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Witek K, Kaczor A, Żesławska E, Podlewska S, Marć MA, Czarnota-Łydka K, Nitek W, Latacz G, Tejchman W, Bischoff M, Jacob C, Handzlik J. Chalcogen-Varied Imidazolone Derivatives as Antibiotic Resistance Breakers in Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1618. [PMID: 37998820 PMCID: PMC10669504 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a search for new therapeutic agents that may improve the antibacterial activity of conventional antibiotics and help to successfully overcome methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has been conducted. The purpose of this work was to extend the scope of our preliminary studies and to evaluate the adjuvant potency of new derivatives in a set of S. aureus clinical isolates. The study confirmed the high efficacy of piperazine derivatives of 5-arylideneimidazol-4-one (7-9) tested previously, and it enabled the authors to identify even more efficient modulators of bacterial resistance among new analogs. The greatest capacity to enhance oxacillin activity was determined for 1-benzhydrylpiperazine 5-spirofluorenehydantoin derivative (13) which, at concentrations as low as 0.0625 mM, restores the effectiveness of β-lactam antibiotics against MRSA strains. In silico studies showed that the probable mechanism of action of 13 is related to the binding of the molecule with the allosteric site of PBP2a. Interestingly, thiazole derivatives tested were shown to act as both oxacillin and erythromycin conjugators in S. aureus isolates, suggesting a complex mode of action (i.e., influence on the Msr(A) efflux pump). This high enhancer activity indicates the high potential of imidazolones to become commercially available antibiotic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Witek
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Saarland, Campus B2.1, D-66123 Saarbrüecken, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Aneta Kaczor
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland; (E.Ż.); (W.T.)
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Anna Marć
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
| | - Kinga Czarnota-Łydka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Św. Łazarza 15, 31-530 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
| | - Waldemar Tejchman
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland; (E.Ż.); (W.T.)
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Claus Jacob
- Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Saarland, Campus B2.1, D-66123 Saarbrüecken, Germany;
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (K.W.); (A.K.); (S.P.); (M.A.M.); (K.C.-Ł.); (G.L.)
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Kulkarni A, Tanga S, Karmakar A, Hota A, Maji B. CRISPR-Based Precision Molecular Diagnostics for Disease Detection and Surveillance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3927-3945. [PMID: 37788375 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive, rapid, and portable molecular diagnostics is the future of disease surveillance, containment, and therapy. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reminded us of the vulnerability of lives from ever-evolving pathogens. At the same time, it has provided opportunities to bridge the gap by translating basic molecular biology into therapeutic tools. One such molecular biology technique is CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) which has revolutionized the field of molecular diagnostics at the need of the hour. The use of CRISPR-Cas systems has been widespread in biology research due to the ease of performing genetic manipulations. In 2012, CRISPR-Cas systems were, for the first time, shown to be reprogrammable, i.e., capable of performing sequence-specific gene editing. This discovery catapulted the field of CRISPR-Cas research and opened many unexplored avenues in the field of gene editing, from basic research to therapeutics. One such field that benefitted greatly from this discovery was molecular diagnostics, as using CRISPR-Cas technologies enabled existing diagnostic methods to become more sensitive, accurate, and portable, a necessity in disease control. This Review aims to capture some of the trajectories and advances made in this arena and provides a comprehensive understanding of the methods and their potential use as point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshara Kulkarni
- Ashoka University, Department of Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Sadiya Tanga
- Ashoka University, Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
| | - Arkadeep Karmakar
- Bose Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, EN Block, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Arpita Hota
- Bose Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, EN Block, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Basudeb Maji
- Ashoka University, Department of Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
- Ashoka University, Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
- Bose Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, EN Block, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
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Deshamukhya C, Bhowmik D, (Chanda) DD, Bhattacharjee A. Optimization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for detection of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:477-481. [PMID: 37955222 PMCID: PMC10443712 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3304_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
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Tareen AR, Zahra R. Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci (CA-MRS) in fecal matter of Wild Birds – A ‘One Health’ Point of Concern. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:877-883. [PMID: 37054501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococci, particularly methicillin resistance is a major public health concern. While this problem has been reported from the clinical settings, its presence in non-clinical settings also needs to be investigated. The role of wildlife in carrying and disseminating the resistant strains has been established in different studies but its role in Pakistani environment has not been explored yet. To evaluate this, we investigated the carriage of antibiotic resistant Staphylococci in wild birds from Islamabad region. METHODOLOGY Birds fecal matter were collected during September 2016-August 2017 from eight different environmental settings of Islamabad. Prevalence of Staphylococci, their susceptibility profile against eight classes of antibiotics through disc diffusion method, their SCCmec types, co-resistance of macrolide and cefoxitin through PCR assay and biofilm formation through microtitre plate assay were studied. RESULTS Out of 320 birds feces collected, 394 Staphylococci were isolated, where 165 (42%) were resistant to at least one or two classes of antibiotics. High resistance was found against erythromycin (40%) and tetracycline (21%) while cefoxitin resistance was 18% and vancomycin resistance was only in 2%. One hundred and three (26%) isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern. mecA gene was detected in 45/70 (64%) cefoxitin resistant isolates. Community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococci (CA-MRS) were 87% while Hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococci (HA-MRS) were 40%. In the MRS isolates showing co-resistance to macrolides, mefA (69%) and ermC (50%) genes were more prevalent. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 90% of the MRS, of which 48% were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates while 52% were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS). CONCLUSION Occurrence of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococci in wild birds suggests their role in the carriage and dissemination of resistant strains into the environment. The findings of the study strongly recommend the monitoring of resistant bacteria in wild birds and wildlife.
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Ayala DI, Grum DS, Evans NP, Russo KN, Kimminau EA, Trible BR, Lahoti MM, Novak CL, Karnezos TP. Identification and characterization of the causative agents of Focal Ulcerative Dermatitis in commercial laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1110573. [PMID: 36846268 PMCID: PMC9945107 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal Ulcerative Dermatitis (FUDS) is an emerging dermatological disease that affects cage-free laying flocks, it is characterized by the development of a lesion on the dorsum of the birds; FUDS is sporadic in nature and can result in a drop in egg production and up to 50% of cumulative mortality. A total of two cage-free flocks (flock 1: no history of FUDS; flock 2: birds affected with FUDS) from a commercial laying hen operation in the mid-west U.S. were sampled in this study. The microbial composition of skin, cloacal, cecal, and ileal samples from each bird was characterized through next generation sequencing (NGS). Results identified Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus agnetis as the potential causative agents of FUDS, being the most predominant in FUDS positive birds. These results were confirmed by plating, with both staphylococci as the only pathogens isolated from lesions of FUDS positive birds. A total of 68 confirmed Staphylococcus isolates from skin and environmental samples were further analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) for the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that could have contributed to the development of FUDS. Forty-four-point one-two percent of the isolates had between one and four acquired AMR genes encoding for macrolides, lincosamides, spectrogramines, and beta-lactams resistance. Six classes of virulence factors associated with adherence, enzyme, immune evasion, secretion system, toxin, and iron uptake were identified. The antimicrobial effect of 4 proprietary Bacillus Direct Fed Microbial (DFM) combinations was evaluated against the Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus agnetis isolates, by agar well-diffusion (AWD) assay and competitive exclusion (CE) on broth culture. Through this antimicrobial screening, a particular two-strain combination of Bacillus pumilus was identified as the most effective inhibitor of both staphylococci. A customized Bacillus pumilus product is being used at different farms with history of FUDS resulting in the successful inhibition of both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus agnetis, decreasing FUDS mortalities, and improving harvestable eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S. Grum
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Evans
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Kay N. Russo
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Emily A. Kimminau
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Trible
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Manohar M. Lahoti
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
| | - Curtis L. Novak
- Purina Animal Nutrition Center, Land O' Lakes, Gray Summit, MO, United States
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A Comprehensive Study on Antibiotic Resistance among Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Strains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Food Served in Bars and Restaurants. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030514. [PMID: 36766043 PMCID: PMC9914766 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize and assess the diversity of CoNS strains as potential vectors for the spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents from RTE foods served in bars and restaurants. Eighty-five CoNS strains, obtained from 198 RTE food samples, were investigated. Sixty-seven CoNS isolates (78.8%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, and 37 (43.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR-CoNS). Moreover, CoNS strains contained genes conferring resistance to antibiotics critically important in medicine, i.e., β-lactams [mecA (29.4%); blaZ (84.7%)], aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia (45.9%); aph(2″)-Ic (3.5%)], macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B-MLSB [msrA/B (68.2%); ermB (40%) and mphC (4.7%)], tetracyclines [tetK (31.8%); tetM (16.5%) and/or tetL (2.35%)]. We also found the fusB/C/D genes responsible for the acquired low-level fusidic acid resistance (17.6%) and streptogramin resistance determinant vgaA in 30.6% of isolates. In three linezolid resistant strains (2 S. epidermidis and 1 S. warneri), mutation was detected, as demonstrated by L101V and V188I changes in the L3 protein amino acid sequences. The high frequency in RTE food of MDR-CoNS including methicillin-resistant (MR-CoNS) strains constitutes a direct risk to public health as they increase the gene pool from which pathogenic bacteria can pick up resistance traits.
