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Halil N, Rusli R, Zainal Abidin M, Jamen S, Khan F. An integrated health risk assessment with control banding for nanomaterials exposure. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norsuzieanah Halil
- Chemical Engineering Department, Centre of Advanced Process Safety Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Risza Rusli
- Chemical Engineering Department, Centre of Advanced Process Safety Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Mardhati Zainal Abidin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Centre of Advanced Process Safety Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | | | - Faisal Khan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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2
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Zou C, Yang H, Cui L, Cao X, Huang H, Chen T. Potential hazardous effects of printing room PM2.5 exposure include promotion of lung inflammation and subsequent injury. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3213-3224. [PMID: 32945461 PMCID: PMC7453667 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been few studies investigating the potential effects of indoor sources of particulate matter on human health. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from a printing room on lung health was examined using cultured cells and a mouse model. Further, the mechanism of lung injury was examined. The results indicated that PM2.5 significantly enhanced malondialdehyde activity (P<0.05), decreased superoxide dismutase activity (P<0.05), upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-, IL-6 and downregulated the expression of the inflammatory factor IL-2 (P<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that PM2.5 significantly enhanced expression of phosphorylated (p)-ERK relative to total ERK, cyclooxygenase-2, p-anti-nuclear-factor-κB (p-NF-κB) relative to NF-κB, transforming growth factor-β1 and Bax relative to Bcl-2 in inflammation (P<0.05), fibrosis and apoptosis signaling pathways. Furthermore, the results revealed that exposure was associated with an increased abundance of pathogens including Burkholderiales, Coriobacteriia, and Betaproteobacteria in in the lungs. In conclusion, exposure to PM2.5 from a printing room significantly increased inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, indicating that exposure is potential threat to individuals who spend a significant amount of time in printing rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zou
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Lanyue Cui
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and The Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
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Guo NL, Bello D, Ye Q, Tagett R, Chanetsa L, Singh D, Poh TY, Setyawati MI, Chotirmall SH, Ng KW, Demokritou P. Pilot deep RNA sequencing of worker blood samples from Singapore printing industry for occupational risk assessment. NANOIMPACT 2020; 19:100248. [PMID: 33511305 PMCID: PMC7840153 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Several engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are used in toner-based printing equipment (TPE) including laser printers and photocopiers to improve toner performance. High concentration of airborne nanoparticles due to TPE emissions has been documented in copy centers and chamber studies. Recent animal inhalation studies by our group suggested exposure to laser printer-emitted nanoparticles (PEPs) increased cardiovascular risk by impairing ventricular performance and inducing hypertension and arrhythmia, consistent with global transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling results. There has been no genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of workers exposed to TPE emissions to systematically assess the occupational exposure health risks. In this pilot study, deep RNA sequencing of blood samples of workers in two printing companies in Singapore was performed. The genome-scale analysis of the blood samples from TPE exposed workers revealed perturbed transcriptional activities related to inflammatory and immune responses, metabolism, cardiovascular impairment, neurological diseases, oxidative stress, physical morphogenesis/deformation, and cancer, when compared with the control peers (office workers). Many of these disease risks associated with particle inhalation exposures in such work environments were consistent with the observation from the PEPs rat inhalation studies. In particular, the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) was a top significantly perturbed pathway in blood samples from exposed workers compared with the office workers in both companies. The protein expression of sICAM was verified in plasma of exposed workers, showing a positive correlation with daily average nanoparticle concentration in indoor air measured in these two companies. Larger scale genomic and molecular epidemiology studies in copier operators are warranted in order to assess potential risks from such particulate matter exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lan Guo
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute/School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Correspondence: ; Tel: 1-304-293-6455
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Rebecca Tagett
- BRCF Bioinformatics Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lucia Chanetsa
