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Rohayem J, Bergmann M, Gebhardt J, Gould E, Tucker P, Mattevi A, Unge T, Hilgenfeld R, Neyts J. Antiviral strategies to control calicivirus infections. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:162-78. [PMID: 20471996 PMCID: PMC7114105 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviridae are human or non-human pathogenic viruses with a high diversity. Some members of the Caliciviridae, i.e. human pathogenic norovirus or rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), are worldwide emerging pathogens. The norovirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, accounting for about 85% of the outbreaks in Europe between 1995 and 2000. In the United States, 25 million cases of infection are reported each year. Since its emergence in 1984 as an agent of fatal hemorrhagic diseases in rabbits, RHDV has killed millions of rabbits and has been dispersed to all of the inhabitable continents. In view of their successful and apparently increasing emergence, the development of antiviral strategies to control infections due to these viral pathogens has now become an important issue in medicine and veterinary medicine. Antiviral strategies have to be based on an understanding of the epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, viral replication and immunity to infection resulting from infection by these viruses. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying calicivirus infection, focusing on the molecular aspects of replication in the host cell. Recent experimental data generated through an international collaboration on structural biology, virology and drug design within the European consortium VIZIER is also presented. Based on this analysis, we propose antiviral strategies that may significantly impact on the epidemiological characteristics of these highly successful viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rohayem
- The Calicilab, Institute of Virology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Oka T, Yamamoto M, Miyashita K, Ogawa S, Katayama K, Wakita T, Takeda N. Self-assembly of sapovirus recombinant virus-like particles from polyprotein in mammalian cells. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:49-52. [PMID: 19161558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The SaV genome is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA molecule of approximately 7.5 kb that is polyadenylated at its 3' terminus. The major capsid (VP1) of SaV is thought to be produced as the ORF1 polyprotein followed by cleavage, or translation from subgenomic RNA (3'-coterminal with the virus genome), or both. We have recently reported the formation of SaV VLP from subgenomic-like RNA in mammalian cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that the VP1 cleaved from a part of ORF1 polyprotein self-assembled into VLP in mammalian cells when a transient expression system using a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding T7 RNA polymerase was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of gastroenteritis. On the basis of capsid protein (VP1) nucleotide sequences, SaV can be divided into 5 genogroups (GI-GV), of which the GI, GII, GIV, and GV strains infect humans. SaV is uncultivable, but expression of recombinant VP1 in insect cells results in formation of viruslike particles (VLPs) that are antigenically similar to native SaV. In this study, we newly expressed SaV GII and GIV VLPs to compare genetic and antigenic relationships among all human SaV genogroups. Hyperimmune antiserum samples against VLPs reacted strongly with homologous VLPs. However, several antiserum samples weakly cross-reacted against heterologous VLPs in an antibody ELISA. Conversely, an antigen ELISA showed that VLPs of SaV in all human genogroups were antigenically distinct. These findings indicate a likely correspondence between SaV antigenicity and VP1 genogrouping and genotyping.
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Labadie K, Dos Santos Afonso E, Rameix-Welti MA, van der Werf S, Naffakh N. Host-range determinants on the PB2 protein of influenza A viruses control the interaction between the viral polymerase and nucleoprotein in human cells. Virology 2007; 362:271-82. [PMID: 17270230 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcription/replication activity of ribonucleoproteins derived from influenza A primary isolates of human (A/Paris/908/97) or avian origin (A/Mallard/Marquenterre/MZ237/83, A/Hong Kong/156/97) was compared upon reconstitution in mammalian or avian cells, using viral-like reporter RNAs synthesized under the control of the human and chicken RNA polymerase I promoters, respectively. In avian cells, transcription/replication activities were in the same range with all ribonucleoproteins tested. In human cells, ribonucleoproteins derived from A/Mallard/Marquenterre/MZ237/83 showed reduced transcription/replication activity and reduced NP binding to the PB1-PB2-PA complex (P) or to the isolated PB2 subunit, as compared to the ribonucleoproteins derived from A/Paris/908/97. Both defects were restored when PB2 residue Glu-627 was changed to a Lys. Ribonucleoproteins derived from the human A/Hong Kong/156/97 H5N1 isolate showed efficient NP-P interaction in human cells, and high levels of activity which were determined mostly by the PB2 and PA proteins. Our data suggest that PB2 might play a pivotal role in molecular interactions involving both the viral nucleoprotein and cellular proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/analysis
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- RNA Polymerase I
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Plaque Assay
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Labadie