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Maillard J. Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3322-3346. [PMID: 35882500 PMCID: PMC9826383 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review examined 3655 articles on benzalkonium chloride (BKC), benzethonium chloride (BZT) and chloroxylenol (CHO) aiming to understand their impact on antimicrobial resistance. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 230 articles were retained for analysis; 212 concerned BKC, with only 18 for CHO and BZT. Seventy-eight percent of studies used MIC to measure BKC efficacy. Very few studies defined the term 'resistance' and 85% of studies defined 'resistance' as <10-fold increase (40% as low as 2-fold) in MIC. Only a few in vitro studies reported on formulated products and when they did, products performed better. In vitro studies looking at the impact of BKC exposure on bacterial resistance used either a stepwise training protocol or exposure to constant BKC concentrations. In these, BKC exposure resulted in elevated MIC or/and MBC, often associated with efflux, and at time, a change in antibiotic susceptibility profile. The clinical relevance of these findings was, however, neither reported nor addressed. Of note, several studies reported that bacterial strains with an elevated MIC or MBC remained susceptible to the in-use BKC concentration. BKC exposure was shown to reduce bacterial diversity in complex microbial microcosms, although the clinical significance of such a change has not been established. The impact of BKC exposure on the dissemination of resistant genes (notably efflux) remains speculative, although it manifests that clinical, veterinary and food isolates with elevated BKC MIC carried multiple efflux pump genes. The correlation between BKC usage and gene carriage, maintenance and dissemination has also not been established. The lack of clinical interpretation and significance in these studies does not allow to establish with certainty the role of BKC on AMR in practice. The limited literature and BZT and CHO do not allow to conclude that these will impact negatively on emerging bacterial resistance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Tahir S, Emanuel S, Inglis DW, Vickery K, Deva AK, Hu H. Mild Positive Pressure Improves the Efficacy of Benzalkonium Chloride against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090461. [PMID: 36135007 PMCID: PMC9495741 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current protocols using liquid disinfectants to disinfect heat-sensitive hospital items frequently fail, as evidenced by the continued isolation of bacteria following decontamination. The contamination is, in part, due to biofilm formation. We hypothesize that mild positive pressure (PP) will disrupt this biofilm structure and improve liquid disinfectant/detergent penetration to biofilm bacteria for improved killing. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm, grown on polycarbonate coupons in the biofilm reactor under shear at 35 °C for 3 days, was treated for 10 min and 60 min with various dilutions of benzalkonium chloride without PP at 1 atmosphere (atm), and with PP at 3, 5, 7, and 10 atm. The effect on biofilm and residual bacterial viability was determined by standard plate counts, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Combined use of benzalkonium chloride and PP up to 10 atm significantly increased biofilm killing up to 4.27 logs, as compared to the treatment using disinfectant alone. Microscopy results were consistent with the viability plate count results. PP improved disinfectant efficacy against bacterial biofilm. The use of mild PP is possible in many flow situations or if equipment/contaminated surfaces can be placed in a pressure chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Tahir
- Surgical Infection Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sarah Emanuel
- Surgical Infection Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - David W. Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Karen Vickery
- Surgical Infection Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Anand K. Deva
- Surgical Infection Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Honghua Hu
- Surgical Infection Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Resistance of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumannii against quaternary ammonium. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2022; 43:527-530. [PMID: 34593063 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Li X, Rensing C, Vestergaard G, Arumugam M, Nesme J, Gupta S, Brejnrod AD, Sørensen SJ. Metagenomic evidence for co-occurrence of antibiotic, biocide and metal resistance genes in pigs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106899. [PMID: 34598063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens constitute an escalating public health concern. Hence a better understanding of the underlying processes responsible for this expansion is urgently needed. Co-selection of heavy metal/biocide and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been suggested as one potential mechanism promoting the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper aims to elucidate this interplay and exploit differences in antibiotic usage to infer patterns of co-selection by the non-antibiotic factors metals and biocides in the context of pig farming. We examined 278 gut metagenomes from pigs with continuous antibiotic exposure, only at weaning and at no exposure. Metals as growth promoters and biocides as disinfectants are currently used with little restrictions in stock farming. The pigs under continuous antibiotic exposure displayed the highest co-occurrence of ARGs and other genetic elements while the pigs under limited use of antibiotics still showed abundant co-occurrences. Pathogens belonging to Enterobacteriaceae displayed increased co-occurrence phenomena, suggesting that this maintenance is not a random selection process from a mobilized pool but pertains to specific phylogenetic clades. These results suggest that metals and biocides displayed strong selective pressures on ARGs exerted by intensive farming, regardless of the current use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanji Li
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Section of Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Manimozhiyan Arumugam
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker Daniel Brejnrod
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States.
| | - Søren Johannes Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Evaluation of isoeugenol in inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps and their toxicity using Drosophila melanogaster model. Life Sci 2021; 285:119940. [PMID: 34508763 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a pathogen considered opportunistic and that has been acquiring resistance to several classes of antibiotics, mainly due to the synthesis of efflux pumps, which are proteins that expel these drugs intracellularly, reducing their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of isoeugenol to inhibit S. aureus efflux pumps and to determine its toxicity against a eukaryotic model (Drosophila melanogaster). IS-58, K2068 and K4414 S. aureus strains were used in the study. Isoeugenol minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiotic modulation were evaluated in efflux pump inhibitory tests as well as in ethidium bromide (EtBr) assays. Toxicity tests against D. melanogaster assessed mortality and negative geotaxis. Isoeugenol obtained a relevant MIC result and a synergism was observed when isoeugenol was associated with the antibiotics, mainly with ciprofloxacin. Isoeugenol was able to affect all three efflux pumps tested, especially in strain K4414. The mortality of D. melanogaster caused by isoeugenol administration started after 12 h of exposure, being volume dependent and having an LC50 of 81.69 μL/L. In the negative geotaxis test, a statistical difference was observed after 24h of exposure compared to the control, demonstrating that damage to the locomotor apparatus had occurred. Based on the results, isoeugenol is a putative efflux pump inhibitor, becoming an alternative in blocking these proteins, and demonstrated acute toxicity against D. melanogaster.