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tuang Yeow Poh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Gu J, Karrasch S, Salthammer T. Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:396-421. [PMID: 31944398 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that the use of laser printing devices (LPDs) contributes to the release of particles into the indoor environment. However, after more than two decades of research, the physicochemical properties of LPD-emitted particles and the possible health effects from exposure to particles are still heavily debated. We therefore carried out a critical review of the published studies around emissions and health effects of LPD-emitted particles, aiming at elucidating the nature of these particles and their potential health risks. Realizing the varying methodologies of the studies, a classification of the reviewed studies is adopted, resulting in three categories of emission studies (chamber experiment, office/room measurement, and photocopy shop measurement), and three types of health studies (in vitro/animal studies, human studies in the real world, and human studies in controlled settings). The strengths and limitations of each type of study are discussed in-depth, which in turn helps to understand the cause of divergent results. Overall, LPD-emitted particles are mainly condensed or secondary-formed semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), while solid toner particles account for a very small fraction. The health risk from exposure to LPD-emitted particles is small compared with the health risk from exposure to ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gu
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wu WT, Li LA, Tsou TC, Wang SL, Lee HL, Shih TS, Liou SH. Longitudinal follow-up of health effects among workers handling engineered nanomaterials: a panel study. Environ Health 2019; 18:107. [PMID: 31818305 PMCID: PMC6902474 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although no human illness to date is confirmed to be attributed to engineered nanoparticles, occupational epidemiological studies are needed to verify the health effects of nanoparticles. This study used a repeated measures design to explore the potential adverse health effects of workers handling nanomaterials. METHODS Study population was 206 nanomaterial-handling workers and 108 unexposed controls, who were recruited from 14 nanotechnology plants. They were followed up no less than two times in four years. A questionnaire was used to collect potential confounders and detailed work conditions. Control banding was adopted to categorize risk level for each participant as a surrogate marker of exposure. Health hazard markers include cardiopulmonary dysfunction markers, inflammation and oxidative damage markers, antioxidant enzymes activity, and genotoxicity markers. The Generalized Estimating Equation model was applied to analyze repeated measurements. RESULTS In comparison to the controls, a significant dose-dependent increase on risk levels for the change of superoxide dismutase (p<0.01) and a significant increase of glutathione peroxidase change in risk level 1 was found for nanomaterial-handling workers. However, the change of cardiovascular dysfunction, lung damages, inflammation, oxidative damages, neurobehavioral and genotoxic markers were not found to be significantly associated with nanomaterials handling in this panel study. CONCLUSIONS This repeated measurement study suggests that there was no evidence of potential adverse health effects under the existing workplace exposure levels among nanomaterials handling workers, except for the increase of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Wu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Ann Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Shih
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety, and Health, Ministry of Labor, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Division of occupational medicine, Division of fanily medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nandan A, Siddiqui NA, Kumar P. Assessment of environmental and ergonomic hazard associated to printing and photocopying: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1187-1211. [PMID: 30350125 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"Knowledge is power" and distribution of knowledge is fueled by printing and photocopying industry. Even as printing and photocopying industry have revolutionized the availability of documents and perceptible image quickly at extremely inexpensive and affordable cost, the boon of its revolution has turned into a bane by irresponsible, uncontrolled and extensive use, causing irreversible degradation to not only ecosystem by continuous release of ozone and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) but also the health of workers occupationally exposed to it. Indoor ozone level due to emission from different photocopying equipment's increases drastically and the condition of other air quality parameters are not different. This situation is particularly sedate in extremely sensitive educational and research industry where sharing of knowledge is extremely important to meet the demands. This work is an attempt to catalogue all the environmental as well as health impacts of printing or photocopying. It has been observed that printing/photocopying operation is a significant factor contributing to indoor air quality degradation, which includes increase in concentration of ozone, VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and heavy metals such as cadmium, selenium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and other pollutants from photocopy machines. The outcome of this study will empower the manufactures with information regarding ozone and other significant emission, so that their impact can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Nandan
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
| | - N A Siddiqui
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
