediate between severe strain infected mice and mild strain infected mice. Cellular cytotoxicity assays revealed that 2Apro was associated with the neurotoxicity of EV71. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assays detected tissue pathological damage in the lungs, muscles, brain, and intestinal tissues. Together, these results suggest that 2Apro modulates replication and virulence of EV71. This provides a theoretical basis for virulence determination of EV71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiao Qiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu-Bin Hao
- Shandong Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Key Laboratories of Biological Evaluation, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Ling Wen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun H, Huang X, Lin K, Huang K, Chu J, Yang Z, Ma S. Molecular evolution of two asymptomatic echovirus 6 strains that constitute a novel branch of recently epidemic echovirus 6 in China. Virol J 2017; 14:140. [PMID: 28743260 PMCID: PMC5526271 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echovirus 6 (E6) infections are associated with aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). But some infections, sometimes most of them, are asymptomatic. The mechanism of E6 virulence is unknown. Analyses of the molecular evolution of asymptomatic E6 may help understand why the infections show different manifestations. Methods Ninety-six stool samples of healthy children in Yunnan, China were collected and two E6 strains were isolated from them. The whole genomes of these two E6 strains were sequenced, and their molecular evolution was analyzed. Results The results showed that the two E6 strains may be derived from KJ7724XX strains, which were predominant in AFP patients in Shangdong in 2011. The evolution was accelerated when the two E6 strains formed, although no positive selection site was found. The 11 exclusive mutations on which selection force significantly changed were found in the 2C, 3AB and 3C genes. Conclusion There are some E6 strains which did not cause the disease in the children of Yunnan. These E6 strains maybe come from a recombinant E6 strain which was associated with the outbreak of AFP in Shangdong in 2011. However, some new mutations were found in the 2C, 3AB and 3C genes of these asymptomatic strains, and these mutations may be constraint by the natural selection and could be potentially responsible for clinical presentations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0809-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqin Lin
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayou Chu
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaohui Ma
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yee PTI, Mohamed RAH, Ong SK, Tan KO, Poh CL. Characterization of significant molecular determinants of virulence of Enterovirus 71 sub-genotype B4 in Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Virus Res 2017; 238:243-252. [PMID: 28705680 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), displaying symptoms such as fever and ulcers in children but some strains can produce cardiopulmonary oedema which leads to death. There is no FDA-approved vaccine for prevention of severe HFMD. The molecular determinants of virulence for EV-A71 are unclear. It could be a single or a combination of amino acids that determines virulence in different EV-A71 genotype/sub-genotypes. Several EV-A71 strains bearing single nucleotide (nt) mutations were constructed and the contribution of each mutation to virulence was evaluated. The nt(s) that contributed to significant reduction in virulence in vitro were selected and each mutation was introduced separately into the genome to construct the multiply mutated EV-A71 strain (MMS) which carried six substitutions of nt(s) at the 5'-NTR (U700C), VP1-145 (E to G), VP1-98E, VP1-244K and G64R in the vaccine seed strain that had a partial deletion within the 5'-NTR region (nt. 475-485) of Δ11bp. In comparison to the wild type strain, the MMS showed low virulence as it produced very low RNA copy number, plaque count, VP1 and had 105-fold higher TCID50, indicative of a promising LAV candidate that should be further evaluated in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Reham Ahmed Hashim Mohamed
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Pivert A, Bouthry E, Henquell C, Petsaris O, Ducancelle A, Veillon P, Vallet S, Alain S, Thibault V, Abravanel F, Rosenberg AA, André-Garnier E, Bour JB, Baazia Y, Trimoulet P, André P, Gaudy-Graffin C, Bettinger D, Larrat S, Signori-Schmuck A, Saoudin H, Pozzetto B, Lagathu G, Minjolle-Cha S, Stoll-Keller F, Pawlotsky JM, Izopet J, Payan C, Lunel-Fabiani F, Lemaire C. Natural non-homologous recombination led to the emergence of a duplicated V3-NS5A region in HCV-1b strains associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174651. [PMID: 28394908 PMCID: PMC5386276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of new strains in RNA viruses is mainly due to mutations or intra and inter-genotype homologous recombination. Non-homologous recombinations may be deleterious and are rarely detected. In previous studies, we identified HCV-1b strains bearing two tandemly repeated V3 regions in the NS5A gene without ORF disruption. This polymorphism may be associated with an unfavorable course of liver disease and possibly involved in liver carcinogenesis. Here we aimed at characterizing the origin of these mutant strains and identifying the evolutionary mechanism on which the V3 duplication relies. METHODS Direct sequencing of the entire NS5A and E1 genes was performed on 27 mutant strains. Quasispecies analyses in consecutive samples were also performed by cloning and sequencing the NS5A gene for all mutant and wild strains. We analyzed the mutant and wild-type sequence polymorphisms using Bayesian methods to infer the evolutionary history of and the molecular mechanism leading to the duplication-like event. RESULTS Quasispecies were entirely composed of exclusively mutant or wild-type strains respectively. Mutant quasispecies were found to have been present since contamination and had persisted for at least 10 years. This V3 duplication-like event appears to have resulted from non-homologous recombination between HCV-1b wild-type strains around 100 years ago. The association between increased liver disease severity and these HCV-1b mutants may explain their persistence in chronically infected patients. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the possible consequences of non-homologous recombination in the emergence and severity of new viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Le Guillou-Guillemette