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Abed AH, Hegazy EF, Omar SA, Abd El-Baky RM, El-Beih AA, Al-Emam A, Menshawy AMS, Khalifa E. Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1328. [PMID: 34827266 PMCID: PMC8614821 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of carvacrol essential oil (EO) on the MDR isolates was studied. A total of 216 samples were aseptically collected from subclinically mastitic cow's milk (n = 100), sheep abscesses (n = 25) and humans (n = 91). Out of 216 samples, a total of 154 single Staphylococcus species (71.3%) were isolated. The most frequent bacterial isolates were S. aureus (43%), followed by S. schleiferi (25%), S. intermedius (12%), S. xylosus (12%), S. haemolyticus (4.5%), S. epidermidis (2%) and S. aurecularis (1%). Haemolytic activity and biofilm production were detected in 77 and 47% of isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials in human and veterinary practices. The mecA, vanA, vanC1 and ermC resistance genes were detected in 93, 42, 83 and 13% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, hla, icaA and icaD virulence genes were detected in 50, 75 and 78% of isolates, respectively. Carvacrol effectively inhibited the growth of all tested isolates at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04% while a concentration of 0.03% inhibited 75% of isolates. Interestingly, some phenotypic changes were observed upon treatment with a carvacrol oil concentration of 0.03%. All the treated MDR Staphylococcus isolates changed from multidrug resistant to either susceptible or intermediately susceptible to 2-3 antimicrobials more than parental bacterial isolates. Real-time PCR was applied for the detection of the differential expression of mecA and vanC1 genes before and after treatment with carvacrol which revealed a mild reduction in both genes' expression after treatment. Staphylococcus spp. Containing MDR genes are more likely to spread between humans and animals. From these results, carvacrol EO is a promising natural alternative to conventional antimicrobials for pathogens impacting human health and agriculture due to its potential antimicrobial effect on MDR pathogens; even in sub-lethal doses, carvacrol EO can affect their phenotypic properties and genes' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Abed
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Esraa F. Hegazy
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Sherif A. Omar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt;
| | - Rehab M. Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Beih
- Chemistry of Natural & Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Emam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. S. Menshawy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; or
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
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Tóth E, Toumi M, Farkas R, Takáts K, Somodi C, Ács É. Insight into the hidden bacterial diversity of Lake Balaton, Hungary. Biol Futur 2021; 71:383-391. [PMID: 34554460 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the prokaryotic community structure of the water of Lake Balaton was investigated at the littoral region of three different points (Tihany, Balatonmáriafürdő and Keszthely) by cultivation independent methods [next-generation sequencing (NGS), specific PCRs and microscopy cell counting] to check the hidden microbial diversity of the lake. The taxon-specific PCRs did not show pathogenic bacteria but at Keszthely and Máriafürdő sites extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms could be detected. The bacterial as well as archaeal diversity of the water was high even when many taxa are still uncultivable. Based on NGS, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while the most frequent Archaea belonged to Woesearchaeia (Nanoarchaeota). The ratio of the detected taxa differed among the samples. Three different types of phototrophic groups appeared: Cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophic organisms), Chloroflexi (anaerobic, organotrophic bacteria) and the aerobic, anoxic photoheterotrophic group (AAPs). Members of Firmicutes appeared only with low abundance, and Enterobacteriales (order within Proteobacteria) were present also only in low numbers in all samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - M Toumi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Farkas
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Takáts
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cs Somodi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - É Ács
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National University of Public Service, Faculty of Water Sciences, Baja, Hungary
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Yong YK, Wen NCM, Yeo GEC, Chew ZX, Chan LL, Md Zain NZ, Chellappan DK, Liew YK. Characterisation of Bacterial Isolates from Infected Post-Operative Patients in a Malaysian Tertiary Heart Care Centre. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189828. [PMID: 34574752 PMCID: PMC8471342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several bacterial species cause post-operative infections, which has been a critical health concern among hospital patients. Our study in this direction is a much-needed exploratory study that was carried out at the National Heart Institute (IJN) of Malaysia to examine the virulence properties of causative bacteria obtained from postoperative patients. The bacterial isolates and data were provided by the IJN. Antibiotic resistance gene patterns, and the ability to form biofilm were investigated for 127 isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.2%) was the most common isolate collected, which was followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.6%), Streptococcus spp. (8.7%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5%). There were 49 isolates that showed the presence of multidrug resistance genes. The mecA gene was surprisingly found in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), which also carried the ermA gene from those erythromycin-susceptible strains. The phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles varied greatly between isolates. Findings from the biofilm assay revealed that 44 of the 127 isolates demonstrated the ability to produce biofilms. Our findings provide insights into the possibility of some of these bacteria surviving under antibiotic stress, and some antibiotic resistance genes being silenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Keng Yong
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (Y.K.Y.); (N.C.M.W.); (G.E.C.Y.); (Z.X.C.)
| | - Nicole Ce Mun Wen
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (Y.K.Y.); (N.C.M.W.); (G.E.C.Y.); (Z.X.C.)
| | - Genieve Ee Chia Yeo
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (Y.K.Y.); (N.C.M.W.); (G.E.C.Y.); (Z.X.C.)
| | - Zhi Xin Chew
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (Y.K.Y.); (N.C.M.W.); (G.E.C.Y.); (Z.X.C.)
| | - Li Li Chan
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yun Khoon Liew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
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Bishr AS, Abdelaziz SM, Yahia IS, Yassien MA, Hassouna NA, Aboshanab KM. Association of Macrolide Resistance Genotypes and Synergistic Antibiotic Combinations for Combating Macrolide-Resistant MRSA Recovered from Hospitalized Patients. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070624. [PMID: 34356479 PMCID: PMC8301042 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrolide-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MAC-MRSA) is one of the most clinically relevant pathogens due to its significant ability of resistance acquisition to different antimicrobial agents and narrow therapeutic options. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and the use of different combinations of azithromycin with other antibiotics as well as studying the correlation of MAC resistance genotypes and antimicrobial agents that provided synergy when they were combined with azithromycin. Azithromycin (AZM) combinations with either linezolid, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, or cefotaxime provided synergy in 42.1%, 44.7%, 31.6% and 7.9% of the 38 MAC-MRSA isolates, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant association between the presence of the ermA genotype and the synergism of AZM + ceftriaxone and AZM + gentamicin; the presence of the ermC genotype and the synergism between AZM and gentamicin; the presence of the msrA genotype and the synergism between AZM and ceftriaxone; and the presence of the ermA/msrA genotype and the synergism between AZM and cefotaxime. The obtained findings will guide clinicians in better choosing the antibiotic combinations required for combating MAC-MRSA clinical isolates. However, the promising synergistic antibiotic combinations must be re-evaluated in vivo using an appropriate animal model. Abstract Macrolide-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MAC-MRSA) is one of the most clinically relevant pathogens due to its significant ability of resistance acquisition to different antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility and the use of different combinations of azithromycin with other antibiotics for combating MAC resistance. Seventy-two Staphylococci (38.5%) (n = 187), showed resistance to MACs; of these, 53 isolates (73.6%, n = 72) were S. aureus and 19 (26.4%, n = 72) were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Out of the 53 S. aureus and 19 CoNS isolates, 38 (71.7%, n = 53) and 9 (47.4%, n = 19) were MRSA and methicillin-resistant CoNS, respectively. The constitutive MACs, lincosamides and streptogramin-B (cMLS) comprised the predominant phenotype among S. aureus isolates (54.7%) and CoNS isolates (78.9%). The PCR analysis showed that the ermC gene was the most prevalent (79.2%), followed by msrA (48.6%), and ermA (31.9%). Azithromycin combinations with either linezolid, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, or cefotaxime provided synergy in 42.1%, 44.7%, 31.6% and 7.9% of the 38 MAC-MRSA isolates, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant association between certain MAC resistance genotypes and the synergistic effect of certain azithromycin combinations (p value < 0.05). In conclusion, azithromycin combinations with either linezolid, or ceftriaxone showed synergism in most of the MAC-resistant MRSA clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S. Bishr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.S.B.); (S.M.A.); (M.A.Y.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Salma M. Abdelaziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.S.B.); (S.M.A.); (M.A.Y.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Ibrahim S. Yahia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia;
- Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronic Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Nanoscience Laboratory for Environmental and Bio-Medical Applications (NLEBA), Semiconductor Lab., Physics Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Yassien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.S.B.); (S.M.A.); (M.A.Y.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.S.B.); (S.M.A.); (M.A.Y.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.S.B.); (S.M.A.); (M.A.Y.); (N.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-224-829-040
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Wysocka M, Monteiro T, de Pina C, Gonçalves D, de Pina S, Ludgero-Correia A, Moreno J, Zamudio R, Almebairik N, Gray LJ, Pareek M, Jenkins DR, De Sousa MA, De Lencastre H, Beleza S, Araujo II, Conceição T, Oggioni MR. Whole-genome analysis uncovers loss of blaZ associated with carriage isolates belonging to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone ST5-VI in Cape Verde. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:77-83. [PMID: 34052522 PMCID: PMC8440226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first whole genome analyses of Staphylococcus aureus carriage isolates in an African country. Genome data allowed to place S. aureus isolates from Cape Verde in a phylogenetic context. Loss of blaZ-carrying plasmids and transposons is not rare, which is also evident in other international MRSA isolates. Steady increase in antimicrobial drug resistance in Cape Verde. Data provide genomic information for the design of intervention measures to decrease antimicrobial resistance.