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Detection and identification of engineered nanoparticles in exhaled breath condensate, blood serum, and urine of occupationally exposed subjects. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-2379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Máté Z, Horváth E, Papp A, Kovács K, Tombácz E, Nesztor D, Szabó T, Szabó A, Paulik E. Neurotoxic effects of subchronic intratracheal Mn nanoparticle exposure alone and in combination with other welding fume metals in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:227-238. [PMID: 28722486 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1350218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a toxic heavy metal exposing workers in various occupational settings and causing, among others, nervous system damage. Metal fumes of welding, a typical source of Mn exposure, contain a complex mixture of metal oxides partly in nanoparticle form. As toxic effects of complex substances cannot be sufficiently understood by examining its components separately, general toxicity and functional neurotoxicity of a main pathogenic welding fume metal, Mn, was examined alone and combined with iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr), also frequently found in fumes. Oxide nanoparticles of Mn, Mn + Fe, Mn + Cr and the triple combination were applied, in aqueous suspension, to the trachea of young adult Wistar rats for 4 weeks. The decrease of body weight gain during treatment, caused by Mn, was counteracted by Fe, but not Cr. At the end of treatment, spontaneous and evoked cortical electrical activity was recorded. Mn caused a shift to higher frequencies, and lengthened evoked potential latency, which were also strongly diminished by co-application of Fe only. The interaction of the metals seen in body weight gain and cortical activity were not related to the measured blood and brain metal levels. Fe might have initiated protective, e.g. antioxidant, mechanisms with a more general effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Máté
- a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Edina Horváth
- a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - András Papp
- a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- b Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Informatics , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- b Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Informatics , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Dániel Nesztor
- b Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Informatics , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Tamás Szabó
- b Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Informatics , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Edit Paulik
- a Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine , University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
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Pirela SV, Martin J, Bello D, Demokritou P. Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:678-704. [PMID: 28524743 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1318354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called "toner-based printing equipment" (TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they contain several engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that improve toner performance. It has been shown that during consumer use (printing), these ENM are released in the air, together with other semi-volatile organic nanoparticles, and newly formed gaseous co-pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The aim of this review is to detail and analyze physico-chemical and morphological (PCM), as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from TPE. The review covers evolution of science since the early 2000, when this printing technology first became a subject of public interest, as well as the lagging regulatory framework around it. Important studies that have significantly changed our understanding of these exposures are also highlighted. The review continues with a critical appraisal of the most up-to-date cellular, animal and human toxicological evidence on the potential adverse human health effects of PM emitted from TPE. We highlight several limitations of existing studies, including (i) use of high and often unrealistic doses in vitro or in vivo; (ii) unrealistically high-dose rates in intratracheal instillation studies; (iii) improper use of toners as surrogate for emitted nanoparticles; (iv) lack of or inadequate PCM characterization of exposures; and (v) lack of dosimetry considerations in in vitro studies. Presently, there is compelling evidence that the PM0.1 from TPE are biologically active and capable of inducing oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, respiratory tract inflammation in vivo (in rats) and in humans, several endpoints of cellular injury in monocultures and co-cultures, including moderate epigenetic modifications in vitro. In humans, limited epidemiological studies report typically 2-3 times higher prevalence of chronic cough, wheezing, nasal blockage, excessive sputum production, breathing difficulties, and shortness of breath, in copier operators relative to controls. Such symptoms can be exacerbated during chronic exposures, and in individuals susceptible to inhaled pollutants. Thus respiratory, immunological, cardiovascular, and other disorders may be developed following such exposures; however, further toxicological and larger scale molecular epidemiological studies must be done to fully understand the mechanism of action of these TPE emitted nanoparticles. Major research gaps have also been identified. Among them, a methodical risk assessment based on "real world" exposures rather than on the toner particles alone needs to be performed to provide the much-needed data to establish regulatory guidelines protective of individuals exposed to TPE emissions at both the occupational and consumer level. Industry-wide molecular epidemiology as well as mechanistic animal and human studies are also urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vanessa Pirela
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John Martin
- b Department of Public Health , UMass Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Public Health , UMass Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- a Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology , Boston , MA , USA