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Adeline Pivert
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Elise Bouthry
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | | | - Odile Petsaris
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière et Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, LUBEM, Brest, France
| | - Alexandra Ducancelle
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Veillon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Vallet
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière et Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, LUBEM, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Florence Abravanel
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR VHE, Inserm U1043, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Arielle A. Rosenberg
- AP-HP, GHU Cochin, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yazid Baazia
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Pascale Trimoulet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Pellegrin Tripode, CHU Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice André
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie Nord, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Larrat
- Laboratoire de Virologie, UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, CHU, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Signori-Schmuck
- Laboratoire de Virologie, UMI 3265 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, CHU, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
| | - Hénia Saoudin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CNR VHE, Inserm U1043, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christopher Payan
- Département de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière et Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, LUBEM, Brest, France
| | - Françoise Lunel-Fabiani
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yee PTI, Laa Poh C. Impact of genetic changes, pathogenicity and antigenicity on Enterovirus- A71 vaccine development. Virology 2017; 506:121-129. [PMID: 28384566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) is an etiological agent of the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 infection produces high fever and ulcers in children. Some EV-A71 strains produce severe infections leading to pulmonary edema and death. Although the protective efficacy of the inactivated vaccine (IV) was ≥90% against mild HFMD, there was approximately 80% protection against severe HFMD. The monovalent EV-A71 IV elicits humoral immunity but lacks long-term immunogenicity. Spontaneous mutations of the EV-A71 genome could lead to antigenicity changes and the virus may not be neutralized by antibodies elicited by the IV. A better alternative would be the live attenuated vaccine (LAV) that elicits cellular and humoral immunity. The LAV induces excellent antigenicity and chances of reversion is reduced by presence of multiple mutations which could reduce pathogenicity. Besides CV-A16, outbreaks have been caused by CV-A6 and CV-A10, hence the development of bivalent and trivalent vaccines is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A novel Enterovirus 96 circulating in China causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. Virus Genes 2017; 53:352-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
18
|
Ma GH, Ye Y, Zhang D, Xu X, Si P, Peng JL, Xiao YL, Cao RY, Yin YL, Chen J, Zhao LX, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Liu H, Luo XM, Chen LL, Shen X. Identification and biochemical characterization of DC07090 as a novel potent small molecule inhibitor against human enterovirus 71 3C protease by structure-based virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:981-991. [PMID: 27776325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious, highly contagious disease. HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71), results in severe complications and even death. The pivotal role of EV71 3Cpro in the viral life cycle makes it an attractive target for drug discovery and development to treat HFMD. In this study, we identified novel EV71 3Cpro inhibitors by docking-based virtual screening. Totally 50 compounds were selected to test their inhibitory activity against EV71 3Cpro. The best inhibitor DC07090 exhibited the inhibition potency with an IC50 value of 21.72 ± 0.95 μM without apparent toxicity (CC50 > 200 μM). To explore structure-activity relationship of DC07090, 15 new derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro enzyme assay accordingly. Interestingly, four compounds showed inhibitory activities against EV71 3Cpro and only DC07090 inhibited EV71 replication with an EC50 value of 22.09 ± 1.07 μM. Enzyme inhibition kinetic experiments showed that the compound was a reversible and competitive inhibitor. The Ki value was determined to be 23.29 ± 12.08 μM. Further molecular docking, MD simulation and mutagenesis studies confirmed the binding mode of DC07090 and EV71 3Cpro. Besides, DC07090 could also inhibit coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) replication with an EC50 value of 27.76 ± 0.88 μM. Therefore, DC07090 represents a new non-peptidyl small molecule inhibitor for further development of antiviral therapy against EV71 or other picornaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei Si
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jian-Long Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong-Long Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui-Yuan Cao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu-Ling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Xiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Rd, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Min Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma YW, Hao SB, Sun LL, Li J, Qiao Q, Gao F, Zhao L, Yu XJ, Wang ZY, Wen HL. Construction and characterization of infectious cDNA clones of enterovirus 71 (EV71). Virol Sin 2016; 30:305-8. [PMID: 26271283 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Ma