Objectives Surveillance studies for Staphylococcus aureus carriage are a primary tool to survey the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the general population, patients and healthcare workers. We have previously reported S. aureus carriage in various African countries, including Cape Verde. Methods Whole-genome sequences of 106 S. aureus isolates from Cape Verde were determined. Results Staphylococcus aureus carriage isolates in Cape Verde show high genetic variability, with the detection of 27 sequence types (STs) and three primary genetic clusters associated with ST152, ST15 and ST5. One transmission event with less than eight core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (cgSNP) differences was detected among the ST5-VI MRSA lineage. Genetic analysis confirmed the phenotypic resistance and allowed the identification of six independent events of plasmid or transposon loss associated with the deletion of blaZ in nine isolates. In the four ST5 MRSA isolates, loss of the blaZ plasmid coincided with the acquisition of SCCmec type VI and an unusual penicillin phenotype with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the breakpoint, indicating an adaptation trend in this endemic lineage. Similar events of blaZ plasmid loss, with concomitant acquisition SCCmec elements, were detected among ST5 isolates from different geographical origins. Conclusion Overall, the genome data allowed to place isolates in a phylogenetic context and to identify different blaZ gene deletions associated with plasmid or transposon loss. Genomic analysis unveiled adaptation and evolution trends, namely among emerging MRSA lineages in the country, which deserve additional consideration in the design of future infection control protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joao Moreno
- Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde
| | - Roxana Zamudio
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nada Almebairik
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura J Gray
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Manish Pareek
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David R Jenkins
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Leicester University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Marta Aires De Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Herminia De Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Laboratory of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Beleza
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Teresa Conceição
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Marco R Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Comparative characterisation of human and ovine non- aureus staphylococci isolated in Sardinia (Italy) for antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and resistance genes. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e45. [PMID: 33509310 PMCID: PMC8060810 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the comparative characterisation of 195 non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) isolates obtained from sheep (n = 125) and humans (n = 70) in Sardinia, Italy, identified at the species level by gap gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with AluI. Isolates were tested phenotypically with a disc diffusion method and genotypically by PCR, for resistance to 11 antimicrobial agents including cationic antiseptic agents. Among the ovine isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 57), S. chromogenes (n = 29), S. haemolyticus (n = 17), S. simulans (n = 8) and S. caprae (n = 6) were the most prevalent species, while among human isolates, S. haemolyticus (n = 28) and S. epidermidis (n = 26) were predominant, followed by S. lugdunensis and S. hominis (n = 4). Of the 125 ovine isolates, 79 (63.2%) did not carry any of the resistance genes tested, while the remainder carried resistance genes for at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance rates among ovine isolates were recorded against tetracycline (20.8%), and penicillin (15.2%); none was resistant to methicillin and two exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR); one of which was positive for the antiseptic resistance smr gene. By contrast, most human isolates (59/70, 84.3%) were resistant to ⩾1 antimicrobials, and 41 (58.6%) were MDR. All 52 (74.3%) penicillin-resistant isolates possessed the blaZ gene, and 33 of 70 (47.1%) harboured the mec gene; of these, seven were characterised by the Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette (SCCmec) type IV, 6 the type V, 5 of type III and one representative each of type I and type II. The majority (57.1%) was erythromycin-resistant and 17 isolates carried only the efflux msrA gene, 11 the methylase ermC gene and an equal number harboured both of the latter genes. Moreover, 23 (32.8%) were tetracycline-resistant and all but one possessed only the efflux tetK gene. qacA/B and smr genes were detected in 27 (38.6%) and 18 (25.7%) human NAS, respectively. These results underline a marked difference in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance between ovine and human-derived NAS.
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Lippai A, Farkas R, Szuróczki S, Szabó A, Felföldi T, Toumi M, Tóth E. Microbiological investigations of two thermal baths in Budapest, Hungary. Report: effect of bathing and pool operation type on water quality. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:1020-1032. [PMID: 33328372 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Hungary, which is famous for its thermal baths, according to the regulations, waters are investigated in hygienic aspects with standard cultivation methods. In the present study, two thermal baths were investigated (the well and three different pool waters in both) using cultivation methods, taxon-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), multiplex PCRs and next-generation amplicon sequencing. Mainly members of the natural microbial community of the well waters and bacteria originating from the environment were detected but several opportunistic pathogenic taxa, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, Acinetobacter johnsoni, Acinetobacter baumanni, Moraxella osloensis, Microbacterium paraoxydans, Legionella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus were revealed by the applied methods. Pools with charging-unloading operation had higher microscopic cell counts, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, number of cocci, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus compared to the recirculation systems. Bacteria originating from human sources (e.g., skin) were identified in the pool waters with less than 1% relative abundance, and their presence was sporadic in the pools. Comparing the microbiological quality of the pools based on the first sampling time and the following four months' period it was revealed that recirculation operation type has better water quality than the charging-unloading pool operation from a hygienic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Lippai
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail: ; Eurofins KVI-PLUSZ Environmental Testing Office Ltd, Szállító utca 6, 1211 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rózsa Farkas
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Sára Szuróczki
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Attila Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Marwene Toumi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
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Xu Z, Chen J, Vougas K, Shah A, Shah H, Misra R, Mkrtchyan HV. Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Methicillin-Susceptible and Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900221. [PMID: 31872541 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly successful human pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. This study provides insights into the virulence, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance determinants of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MSSA; MRSA) recovered from non-healthcare environments. Three environmental MSSA and three environmental MRSA are selected for proteomic profiling using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ MS/MS). Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotation are applied to interpret the functions of the proteins detected. 792 proteins are identified in MSSA and MRSA. Comparative analysis of MRSA and MSSA reveals that 8 of out 792 proteins are upregulated and 156 are downregulated. Proteins that have differences in abundance are predominantly involved in catalytic and binding activity. Among 164 differently abundant proteins, 29 are involved in pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance, stress response, mismatch repair, and cell wall synthesis. Twenty-two proteins associated with pathogenicity including SPA, SBI, CLFA, and DLT are upregulated in MRSA. Moreover, the upregulated pathogenic protein ENTC2 in MSSA is determined to be a super antigen, potentially capable of triggering toxic shock syndrome in the host. Enhanced pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and stress response are observed in MRSA compared to MSSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Sanitary Toxicology and Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jiazhen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kostas Vougas
- Biotechnology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Ajit Shah
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Haroun Shah
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Raju Misra
- Molecular Biology, Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Hermine V Mkrtchyan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,School of Health, Sport and Biosciences, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
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Azzi O, Lai F, Tennah S, Menoueri MN, Achek R, Azara E, Tola S. Spa-typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sheep mastitis in Médéa province, Algeria. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Azam M, Kumar V, Siddiqui K, Jan AT, Sabir JSM, Rather IA, Rehman S, Haq QMR. Pharmaceutical disposal facilitates the mobilization of resistance determinants among microbiota of polluted environment. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1626-1634. [PMID: 33424255 PMCID: PMC7783231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance on exposure to pharmaceuticals among microorganisms has raised serious concern in the therapeutic approach against infectious diseases. Effluents discharge from hospitals, industries, and urban settlements containing pharmaceuticals and other toxic compounds into the aquatic ecosystem selects bacterial population against them; thereby promotes acquisition and dissemination of resistant traits among the inhabitant microbiota. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence and multidrug resistance pattern of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing and non-producing bacterial isolates from the heavily polluted Delhi stretch of river Yamuna, India. Additionally, the role of abiotic factors in the dissemination of conjugative plasmids harbouring resistance genes was also studied using E. coli J53 as recipient and resistant E. coli isolates as donor strains. Of the 227 non-duplicate bacterial isolates, 60% (136) were identified as ESBL+ and 40% (91) as ESBL. ESBL+ isolates were found highly resistant to β-lactam and non-β-lactam classes of antibiotics compared with the ESBL- isolates. 68% of ESBL+ and 24% of ESBL- isolates showed an MAR index of ≥0.5. Surprisingly, multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistance (XDR), and pandrug resistance (PDR) phenotype were observed for 78.6%, 16.9%, and 0.7% of ESBL+ and 90%, 3%, and none for PDR among ESBL- isolates. Conjugation under different conditions showed a higher mobilization rate at neutral pH (7-7.5) for ESBL+ isolates. Conjugation frequency was maximum at 40 °C for the isolate E. coli MRB6 (4.1 × 10-5) and E. coli MRE32 (4.89 × 10-4) and at 35 °C for E. coli MRA11 (4.89 × 10-5). The transconjugants obtained were found tolerating different concentrations of mercuric chloride (0.0002-0.2 mg/L). Increased biofilm formation for ESBL+ isolates was observed on supplementing media with HgCl2 (2 μg/mL) either singly or in combination with CTX (10 μg/mL). The present study demonstrates that anthropogenically influenced aquatic environments act as a reservoir of MDR, XDR, and even PDR strains; thereby posing a potent public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudsser Azam