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Bitounis D, Pourchez J, Forest V, Boudard D, Cottier M, Klein JP. Detection and analysis of nanoparticles in patients: A critical review of the status quo of clinical nanotoxicology. Biomaterials 2015; 76:302-12. [PMID: 26561929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On the cusp of massive commercialization of nanotechnology-enhanced products and services, the physical and chemical analysis of nanoparticles in human specimens merits immediate attention from the research community as a prerequisite for a confident clinical interpretation of their occurrence in the human organism. In this review, we describe the caveats in current practices of extracting and isolating nanoparticles from clinical samples and show that they do not help truly define the clinical significance of detected exogenous nano-sized objects. Finally, we suggest a systematic way of tackling these demanding scientific tasks. More specifically, a precise and true qualitative evaluation of nanoparticles in human biological samples is still hindered by various technical reasons. Such a procedure is more refined when the nature of the pollutants is known, like in the case of nano-sized wear debris originating from biomedical prostheses. Nevertheless, nearly all available analytical methods provide unknown quantitative accuracy and qualitative precision due to the challenging physical and chemical nature of nanoparticles. Without trustworthy information to describe the nanoparticulate load of clinical samples, it is impossible to accurately assess its pathological impact on isolated cases or allow for relevant epidemiological surveys on large populations. Therefore, we suggest that the many and various specimens stored in hospitals be used for the refinement of methods of exhaustive quantitative and qualitative characterization of prominent nanoparticles in complex human milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, EA 4624 LINA, 10 rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, F42023, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS62362, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, F42023, 158 Cours Fauriel, CS62362, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Delphine Boudard
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, EA 4624 LINA, 10 rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Michèle Cottier
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, EA 4624 LINA, 10 rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Klein
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, EA 4624 LINA, 10 rue de la Marandière, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
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Tang S, Wang M, Germ KE, Du HM, Sun WJ, Gao WM, Mayer GD. Health implications of engineered nanoparticles in infants and children. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:197-206. [PMID: 26253410 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nanotechnology boom and the ability to manufacture novel nanomaterials have led to increased production and use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). However, the increased use of various ENPs inevitably results in their release in or the contamination of the environment, which poses significant threats to human health. In recent years, extraordinary economic and societal benefits of nanoproducts as well as their potential risks have been observed and widely debated. To estimate whether ENPs are safe from the onset of their manufacturing to their disposal, evaluation of the toxicological effects of ENPs on human exposure, especially on more sensitive and vulnerable sectors of the population (infants and children) is essential. DATA SOURCES Papers were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature search words included: "nanoparticles", "infants", "children", "exposure", "toxicity", and all relevant cross-references. RESULTS A brief overview was conducted to 1) characterize potential exposure routes of ENPs for infants and children; 2) describe the vulnerability and particular needs of infants and children about ENPs exposure; 3) investigate the current knowledge about the potential health hazards of ENPs; and 4) provide suggestions for future research and regulations in ENP applications. CONCLUSIONS As the manufacturing and use of ENPs become more widespread, directed and focused studies are necessary to measure actual exposure levels and to determine adverse health consequences in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tang
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
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12
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Fatkhutdinova LM, Khaliullin TO, Shvedova AA. Carbon nanotubes exposure risk assessment: From toxicology to epidemiologic studies (Overview of the current problem). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:501-509. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078015030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Rinaldo M, Andujar P, Lacourt A, Martinon L, Canal Raffin M, Dumortier P, Pairon JC, Brochard P. Perspectives in Biological Monitoring of Inhaled Nanosized Particles. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:669-80. [PMID: 25795003 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the results of experimental studies, occupational or environmental exposures to manufactured nanoparticles or to unintentionally produced ultrafine particles may result in health effects or diseases in humans. In this review, we synthesize published data of experimental studies on the distribution of inhaled nanoparticles and the first case reports to discuss the potential usefulness of their biological monitoring for clinical purposes. Toxicokinetic studies suggest that nanoparticles may be absorbed predominantly by respiratory and oral routes with possible systemic translocation, leading to accumulation in the peripheral organs or excretion in feces or urine. Some methods used in these studies may be applied successfully in retrospective evaluation of exposure or in follow-up of occupational exposure in the workplace. Biological monitoring of nanoparticles should be based on imaging methods that are essential to confirm their presence and to characterize them in tissue associated with analytical quantitative methods. The first case reports reviewed emphasize the urgent need for the development of standardized procedures for the preparation and analysis of biological samples with a view to characterizing and quantifying nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aude Lacourt