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus Respiratoires, URA 1966 CNRS, EA302 Université Paris 7, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Oka T, Yamamoto M, Katayama K, Hansman GS, Ogawa S, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Identification of the cleavage sites of sapovirus open reading frame 1 polyprotein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3329-3338. [PMID: 17030867 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in humans and swine and is currently divided into five genogroups, GI–GV. The proteolytic processing of the SaV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) polyprotein with a human GII SaV Mc10 strain has recently been determined and the products are arranged in the following order: NH2–p11–p28–p35 (NTPase)–p32–p14 (VPg)–p70 (Pro–Pol)–p60 (VP1)–COOH. The cleavage site between p14 (VPg) and p70 (Pro–Pol) was identified as E1055/A1056 by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. To identify other cleavage sites, a series of GII SaV Mc10 full-length clones containing disrupted potential cleavage sites in the ORF1 polyprotein were constructed and used to generate linear DNA templates for in vitro coupled transcription–translation. The translation products were analysed by SDS-PAGE or by immunoprecipitation with region-specific antibodies. N-terminal amino acid sequencing with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins was also used to identify the cleavage site between p32 and p14. These approaches enabled identification of the six cleavage sites of the Mc10 ORF1 polyprotein as E69/G70, Q325/G326, Q666/G667, E940/A941, E1055/A1056 and E1722/G1723. The alignment of the SaV full-length ORF1 amino acid sequences indicated that the dipeptides used for the cleavage sites were either E or Q at the P1 position and A, G or S at the P1′ position, which were conserved in the GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV SaV ORF1 polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Satoko Ogawa
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Hansman GS, Oka T, Katayama K, Takeda N. Enhancement of sapovirus recombinant capsid protein expression in insect cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4047-50. [PMID: 16814288 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is uncultivable, but expression of the recombinant capsid protein (rVP1) in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically similar to the native viruses. However, the SaV rVP1 expression levels are considerably low. We have found that inclusions of short foreign nucleotide sequences inserted directly upstream from the predicted rVP1 AUG start codon lead to increased yield of VLPs. This method allowed us to express a SaV rVP1, which could not have been expressed to measurable or practical levels otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Katayama K, Hansman GS, Oka T, Ogawa S, Takeda N. Investigation of norovirus replication in a human cell line. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1291-308. [PMID: 16502284 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) belong to the genus Norovirus and are members of the family Caliciviridae. NoVs are the dominant cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis, but progress in understanding the molecular characteristics of NoV and its replication strategies have been hampered by the lack of a cell culture system or a practical animal model, except for murine NoVs. To elucidate the transcription and replication of the NoV genome, a complete genome of a human NoV genogroup II strain was cloned downstream of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter and expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T/17 cells using a T7 vaccinia virus expression system. Bands for a 7.6-kb negative-strand RNA, a 7.6-kb positive-strand genomic RNA, and a 2.6-kb positive-strand subgenomic-like RNA were found in the infected cells. However, recombinant capsid protein (rVP1) and rVP2 were not detected by Western blotting. When a construct containing VP1 and VP2 genes was co-transfected with a full-length construct, the expression of virus-like particles (VLPs) with a buoyant density of 1.271 g/cm3 was observed. We also observed round particles, 20 to 80 nm in diameter, with a buoyant density of 1.318 g/cm3. Our results indicated that NoV RNA was incorporated into the heavier particles. However, further studies are needed to investigate the antigenicity of these particles and to determine if they represent undeveloped VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Hansman GS, Guntapong R, Pongsuwanna Y, Natori K, Katayama K, Takeda N. Development of an antigen ELISA to detect sapovirus in clinical stool specimens. Arch Virol 2005; 151:551-61. [PMID: 16155807 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) strains are etiological agents of mild and/or acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. In this study, we describe the development of a novel antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection system that was based on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against SaV genogroup I (GI) virus-like particles. The ELISA had 100% specificity, and sensitivities of 60% and 25% when compared to single-round PCR and nested PCR, respectively. Our results have shown the ELISA was useful in detecting SaV GI antigens in clinical stool specimens collected two days after the onset of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Oka T, Hansman GS, Katayama K, Ogawa S, Nagata N, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Expression of sapovirus virus-like particles in mammalian cells. Arch Virol 2005; 151:399-404. [PMID: 16132181 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is an etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in human and swine. SaV can be divided into five genogroups, GI to GV. Virus-like particles (VLPs) morphologically similar to native SaV have been expressed for GI, GII, GIII and GV strains in insect cells, although only low expression levels were observed for GII strains. In this study, we report the successful expression of SaV GII VLPs using cultured mammalian COS-7 and 293T cells. Our results demonstrated that this mammalian expression system was able to express and form SaV VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hansman GS, Matsubara N, Oka T, Ogawa S, Natori K, Takeda N, Katayama K. Deletion analysis of the sapovirus VP1 gene for the assembly of virus-like particles. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2529-38. [PMID: 16052282 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) strains are agents of gastroenteritis. They cannot be grown in cell culture. In this study, constructs containing SaV N- and C-terminal-deleted recombinant capsid proteins (rVP1) were expressed in a baculovirus expression system to allow us to better understand the sequence requirements for the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). Only proteins derived from N-terminal-deleted rVP1 constructs that began 49 nucleotides downstream assembled into VLPs, which included both small and native-size VLPs. Our results were similar to those reported in a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) N- and C-terminal-deleted rVP1 expression study but were distinct from those reported in a norovirus N- and C-terminal-deleted rVP1 expression study, suggesting that SaV and RHDV may have similar expression requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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