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah -21589, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah -21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah -21589, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah -21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Gahongayire S, Almustapha Aliero A, Drago Kato C, Namatovu A. Prevalence and Detection of qac Genes from Disinfectant-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Salon Tools in Ishaka Town, Bushenyi District of Uganda. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2020; 2020:1470915. [PMID: 32849931 PMCID: PMC7441455 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1470915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are on a rise with causal-resistant strains increasing the economic burden to both patients and healthcare providers. Salons are recently reported as one of the sources for transmission of such resistant bacterial strains. The current study aimed at the identification of the prevalent bacteria and characterization of quaternary ammonium compound (qac) genes from disinfectant-resistant S. aureus isolated from salon tools in Ishaka town, Bushenyi District of Uganda. A total of 125 swabs were collected from different salon tools (combs, brushes, scissors, clippers, and shaving machines), and prevalent bacteria were isolated using standard microbiological methods. Identification of isolated bacteria was done using standard phenotypic methods including analytical profile index (API). Susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria to disinfectant were determined using the agar well diffusion method. Quaternary ammonium compound (qac) genes (qacA/B and qacC) associated with disinfectant resistances were detected from disinfectant-resistant S. aureus using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing methods. Of the 125 swab samples collected from salons, 78 (62.4%) were contaminated with different bacteria species. Among the salon tools, clippers had the highest contamination of 20 (80.0%), while shaving machines had the lowest contamination of 11 (44.0%). The most prevalent bacteria identified were Staphylococcus epidermidis (28.1%) followed by S. aureus (26.5%). Of all the disinfectants tested, the highest resistance was shown with sodium hypochlorite 1%. Out of the eight (8) disinfectant-resistant S. aureus analysed for qac genes, 2 (25%) isolates (STP6 and STP9) were found to be qacA/B positive, while 2 (25%) isolates (STP8 and STP9) were found to be qacC gene positive. This study has shown that bacterial contamination of salon tools is common, coupled with resistance to disinfectants with sodium hypochlorite resistance being more common. Furthermore, observed resistance was attributed to the presence of qac genes among S. aureus isolates. A search for qac genes for disinfectant resistance from other bacteria species is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Gahongayire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adamu Almustapha Aliero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alice Namatovu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, P.O. Box 71, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Walker MA, Singh A, Gibson TW, Rousseau J, Weese JS. Presence of Qac genes in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and their impact on chlorhexidine digluconate susceptibility. Vet Surg 2020; 49:971-976. [PMID: 32196706 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) (resistance genes, qac A/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ, in clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MSSP) and methicillin-resistant S pseudintermedius (MRSP) from dogs and the impact on in vitro chlorhexidine susceptibility. STUDY DESIGN Experimental in vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Seventy isolates from dogs colonized or infected with MRSP (n = 50) or MSSP (n = 20). METHODS Agar dilution was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine digluconate. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of QAC resistance genes, qacA/B, smr, qacG, and qacJ genes. RESULTS One or more qac genes were identified in 52 of 70 (74%) isolates. Overall, there was no association between chlorhexidine MIC and the presence of one or more qac genes (P = .85) or the presence of qacA/B (P = .31), smr (P = .72) or qacJ (P = .93) individually. There was an association between qacG and MIC (P = .012), with a median MIC of 1.5 μg/mL for isolates possessing this gene and 1 μg/mL for those not possessing it. CONCLUSION Quaternary ammonium compound resistance genes were present in MRSP and MSSP isolates. With the exception of qacG, the presence of these genes was not associated with increased MIC. All isolates exhibited MIC 5000 to 80 000 times lower than the concentration recommended for use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite the presence of QAC genes, chlorhexidine digluconate should be effective against MRSP and MSSP if used correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan A Walker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ameet Singh
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom W Gibson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joyce Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Szemraj M, Czekaj T, Kalisz J, Szewczyk EM. Differences in distribution of MLS antibiotics resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci belonging to species: S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans and S. warneri. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:124. [PMID: 31182020 PMCID: PMC6558908 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrolides and lincosamides are two leading types of antibiotics commonly used in therapies. The study examines the differences in resistance to these antibiotics and their molecular bases in S. epidermidis as well as in rarely isolated species of coagulase-negative staphylococci such as S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri and S. simulans. The isolates were tested for the presence of the erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), lnu(A), msr(A), msr(B), mph(C), ere(A) and ere(B) genes. Phenotypic resistance to methicillin and mecA presence were also determined. Results The MLSB resistance mechanism was phenotypically found in isolates of species included in the study. The most prevalent MLSB resistance mechanism was observed in S. hominis, S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis isolates mainly of the MLSB resistance constitutive type. Macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B resistance genes were rarely detected in isolates individually. The erm(B), ere(A) and ere(B) genes were not found in any of the strains. The erm(A) gene was determined only in four strains of S. epidermidis and S. hominis while lnu(A) was seen in eight strains (mainly in S. hominis). The erm(C) gene was present in most of S. epidermidis strains and predominant in S. hominis and S. simulans isolates. The examined species clearly differed between one another in the repertoire of accumulated genes. Conclusions The presence of genes encoding the MLSB resistance among CoNS strains demonstrates these genes’ widespread prevalence and accumulation in opportunistic pathogens that might become gene reservoir for bacteria with superior pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Czekaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Kalisz
- Synevo Sp. z o. o., Microbiological Laboratory of Łódź, Sokola 14, 93-519, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eligia M Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Łódź, Pomorska 137, 90-235, Łódź, Poland
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Xu D, Deng Y, Fan R, Shi L, Bai J, Yan H. Coresistance to Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectant and Heavy Metal Ions in Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua Swine Isolates from China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:696-703. [PMID: 31120347 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of coresistance to disinfectants and heavy metals contributes to the fitness of Listeria spp. in foods or food processing environments, where life-threatening Listeria monocytogenes coexist and coevolve with other Listeria spp. Despite extensive research on L. monocytogenes, coresistance to disinfectants and heavy metals is less documented for other Listeria spp. In this study, we screened 30 L. monocytogenes and 27 Listeria innocua isolates recovered from 273 swine samples for resistance to quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (BC) and to heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). Moreover, we evaluated the potential mechanisms of resistance by detecting the efflux pump activity in BC resistance and the presence of resistance determinants. The average minimum inhibitory concentrations of BC in L. innocua (10.7 ± 2.0) were significantly higher than that in L. monocytogenes (6.9 ± 3.7) (p < 0.05). Resistance to BC and heavy metals was correlated, where all BC-resistant L. innocua and As-resistant L. monocytogenes isolates were coresistant to BC and Cd. Twenty percent and 66.7% of BC resistance in L. monocytogenes and L. innocua were related to reserpine-associated efflux pumps, whereas all cases of BC resistance were related to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone-associated efflux pumps. The cadA1 and cadA2 genes were present in Cd-resistant isolates but not in Cd-sensitive isolates, and cadA3 was undetectable in all isolates examined. cadA4 conferring lower level of Cd resistance was copresent with arsA1 and arsA2 in the Cd-resistant and As-susceptible L. monocytogenes isolate LM3. Our findings suggest that swine serves as a reservoir for developing resistance to disinfectant and heavy metals in L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, which share common resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps and resistance genes. This work provides new insight into the coresistance events of other Listeria as a potential contributor of the resistance in L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Deng
- State Key Testing Laboratory of Aquatic Products, Guangzhou Airport Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongdong Fan
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Fujian, China
| | - Jianshan Bai
- State Key Testing Laboratory of Aquatic Products, Guangzhou Airport Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Igbinosa EO, Beshiru A. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Determinants, and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus Species From Ready-to-Eat Seafood. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 31057497 PMCID: PMC6482160 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus species form an important population of commensal bacteria and have been reported to possess numerous virulence factors considered significantly important in exacerbating diseases caused by them. The present study was designed to characterize antibiotic-resistant and virulent enterococci from ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood. A total of 720 RTE shrimp samples comprising sauced shrimp (n = 288), boiled shrimp (n = 216), and smoked shrimp (n = 216) obtained from open markets in Delta State, Nigeria, were assessed. Standard classical methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used in identifying the Enterococcus species. Potential virulence factors (β-hemolysis, gelatinase activity, S-layer, and biofilm formation) were assessed using standard procedures. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the identified enterococci isolates was assayed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. PCR was further used to screen selected antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Prevalence of Enterococcus species from shrimp varieties is as follows: sauced, 26 (9.03%); boiled, 6 (2.78%); and smoked, 27 (12.50%), with an overall prevalence of 59 (8.19%) based on the occurrence of black hallow colonies after incubation. Enterococcus species detected include E. faecalis, 17 (28.8%); E. faecium, 29 (49.2%); E. gallinarum, 6 (10.2%); E. casseliflavus, 2 (3.4%); E. hirae, 3 (5.1%); and E. durans, 2 (3.4%). Biofilm occurrence among the shrimp varieties is as follows: 19/26 (73.1%) for sauced shrimps, 5/6 (83.3%) for boiled shrimps, and 16/27 (59.3%) for smoked shrimps. The phenotypic expression of the enterococci virulence revealed the following: S-layer, 59 (100%); gelatinase production, 19 (32.2%); and β-hemolysis, 21 (35.6%). An average of 3–11 virulence genes were detected in the Enterococcus species. The resistance profile of Enterococcus species is as follows: erythromycin, 29 (49.2%); vancomycin, 22 (37.3%); and tetracycline, 27 (45.8%). The frequency of occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes from the phenotypic resistant enterococci isolates to the macrolide, glycopeptide, and tetracycline antibiotics is as follows: ermA, 13/29 (44.8%); vanA, 14/22 (63.6%); tetA, 14/27 (51.9%); tetM, 15/27 (55.6%); ermB, 4/29 (13.8%); and vanB, 5/22 (22.7%). Findings from this study reveal the antibiotic resistance of enterococci strains of such species as E. durans, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, and E. hirae. This study further revealed that RTE food products are reservoirs of potential virulent enterococci with antibiotic-resistant capabilities. This provides useful data for risk assessment and indicates that these foods may present a potential public health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.,Sustainable Development Office, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes and Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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27