- 2.Faculté de médecine, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat CS 61292 F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France 2.Faculté de médecine, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat CS 61292 F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Martinon
- 7.Laboratoire d'étude des particules inhalées de la Ville de Paris, 11, rue George EastmanF-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Pascal Dumortier
- 8.Service de pneumologie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | | | - Patrick Brochard
- 1.CHU de Bordeaux, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Susewind J, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Repnik U, Collnot EM, Schneider-Daum N, Griffiths GW, Lehr CM. A 3D co-culture of three human cell lines to model the inflamed intestinal mucosa for safety testing of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:53-62. [PMID: 25738417 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1008065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral exposure to nanomaterials is a current concern, asking for innovative biological test systems to assess their safety, especially also in conditions of inflammatory disorders. Aim of this study was to develop a 3D intestinal model, consisting of Caco-2 cells and two human immune cell lines, suitable to assess nanomaterial toxicity, in either healthy or diseased conditions. Human macrophages (THP-1) and human dendritic cells (MUTZ-3) were embedded in a collagen scaffold and seeded on the apical side of transwell inserts. Caco-2 cells were seeded on top of this layer, forming a 3D model of the intestinal mucosa. Toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NM101 TiO2, NM300 Ag, Au) was evaluated in non-inflamed and inflamed co-cultures, and also compared to non-inflamed Caco-2 monocultures. Inflammation was elicited by IL-1β, and interactions with engineered NPs were addressed by different endpoints. The 3D co-culture showed well preserved ultrastructure and significant barrier properties. Ag NPs were found to be more toxic than TiO2 or Au NPs. But once inflamed with IL-1β, the co-cultures released higher amounts of IL-8 compared to Caco-2 monocultures. However, the cytotoxicity of Ag NPs was higher in Caco-2 monocultures than in 3D co-cultures. The naturally higher IL-8 production in the co-cultures was enhanced even further by the Ag NPs. This study shows that it is possible to mimic inflamed conditions in a 3D co-culture model of the intestinal mucosa. The fact that it is based on three easily available human cell lines makes this model valuable to study the safety of nanomaterials in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Susewind
- a Department of Drug Delivery , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- a Department of Drug Delivery , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- c Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Blindernveien , Oslo , Norway
| | - Eva-Maria Collnot
- a Department of Drug Delivery , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , Saarbrücken , Germany .,b Department of Pharmacy , Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany , and
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- a Department of Drug Delivery , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Gareth Wyn Griffiths
- c Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Blindernveien , Oslo , Norway
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- a Department of Drug Delivery , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , Saarbrücken , Germany .,b Department of Pharmacy , Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany , and
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Sinnecker H, Ramaker K, Frey A. Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2308-15. [PMID: 25551058 PMCID: PMC4273246 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic nanoparticles (NPs) have found their way into many goods of everyday life. Inhalation, ingestion and skin contact are potential routes for NPs to enter the body. In particular the digestive tract with its huge absorptive surface area provides a prime gateway for NP uptake. Considering that NPs are covered by luminal gut-constituents en route through the gastrointestinal tract, we wanted to know if such modifications have an influence on the interaction between NPs and enterocytes. RESULTS We investigated the consequences of a treatment with various luminal gut-constituents on the adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells. Carboxylated polystyrene particles 20, 100 and 200 nm in size represented our anthropogenic NPs, and differentiated Caco-2 cells served as model for mature enterocytes of the small intestine. Pretreatment with the proteins BSA and casein consistently reduced the adherence of all NPs to the cultured enterocytes, while incubation of NPs with meat extract had no obvious effect on particle adherence. In contrast, contact with intestinal fluid appeared to increase the particle-cell interaction of 20 and 100 nm NPs. CONCLUSION Luminal gut-constituents may both attenuate and augment the adherence of NPs to cell surfaces. These effects appear to be dependent on the particle size as well as on the type of interacting protein. While some proteins will rather passivate particles towards cell attachment, possibly by increasing colloid stability or camouflaging attachment sites, certain components of intestinal fluid are capable to modify particle surfaces in such a way that interactions with cellular surface structures result in an increased binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Sinnecker
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Katrin Ramaker
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