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu SL, Pan H, Liu P, Amer S, Chan TC, Zhan J, Huo X, Liu Y, Teng Z, Wang L, Zhuang H. Comparative epidemiology and virology of fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in mainland China from 2008 to 2014. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:115-28. [PMID: 25704797 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology and virology of fatal and nonfatal hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases in Mainland China. A total of 10,714,237 survivors and 3046 deaths were reported from 2008 to 2014 June, with a case fatality rate of 0.03%. The morbidity of the survivors increased from 37.6/100,000 in 2008 to 139.6/100,000 in 2013 and peaked in 2012 at 166.8/100,000. However, the mortality varied around 0.03-0.04/100,000 across the time. Most of the survivors were distributed in the southern and eastern China, predominantly in the Guangxi and Hainan Province, whereas deaths were dominant in southern (Guangxi) and southwestern (Guizhou) China. The two groups showed similar seasonal fluctuations from 2008 to 2014, peaking in spring and early summer. Of the total cases, 93.97% were children less than 5 years of age, with those ≤ 2 years old accounting for 60.08% versus 84.02% in the survivor and death groups, respectively. Boys were at higher risk of infection than girls in both groups. Five years of virological surveillance showed that 43.73%, 22.04%, and 34.22% of HFMD cases were due to EV71, CoxA16 and other enteroviruses, respectively. EV71 was encountered in most deaths, with no substantial effect of age, gender, month, and year on incidence. Subgenotype C4a was the prevalent EV71 strain in Mainland China, with no significant difference in the VP1 gene related to virulence between the two groups. In conclusion, based on the largest population study, fatal and nonfatal HFMD cases, mainly caused by C4a of EV71, are circulating in Mainland China with a low-cause fatality rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- She-Lan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lei X, Wen H, Zhao L, Yu X. Performance of reversed transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique detecting EV71: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Biosci Trends 2014; 8:75-83. [PMID: 24815384 DOI: 10.5582/bst.8.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major etiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a common infectious disease in young children. Studies in the past have shown that reversed transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was a rapid approach for the detection of EV71 in HFMD. This meta-analysis study is to evaluate the diagnostic role of RT-LAMP in detecting EV71 infection. A comprehensive literature research of PubMed, Embase, Wan Fang Data, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases was conducted on articles aiming at the diagnostic performance of RT-LAMP in EV71 detection published before February 10, 2014. Data from selected studies were pooled to yield the summary sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (PLR, NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve by using STATA VERSION 12.0 software. Ten studies including a total of 907 clinical samples were of high quality in this meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR, and the area under the SROC curve was 0.99 (0.97, 1.00), 0.97 (0.94, 1.00), 5.90 (95% CI: 3.90-8.94), 0.20 (95% CI: 0.14-0.29), and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00), respectively. The univariate analysis of potential variables showed some changes in the diagnostic performance, but none of the differences reached statistical significance. Despite inter-study variability, the test performance of RT-LAMP was consistent with real-time RT-PCR in detecting EV71. This meta-analysis suggests that RT-LAMP is a useful diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting EV71.
Collapse
|
22
|
Association of viral replication capacity with the pathogenicity of enterovirus 71. Virus Res 2014; 189:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Liu W, Wu S, Xiong Y, Li T, Wen Z, Yan M, Qin K, Liu Y, Wu J. Co-circulation and genomic recombination of coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 during a large outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Central China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96051. [PMID: 24776922 PMCID: PMC4002479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1844 patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), most of them were children of age 1–3-year-old, in Central China were hospitalized from 2011 to 2012. Among them, 422 were infected with coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), 334 were infected with enterovirus 71 (EV71), 38 were co-infected with EV71 and CVA16, and 35 were infected with other enteroviruses. Molecular epidemiology analysis revealed that EV71 and CVA16 were detected year-round, but EV71 circulated mainly in July and CVA16 circulated predominantly in November, and incidence of HFMD was reduced in January and February and increased in March. Clinical data showed that hyperglycemia and neurologic complications were significantly higher in EV71-infected patients, while upper respiratory tract infection and C-reactive protein were significantly higher in CVA16-associated patients. 124 EV71 and 80 CVA16 strains were isolated, among them 56 and 68 EV71 strains were C4a and C4b, while 25 and 55 CVA16 strains were B1a and B1b, respectively. Similarity plots and bootscan analyses based on entire genomic sequences revealed that the three C4a sub-genotype EV71 strains were recombinant with C4b sub-genotype EV71 in 2B–2C region, and the three CVA16 strains were recombinant with EV71 in 2A–2B region. Thus, CVA16 and EV71 were the major causative agents in a large HFMD outbreak in Central China. HFMD incidence was high for children among household contact and was detected year-round, but outbreak was seasonal dependent. CVA16 B1b and EV71 C4b reemerged and caused a large epidemic in China after a quiet period of many years. Moreover, EV71 and CVA16 were co-circulated during the outbreak, which may have contributed to the genomic recombination between the pathogens. It should gain more attention as there may be an upward trend in co-circulation of the two pathogens globally and the new role recombination plays in the emergence of new enterovirus variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (YL)
| |
Collapse
|