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Sobisch LY, Rogowski KM, Fuchs J, Schmieder W, Vaishampayan A, Oles P, Novikova N, Grohmann E. Biofilm Forming Antibiotic Resistant Gram-Positive Pathogens Isolated From Surfaces on the International Space Station. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:543. [PMID: 30941112 PMCID: PMC6433718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station (ISS) is a closed habitat in a uniquely extreme and hostile environment. Due to these special conditions, the human microflora can undergo unusual changes and may represent health risks for the crew. To address this problem, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of AGXX®, a novel surface coating consisting of micro-galvanic elements of silver and ruthenium along with examining the activity of a conventional silver coating. The antimicrobial materials were exposed on the ISS for 6, 12, and 19 months each at a place frequently visited by the crew. Bacteria that survived on the antimicrobial coatings [AGXX® and silver (Ag)] or the uncoated stainless steel carrier (V2A, control material) were recovered, phylogenetically affiliated and characterized in terms of antibiotic resistance (phenotype and genotype), plasmid content, biofilm formation capacity and antibiotic resistance transferability. On all three materials, surviving bacteria were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria and among those by Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Enterococcus spp. The novel antimicrobial surface coating proved to be highly effective. The conventional Ag coating showed only little antimicrobial activity. Microbial diversity increased with increasing exposure time on all three materials. The number of recovered bacteria decreased significantly from V2A to V2A-Ag to AGXX®. After 6 months exposure on the ISS no bacteria were recovered from AGXX®, after 12 months nine and after 19 months three isolates were obtained. Most Gram-positive pathogenic isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to more than three antibiotics). Sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and ampicillin resistance were most prevalent. An Enterococcus faecalis strain recovered from V2A steel after 12 months exposure exhibited the highest number of resistances (n = 9). The most prevalent resistance genes were ermC (erythromycin resistance) and tetK (tetracycline resistance). Average transfer frequency of erythromycin, tetracycline and gentamicin resistance from selected ISS isolates was 10−5 transconjugants/recipient. Most importantly, no serious human pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) were found on any surface. Thus, the infection risk for the crew is low, especially when antimicrobial surfaces such as AGXX® are applied to surfaces prone to microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia-Yasmin Sobisch
- Life Sciences and Technology, Microbiology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Marie Rogowski
- Life Sciences and Technology, Microbiology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Fuchs
- Institute of Biology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ankita Vaishampayan
- Life Sciences and Technology, Microbiology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Oles
- Life Sciences and Technology, Microbiology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Life Sciences and Technology, Microbiology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Khodabandeh M, Mohammadi M, Abdolsalehi MR, Alvandimanesh A, Gholami M, Bibalan MH, Pournajaf A, Kafshgari R, Rajabnia R. Analysis of Resistance to Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Among mecA-Positive Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019; 10:25-31. [PMID: 30847268 PMCID: PMC6396818 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Genetic determinants conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) via ribosomal modification such as, erm, msrA/B and ereA/B genes are distributed in bacteria. The main goals of this work were to evaluate the dissemination of MLSB resistance phenotypes and genotypes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from clinical samples. Methods A total of 106 MRSA isolates were studied. Isolates were recovered from 3 hospitals in Tehran between May 2016 to July 2017. The prevalence of MLSB-resistant strains were determined by D-test, and then M-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins in the tested isolates. Results The frequency of constitutive resistance MLSB, inducible resistance MLSB and MSB resistance were 56.2%, 22.9%, and 16.6%, respectively. Of 11 isolates with the inducible resistance MLSB phenotype, ermC, ermB, ermA and ereA were positive in 81.8%, 63.6%, 54.5% and 18.2% of these isolates, respectively. In isolates with the constitutive resistance MLSB phenotype, the prevalence of ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, msrB, ereA and ereB were 25.9%, 18.5%, 44.4%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 11.1% and 0.0%, respectively. Conclusion Clindamycin is commonly administered in severe MRSA infections depending upon the antimicrobial susceptibility findings. This study showed that the D-test should be used as an obligatory method in routine disk diffusion assay to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA so that effective antibiotic treatment can be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Khodabandeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatric's Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pediatric's Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Alvandimanesh
- Department of Pathology, Shafa Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Gholami
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Abazar Pournajaf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ramin Kafshgari
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rajabnia
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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29
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Khashei R, Malekzadegan Y, Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie H, Razavi Z. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B resistance among clinical isolates of staphylococci in southwest of Iran. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:711. [PMID: 30305181 PMCID: PMC6180372 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic profile of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance in clinical isolates of staphylococci. Results This cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 non-duplicated staphylococci isolates collected during August 2015 to February 2016 from two tertiary care hospitals in Shiraz, southwest of Iran. Of the 164 isolates, 86 erythromycin-resistant isolates consist of 35 Staphylococcus aureus and 51 coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) were included in the study. Of the 35 S. aureus, the prevalence of cMLS (constitutive), iMLS (inducible), and MS phenotypes were found 82.9%, 8.6% and 8.6%, respectively. Among 51 CoNS, the frequencies of cMLS, iMLS, and MS phenotypes were detected 66.7%, 11.8% and 21.6%, respectively. Among S. aureus isolates, the predominant genes were ermC in 82.9% isolates, followed by ermA in 57.1% and msrA in 28.6% of isolates. Among CoNS isolates, the most frequent genes were diagnosed ermC in 70.6% isolates followed by msrA in 68.6% and ermA in 11.8% of isolates. In conclusion, regarding the presence of MLSB resistance in our region, diagnosis of this resistance type on a routine basis in staphylococcal clinical isolates is of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khashei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Yalda Malekzadegan
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim-Saraie
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Razavi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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30
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Chan MKL, Koo SH, Quek Q, Pang WS, Jiang B, Ng LSY, Tan SH, Tan TY. Development of a real-time assay to determine the frequency of qac genes in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 153:133-138. [PMID: 30267717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The emergence of antiseptic resistance and/or antiseptic-resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may result in failure of decolonization treatments. Plasmid-encoded efflux pump genes qacA/B and qacC (smr) confer tolerance to chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a multiplex real time-PCR assay for detection of antiseptic-resistance genes, apply the assay on 200 MRSA isolates and explore if carriage of these genes was associated with resistance to topical antibiotics. METHODOLOGY A SYBR-Green based multiplex real time-PCR assay was developed to detect qacA/B, qacC, and mecA (internal control) simultaneously. The multiplex assay was compared against conventional single-plex PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, using DNA from the first 73 MRSA isolates, followed by multiplex testing of the remaining 127 MRSA isolates. All 200 MRSA isolates were tested for susceptibility to mupirocin, retapamulin, neomycin, bacitracin and octenidine. The genetic diversity of the isolates was investigated by spa-typing. RESULTS The concordance between multiplex and conventional PCR, in assignments of qacA/B and qacC status were 99%(72/73) and 100%(73/73) respectively. Among 200 MRSA isolates, 48(24%) and 44(23%) were found to harbour qacA/B and qacC genes, respectively. These isolates remained susceptible to many common decolonization agents, except mupirocin. The predominant spa-types were t020 and t1081 (41 and 32 isolates respectively). CONCLUSION The real-time assay performed acceptably for the detection of qac genes. A high prevalence of antiseptic-resistance genes were detected in the MRSA isolates in our population and appeared to be associated with spa-type t1081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Kok Leong Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Seok Hwee Koo
- Clinical trials and Research Unit, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Qingyao Quek
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, 599489, Singapore
| | - Wan Sia Pang
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, 599489, Singapore
| | - Boran Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Lily Siew Yong Ng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Si Huei Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore
| | - Thean Yen Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, 529889, Singapore.