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LIAO HY, CHUNG YT, LAI CH, LIN MH, LIOU SH. Sneezing and allergic dermatitis were increased in engineered nanomaterial handling workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2014; 52:199-215. [PMID: 24492762 PMCID: PMC4209579 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2013-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey the work-relatedness of symptoms and diseases among engineered nanomaterials handling workers by questionnaire. A total of 258 exposed workers and 200 comparison workers were recruited from 14 nanomaterials handling factories in Taiwan. In addition to current disease status (prevalence), we classified the diseases worsened by employment (worsened by work). The control banding nanotool risk level matrix was adopted to categorize the severity and probability of nanomaterial exposure. The work-relatedness of symptoms was also self-reported in the questionnaire. The only symptom identified as significantly work-related was sneezing (5.88% in risk level 2 and 7.91% in risk level 1 vs. 2.00% in controls, p=0.04). The prevalences of work-related dry cough (p=0.06) and productive cough (p=0.09) in nanomaterials handling workers were also higher than those in controls. The only disease significantly worsened by work was allergic dermatitis (4.20% in risk level 2, 0% in risk level 1 vs. 0.50% in control, p=0.01). The incidence of angina in nanoworkers was also higher than in controls (p=0.06). In addition to allergic diseases, cardiopulmonary symptoms such as cough and angina may be used as screening tools for medical surveillance of people handling engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi LIAO
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Teh CHUNG
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Huang LAI
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical
Center, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiu LIN
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of
Labor Affairs, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing LIOU
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine,
National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Defense Medical
Center, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health,
China Medical University and Hospital, Taiwan
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Sinnecker H, Krause T, Koelling S, Lautenschläger I, Frey A. The gut wall provides an effective barrier against nanoparticle uptake. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2092-101. [PMID: 25551037 PMCID: PMC4273221 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omnipresence of nanoparticles (NPs) in numerous goods has led to a constant risk of exposure and inadvertent uptake for humans. This situation calls for thorough investigation of the consequences of NP intake. As the vast mucosa of the human gastrointestinal tract represents an attractive site of entry, we wanted to take a look on the fate that ingested NPs suffer in the gut. As a model to investigate NP uptake we used the isolated perfused rat small intestine. Differently sized fluorescent latex particles were used as exemplary anthropogenic NPs. RESULTS The particles were administered as bolus into the isolated intestine, and samples from the luminal, vascular and lymphatic compartments were collected over time. NP amounts in the different fluids were determined by fluorescence measurements. No particles could be detected in the vascular and lymphatic system. By contrast a major amount of NPs was found in luminal samples. Yet, a substantial share of particles could not be recovered in the fluid fractions, indicating a sink function of the intestinal tissue for NPs. A histological examination of the gut revealed that virtually no particles adhered to the epithelium or resided in the tissue, the bulk of particles seemed to be trapped in the mucus lining the gut tube. When this mucus was dissolved and removed from the gut almost the entire amount of particles missing could be recovered: over 95% of the given NPs were present in the two fractions, the luminal samples and the dissolved mucus. To foster NP uptake via an extended interaction time with the epithelium, the intestinal peristalsis was decelerated and the duration of the experiment was prolonged. Even under those conditions, no particle fluorescence was detected in the vascular and lymphatic samples. CONCLUSION We could show that after intestinal exposure with a large dose of NPs the vast majority of NPs did obviously not come into contact with the epithelium but was either directly discarded from the gut or trapped in mucus. The healthy small intestinal tract evidently provides an effective barrier against NP uptake whereby the mucus film seems to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Sinnecker
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, 23845, Germany, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Thorsten Krause
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, 23845, Germany, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Sabine Koelling
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, Hamburg, 21073, Germany
| | - Ingmar Lautenschläger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 21, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Program Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 22, Borstel, 23845, Germany, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research
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Chuang HC, Hsiao TC, Wu CK, Chang HH, Lee CH, Chang CC, Cheng TJ. Allergenicity and toxicology of inhaled silver nanoparticles in allergen-provocation mice models. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4495-506. [PMID: 24285922 PMCID: PMC3841295 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s52239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been associated with the exacerbation of airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the allergenicity and toxicology of AgNP in healthy and allergic individuals are unclear. We investigated the pathophysiological responses to AgNP inhalation in a murine model of asthma. Continuous and stable levels of 33 nm AgNP were maintained at 3.3 mg/m3 during the experimental period. AgNP exposure concomitant with ovalbumin challenge increased the enhanced pause (Penh) in the control and allergic groups. AgNP evoked neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration into the airways and elevated the levels of allergic markers (immunoglobulin E [IgE] and leukotriene E4 [LTE4]), the type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13), and oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) in healthy and allergic mice. Bronchocentric interstitial inflammation was observed after AgNP inhalation. After inhalation, the AgNP accumulated predominantly in the lungs, and trivial amounts of AgNP were excreted in the urine and feces. Furthermore, the AgNP induced inflammatory responses in the peritoneum. The inhalation of AgNP may present safety concerns in healthy and susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Khatri M, Bello D, Pal AK, Woskie S, Gassert TH, Demokritou P, Gaines P. Toxicological effects of PM0.25–2.0particles collected from a photocopy center in three human cell lines. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:621-32. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.824525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Elango N, Kasi V, Vembhu B, Poornima JG. Chronic exposure to emissions from photocopiers in copy shops causes oxidative stress and systematic inflammation among photocopier operators in India. Environ Health 2013; 12:78. [PMID: 24025094 PMCID: PMC3849716 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed indoor air quality in photocopier centers and investigated whether occupational exposure to emissions from photocopiers is associated with decline in lung function or changes in haematological parameters, oxidative stress and inflammatory status. METHODS Indoor air quality was monitored in five photocopier centers. Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry in 81 photocopier operators (64 male and 17 female) and 43 healthy control (31 male and 12 female) subjects. Hematological status, serum thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 8-isoprostane, C reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 8 (IL-8), clara cell protein (CC-16), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were analyzed. Relationships between cumulative exposure, lung function and inflammatory markers were assessed. RESULTS PM10 and PM2.5 were above the permissible levels in all the photocopier centers, whereas the levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, sulphur dioxide, lead, arsenic, nickel, ammonia, benzene and benzo(a)pyrene were within Indian ambient air quality standards. Lung function was similar in the photocopier operators and control subjects. Serum TBARS was significantly higher and FRAC was lower among photocopier operators when compared to healthy controls. Plasma IL-8, LTB4, ICAM-1 and ECP were significantly higher in the photocopier exposed group. CONCLUSIONS Photocopiers emit high levels of particulate matter. Long term exposure to emissions from photocopiers was not associated with decreased lung function, but resulted in high oxidative stress and systemic inflammation leading to high risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Elango
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vallikkannu Kasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bhuvaneswari Vembhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyanthi Govindasamy Poornima
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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Khatri M, Bello D, Pal AK, Cohen JM, Woskie S, Gassert T, Lan J, Gu AZ, Demokritou P, Gaines P. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory responses of nanoparticles from photocopiers in three human cell lines. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:42. [PMID: 23968360 PMCID: PMC3766213 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photocopiers emit nanoparticles with complex chemical composition. Short-term exposures to modest nanoparticle concentrations triggered upper airway inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy human volunteers in a recent study. To further understand the toxicological properties of copier-emitted nanoparticles, we studied in-vitro their ability to induce cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine release, DNA damage, and apoptosis in relevant human cell lines. Methods Three cell types were used: THP-1, primary human nasal- and small airway epithelial cells. Following collection in a large volume photocopy center, nanoparticles were extracted, dispersed and characterized in the cell culture medium. Cells were doped at 30, 100 and 300 μg/mL administered doses for up to 24 hrs. Estimated dose delivered to cells, was ~10% and 22% of the administered dose at 6 and 24 hrs, respectively. Gene expression analysis of key biomarkers was performed using real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in THP-1 cells at 5 μg nanoparticles/mL for 6-hr exposure for confirmation purposes. Results Multiple cytokines, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF, were significantly elevated in THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression analysis confirmed up-regulation of the TNF-α gene in THP-1 cells, consistent with cytokine findings. In both primary epithelial cells, cytokines IL-8, VEGF, EGF, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and GM-CSF were significantly elevated. Apoptosis was induced in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with the significant up-regulation of key apoptosis-regulating genes P53 and Casp8 in THP-1 cells. No significant DNA damage was found at any concentration with the comet assay. Up-regulation of key DNA damage and repair genes, Ku70 and Rad51, were also observed in THP-1 cells, albeit not statistically significant. Significant up-regulation of the key gene HO1 for oxidative stress, implicates oxidative stress induced by nanoparticles. Conclusions Copier-emitted nanoparticles induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis and modest cytotoxicity but no DNA damage in all three-human cell lines. Taken together with gene expression data in THP-1 cells, we conclude that these nanoparticles are directly responsible for inflammation observed in human volunteers. Further toxicological evaluations of these nanoparticles, including across different toner formulations, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khatri
- Department of Work Environment, One University Avenue, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 0185, USA.