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31
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Faridi A, Kareshk AT, Fatahi-Bafghi M, Ziasistani M, Ghahraman MRK, Seyyed-Yousefi SZ, Shakeri N, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients with external ocular infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:215-219. [PMID: 30483372 PMCID: PMC6243151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is the main Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients with ocular infections. Herein, we describe the pattern of antibiotic resistance, presence of resistance genes including ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mecA and the pvl cytotoxin gene in S. aureus isolates collected from patients with external ocular infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 8 S. aureus isolates were collected from 81 patients that suffered from eye damage. Antibacterial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance genes including ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mecA and the pvl virulence gene were detected by PCR method. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in MRSA isolates were detected by the multiplex-PCR method. RESULTS Three isolates were resistant to cefoxitin which is considered MRSA. The mecA gene was identified in MRSA isolates. SCCmec type IV and the pvl gene were detected in one of the MRSA isolates that was recovered from a diabetic patient. CONCLUSION The emergence of S. aureus isolates belonging to SCCmec type IV and pvl gene among patients with ocular infection is very serious; therefore, identify genetic characterization of MRSA isolates for empirical therapy and infection control is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Faridi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ziasistani
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Noshin Shakeri
- Shahid Labafi Nejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Corresponding author: Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98 34 332 57665,
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Águila-Arcos S, Álvarez-Rodríguez I, Garaiyurrebaso O, Garbisu C, Grohmann E, Alkorta I. Biofilm-Forming Clinical Staphylococcus Isolates Harbor Horizontal Transfer and Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2018. [PMID: 29085354 PMCID: PMC5650641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by staphylococci represent a medical concern, especially when related to biofilms located in implanted medical devices, such as prostheses and catheters. Unfortunately, their frequent resistance to high doses of antibiotics makes the treatment of these infections a difficult task. Moreover, biofilms represent a hot spot for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by bacterial conjugation. In this work, 25 biofilm-forming clinical staphylococcal isolates were studied. We found that Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates showed a higher biofilm-forming capacity than Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Additionally, horizontal transfer and relaxase genes of two common staphylococcal plasmids, pSK41 and pT181, were detected in all isolates. In terms of antibiotic resistance genes, aac6-aph2a, ermC, and tetK genes, which confer resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, respectively, were the most prevalent. The horizontal transfer and antibiotic resistance genes harbored on these staphylococcal clinical strains isolated from biofilms located in implanted medical devices points to the potential risk of the development and dissemination of multiresistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Águila-Arcos
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Itxaso Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Olatz Garaiyurrebaso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Garbisu
- Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Soil Microbial Ecology Group, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Itziar Alkorta
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Mišić M, Čukić J, Vidanović D, Šekler M, Matić S, Vukašinović M, Baskić D. Prevalence of Genotypes That Determine Resistance of Staphylococci to Macrolides and Lincosamides in Serbia. Front Public Health 2017; 5:200. [PMID: 28894731 PMCID: PMC5581325 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS) resistance genes are responsible for resistance to these antibiotics in Staphylococcus infections. The purpose of the study was to analyze the distribution of the MLS resistance genes in community- and hospital-acquired Staphylococcus isolates. The MLS resistance phenotypes [constitutive resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (cMLSb), inducible resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (iMLSb), resistance to macrolide/macrolide–streptogramin B (M/MSb), and resistance to lincosamide–streptogramin A/streptogramin B (LSa/b)] were determined by double-disc diffusion method. The presence of the MLS resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA/B, lnuA, lnuB, and lsaA) were determined by end-point polymerase chain reaction in 179 isolates of staphylococci collected during 1-year period at the Center for Microbiology of Public Health Institute in Vranje. The most frequent MLS phenotype among staphylococcal isolates, both community-acquired and hospital-acquired, was iMLSb (33.4%). The second most frequent was M/MSb (17.6%) with statistically significantly higher number of hospital-acquired staphylococcal isolates (p < 0.05). MLS resistance was mostly determined by the presence of msrA/B (35.0%) and ermC (20.8%) genes. Examined phenotypes were mostly determined by the presence of one gene, especially by msrA/B (26.3%) and ermC (14.5%), but 15.6% was determined by a combination of two or more genes. M/MSb phenotype was the most frequently encoded by msrA/B (95.6%) gene, LSa/b phenotype by lnuA (56.3%) gene, and iMLSb phenotype by ermC (29.4%) and ermA (25.5%) genes. Although cMLSb phenotype was mostly determined by the presence of ermC (28.9%), combinations of two or more genes have been present too. This pattern was particularly recorded in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (58.3%) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) (90.9%) isolates with cMLSB phenotype. The msrA/B gene and M/MSb phenotype were statistically significantly higher in hospital-acquired than community-acquired staphylococci strains (p < 0.05). There are no statistically significant differences between staphylococci harboring the rest of MLS resistance genes acquired in community and hospital settings (p > 0.05). The prevalence of iMLSb phenotypes may change over time, so it is necessary to perform periodic survey of MLS resistance phenotypes, particularly where the D-test is not performed routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mišić
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Institute Vranje, Vranje, Serbia
| | - Jelena Čukić
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory for Virology, Serology, Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics, Public Health Institute Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease of Poultry Republic of Serbia, Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Milanko Šekler
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease of Poultry Republic of Serbia, Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - Sanja Matić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Doctoral Studies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Mihailo Vukašinović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Doctoral Studies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dejan Baskić
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory for Virology, Serology, Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics, Public Health Institute Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Liu WJ, Fu L, Huang M, Zhang JP, Wu Y, Zhou YS, Zeng J, Wang GX. Frequency of antiseptic resistance genes and reduced susceptibility to biocides in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:13-17. [PMID: 27930267 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen J Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Fu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Mei Huang
- Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing P Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying S Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guang X Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
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35
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Zmantar T, Ben Slama R, Fdhila K, Kouidhi B, Bakhrouf A, Chaieb K. Modulation of drug resistance and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the oral cavity of Tunisian children. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 21:27-34. [PMID: 27916605 PMCID: PMC9425528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial and the anti-biofilm activities of Lactobacillus plantarum extract (LPE) against a panel of oral Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9) and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The in vitro ability of LPE to modulate bacterial resistance to tetracycline, benzalchonium chloride, and chlorhexidine were tested also. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum extract, tetracycline, benzalchonium chloride and clohrhexidine were determined in absence and in presence of a sub-MIC doses of LPE (1/2 MIC). In addition, the LPE potential to inhibit biofilm formation was assessed by microtiter plate and atomic force microscopy assays. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS v. 17.0 software using Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. These tests were used to assess inter-group difference (p < 0.05). Results Our results revealed that LPE exhibited a significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against the tested strains. A synergistic effect of LPEs and drug susceptibility was observed with a 2–8-fold reduction. Conclusion LPE may be considered to have resistance-modifying activity. A more detailed investigation is necessary to determine the active compound responsible for therapeutic and disinfectant modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zmantar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Ben Slama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Kais Fdhila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Bochra Kouidhi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Yanbu al Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Monastir University, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- College of Sciences, Biology Department, Yanbu al Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia.