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Sahin C, Sever C, Kulahci Y. An unusual burn caused by toner powder. J Burn Care Res 2013; 34:e118. [PMID: 23128131 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e3182642a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Fang X, Luo B, Yi X, Zeng Y, Liu F, Li H, Gu P, Zhu X, Zhang S, Jiang G. Usual interstitial pneumonia coexisted with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, What's the diagnosis? Diagn Pathol 2012. [PMID: 23206520 PMCID: PMC3534605 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis between idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia(INSIP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia(UIP)is tough in both clinicians and pathologists. In this study, we analyzed the lesions of right lung removed from a 58-year-old patient by gross and microscopy. The results showed that the pathological appearance of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and UIP coexisted in his upper lobe. Besides, because of severe fibrosis in middle and lower lobes, it was hard to distinguish the lesions of NSIP fibrotic pattern (NSIP-F) or UIP. Based on clinic-radiologic-pathological data, the diagnosis of INSIP-F was made for this patient finally. Our study suggests that UIP is not always an accurate diagnosis when the NSIP and UIP coexist, and NSIP can have regions of UIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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Bello D, Martin J, Santeufemio C, Sun Q, Lee Bunker K, Shafer M, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and morphological characterisation of nanoparticles from photocopiers: implications for environmental health. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:989-1003. [PMID: 22551088 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.689883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several reports link printing and photocopying with genotoxicity, immunologic and respiratory diseases. Photocopiers and printers emit nanoparticles, which may be involved in these diseases. The physicochemical and morphological composition of these emitted nanoparticles, which is poorly understood and is critical for toxicological evaluations, was assessed in this study using both real-time instrumentation and analytical methods. Tests included elemental composition (40 metals), semi-volatile organics (100 compounds) and single particle analysis, using multiple high-sensitivity/resolution techniques. Identical analyses were performed on the toners and dust collected from copier's exhaust filter. Engineered nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide, iron oxide and fumed silica, and several metals were found in toners and airborne nanoscale fraction. Chemical composition of airborne nanoscale fraction was complex and reflected toner chemistry. These findings are important in understanding the origin and toxicology of such nanoparticles. Further investigation of their chemistry, larger scale exposure studies and thorough toxicological characterisation of emitted nanoparticles is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimiter Bello
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue , Lowell, MA 02215, USA
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Khatri M, Bello D, Gaines P, Martin J, Pal AK, Gore R, Woskie S. Nanoparticles from photocopiers induce oxidative stress and upper respiratory tract inflammation in healthy volunteers. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:1014-27. [PMID: 22632457 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.691998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photocopiers emit large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs); however, their toxicological properties have not been studied. Here we investigate for the first time early human responses following a day's exposure to NPs from photocopiers. Nine healthy subjects spent 6 h at a busy photocopy centre on 2-3 randomly selected days. Matched nasal lavage and urine samples were collected before and at different time points post-exposure. Nasal lavage samples were analysed for 14 cytokines, inflammatory cells and total protein. Urine samples were analysed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Exposure assessment was conducted using a suite of instruments. The mean total particle number on exposure days was >5 times higher than background, with size distributions in nanoscale range (peak 30-40 nm). Following exposure, 8-OH-dG and several pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated 2-10 folds compared with pre-exposure levels and remained elevated for up to 36 h. We conclude that NPs from photocopiers induce upper airway inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khatri
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts-Lowell , Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Tang T, Gminski R, Könczöl M, Modest C, Armbruster B, Mersch-Sundermann V. Investigations on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of laser printer emissions in human epithelial A549 lung cells using an air/liquid exposure system. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:125-135. [PMID: 22069140 DOI: 10.1002/em.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to emissions from laser printers during the printing process is commonplace worldwide, both in the home and workplace environment. In the present study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the emission from five low to medium-throughput laser printers were investigated with respect to the release of ozone (O(3) ), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and submicrometer particles (SMP) during standby and operation. Experiments were conducted in a 1 m(3) emission chamber connected to a Vitrocell® exposure system. Cytotoxicity was determined by the WST-1 assay and genotoxicity by the micronucleus test in human A549 lung cells. The five laser printers emitted varying but generally small amounts of O(3) , VOC, and PM. VOC emissions included 13 compounds with total VOC concentrations ranging from 95 to 280 μg/m(3) (e.g., 2-butanone, hexanal, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene). Mean PM concentrations were below 2.4 μg/m(3). SMP number concentration levels during standby ranged from 9 to 26 particles/cm(3). However, three of the printers generated a 90 to 16 × 10(3) -fold increase of SMP during the printing process (maximum 294,460 particles/cm(3)). Whereas none of the printer emissions were found to cause cytotoxicity, emissions from two printers induced formation of micronuclei (P < 0.001), thus providing evidence for genotoxicity. As yet, differences in biological activity cannot be explained on the basis of the specific emission characteristics of the different printers. Because laser printing technology is widely used, studies with additional cytogenetic endpoints are necessary to confirm the DNA-damaging potency and to identify emission components responsible for genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Freiburg University Medical Center, Institut für Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Qu C, Wang L, He J, Tan J, Liu W, Zhang S, Zhang C, Wang Z, Jiao S, Liu S, Jiang G. Carbon nanotubes provoke inflammation by inducing the pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β and IL-6. Gene 2012; 493:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wensing M, Schripp T, Uhde E, Salthammer T. A comment on 'Theegarten et al.: Submesothelial deposition of carbon nanoparticles after toner exposition: case report. Diagnostic Pathology 2010, 5:77'. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:20. [PMID: 21414213 PMCID: PMC3070614 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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