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Zmantar T, Miladi H, Kouidhi B, Chaabouni Y, Ben Slama R, Bakhrouf A, Mahdouani K, Chaieb K. Use of juglone as antibacterial and potential efflux pump inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the oral cavity. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:44-49. [PMID: 27816681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study the minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) of tetracycline (Tet), erythromycin (Ery) and benzalkonium chloride (BC) in absence and in presence of a sub-MIC of juglone (Jug) were determined. In addition, the Ethidium bromide (EtBr) efflux assay was performed to assess the effect of Jug on EtBr cells accumulation. Our results showed a selective antimicrobial activity of Jug against the tested strains. A synergistic effect of Jug, drugs (Tet and Ery) and disinfectant (BC) was noticed with a reduction rate varied from 2 to 16-fold. In addition, the efflux of EtBr was inhibited depending on the Jug concentration. In the presence of Jug, a decrease in loss of EtBr from bacteria was observed. The concentration inducing 50 % of EtBr efflux inhibition after 15 min was about 182 μg ml-1 for S. aureus ATCC 25923, 236 μg ml-1 for S. aureus B193 and 195 μg ml-1 for S. aureus B456. It appears from this study that Jug may be used as a natural source for resistance-modifying activity in same bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zmantar
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Miladi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Bochra Kouidhi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Department, Yanbu el Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yassine Chaabouni
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology, Hôspital of Ibn El Jazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Ben Slama
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Amina Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Kacem Mahdouani
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Laboratory of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology, Hôspital of Ibn El Jazzar, Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- College of Sciences, Biology Department, Yanbu el Bahr, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Saudi Arabia
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Taheri N, Ardebili A, Amouzandeh-Nobaveh A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Frequency of Antiseptic Resistance Among Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated From a University Hospital in Central Iran. Oman Med J 2016; 31:426-432. [PMID: 27974958 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reduced biocide susceptibility in Staphylococci is associated with various antiseptic resistance genes encoding efflux systems. Our aim was to determine the susceptibility to three disinfectant agents, including benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHDG) among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS). METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 54 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and 51 CoNS isolates from a single hospital to three biocidal agents (BAC, BZT, and CHDG) was determined. Biocide resistance genes (qacA/B, smr, qacG, qacH, qacJ, and norA) were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS All isolates had MICs for BAC and BZT from 0.25 to 8 µg/mL, and for CHDG from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL. qacA/B was the most common biocide resistance gene among all 165 Staphylococcus isolates (76; 46%), which comprised 38 (63.3%) MRSA, 14 (25.9%) MSSA, and 24 (47%) CoNS. Eleven (6.7%) and 24 (14.5%) isolates among the 165 Staphylococci carried smr and norA genes, respectively. In contrast, other resistance genes such as qacG, qacH, and qacJ were absent in all Staphylococci studied. The qacA/B and smr genes were detected concomitantly in 3% of isolates, and 23.6% strains of the total 165 Staphylococcus isolates were negative for each studied gene. CONCLUSIONS The carriage of several biocide resistance genes, including qacA/B, smr, and norA, alone or concurrently, is associated with reduced susceptibility. Use of antiseptics may select for antibiotic-resistant strains and assist their survival in the healthcare environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Abdollah Ardebili
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Amouzandeh-Nobaveh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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38
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Genes inEnterococcusStrains Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Meat Products. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M2799-M2807. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science; Univ. of Warmia and Mazury; Plac Cieszyński 1 10-726 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Anna Zadernowska
- Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science; Univ. of Warmia and Mazury; Plac Cieszyński 1 10-726 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Łucja Łaniewska-Trokenheim
- Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science; Univ. of Warmia and Mazury; Plac Cieszyński 1 10-726 Olsztyn Poland
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Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to Macrolide Antibiotics in Public Health Pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a025395. [PMID: 27527699 PMCID: PMC5046686 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide resistance mechanisms can be target-based with a change in a 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue or a mutation in ribosomal protein L4 or L22 affecting the ribosome's interaction with the antibiotic. Alternatively, mono- or dimethylation of A2058 in domain V of the 23S rRNA by an acquired rRNA methyltransferase, the product of an erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) gene, can interfere with antibiotic binding. Acquired genes encoding efflux pumps, most predominantly mef(A) + msr(D) in pneumococci/streptococci and msr(A/B) in staphylococci, also mediate resistance. Drug-inactivating mechanisms include phosphorylation of the 2'-hydroxyl of the amino sugar found at position C5 by phosphotransferases and hydrolysis of the macrocyclic lactone by esterases. These acquired genes are regulated by either translation or transcription attenuation, largely because cells are less fit when these genes, especially the rRNA methyltransferases, are highly induced or constitutively expressed. The induction of gene expression is cleverly tied to the mechanism of action of macrolides, relying on antibiotic-bound ribosomes stalled at specific sequences of nascent polypeptides to promote transcription or translation of downstream sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Fyfe
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
| | | | - Kathy Kerstein
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472
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Lu Q, Zhou M, Tu Y, Yao Y, Yu J, Cheng S. Pathogen and antimicrobial resistance profiles of culture-proven neonatal sepsis in Southwest China, 1990-2014. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:939-943. [PMID: 27500793 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neonatal sepsis (NS) sustains high mortality and morbidity in China, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of NS pathogens are limited. METHODS The clinical features, aetiology and antimicrobial resistance of culture-proven NS were analysed over a period of 25 years in the metropolitan city of Chongqing in Southwest China. RESULTS The occurrence rates of neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) were found to gradually decrease while late-onset sepsis (LOS) was kept stable from 1990 to 2014. Although coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) sepsis accounted for most infections, the occurrence rates of CoNS sepsis gradually decreased, especially in EOS. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were common Gram-negative bacteria. The occurrence rates of E. coli and Klebsiella remained stable in EOS; however, in LOS, those had increased mildly, especially from 2009 to 2014. Although a high-degree resistance to common first- and second-line antimicrobials was observed for the main causative pathogens of NS, the gentamicin-resistance rate declined gradually from the year 2003. Similarly, the ceftazidime-resistance rate of E. coli dropped gradually from the year 2007. CONCLUSIONS The alarmingly high degree of antibiotic resistance calls for urgent evaluation and development of antibiotic policy and protocols for the treatment of NS. Clinicians should strictly control the antibiotics use, decrease invasive manipulations and shorten hospitalisation to prevent LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Shupeng Cheng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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41
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Juda M, Chudzik-Rzad B, Malm A. The prevalence of genotypes that determine resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins B compared with spiramycin susceptibility among erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:155-60. [PMID: 27008373 PMCID: PMC4804497 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly Staphylococcus
epidermidis, can be regarded as potential reservoirs of resistance genes
for pathogenic strains, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this
study was to assess the prevalence of different resistance phenotypes to macrolide,
lincosamide, and streptogramins B (MLSB) antibiotics among erythromycin-resistant
S. epidermidis, together with the evaluation of genes promoting
the following different types of MLSB resistance:ermA,
ermB, ermC,msrA,
mphC, and linA/A’. Susceptibility to spiramycin
was also examined. Among 75 erythromycin-resistantS. epidermidis
isolates, the most frequent phenotypes were macrolides and streptogramins B (MSB) and
constitutive MLSB (cMLSB). Moreover, all strains with the cMLSB phenotype and the
majority of inducible MLSB (iMLSB) isolates were resistant to spiramycin, whereas
strains with the MSB phenotype were sensitive to this antibiotic. The D-shape zone of
inhibition around the clindamycin disc near the spiramycin disc was found for some
spiramycin-resistant strains with the iMLSB phenotype, suggesting an induction of
resistance to clindamycin by this 16-membered macrolide. The most frequently isolated
gene was ermC, irrespective of the MLSB resistance phenotype,
whereas the most often noted gene combination wasermC,
mphC, linA/A’. The results obtained showed that
the genes responsible for different mechanisms of MLSB resistance in S.
epidermidis generally coexist, often without the phenotypic expression of
each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Juda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Chudzik-Rzad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Mu XQ, Liu BB, Hui E, Huang W, Yao LC, Duo LB, Sun WY, Li GQ, Wang FX, Liu SL. A rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detection of the macrolide-streptogramin type B resistance gene msrA in Staphylococcus aureus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:53-58. [PMID: 27607914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide-streptogramin type B resistance (the MSB phenotype) is a multidrug resistance phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus conferred by the resistance gene msrA. However, bacteria having the MSB phenotype are susceptible to lincosamides and 16-membered ring macrolides, which makes profiling resistance genes necessary and urgent for timely and appropriate use of antimicrobials. In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was optimized for prompt detection of the msrA gene. msrA gene sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and primers were designed using the LAMP primer designing software PrimerExplorer v.4, which together recognize seven distinct regions of the msrA gene. The specific LAMP primer set designed in this study could amplify the msrA gene within 25min at an isothermal temperature of 62°C. More importantly, the msrA gene could be detected at a sensitivity as low as 100pg. Furthermore, this optimized LAMP assay provided swift detection of the msrA gene even directly from human specimens. In conclusion, this assay may have great clinical application potential for detection of the msrA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Mu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bin-Bin Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ephraim Hui
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCFM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - William Huang
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCFM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Chen Yao
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Bo Duo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Ying Sun
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Li
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Systemomics Center, College of Pharmacy, and Genomics Research Center (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; HMU-UCFM Centre for Infection and Genomics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Molecular Detection of Macrolide and Lincosamide-Resistance Genes in Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Kerman, Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.37761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Argudín MA, Lauzat B, Kraushaar B, Alba P, Agerso Y, Cavaco L, Butaye P, Porrero MC, Battisti A, Tenhagen BA, Fetsch A, Guerra B. Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance genes among livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:88-95. [PMID: 27374912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has emerged in animal production worldwide. Most LA-MRSA in Europe belong to the clonal complex (CC) 398. The reason for the LA-MRSA emergence is not fully understood. Besides antimicrobial agents used for therapy, other substances with antimicrobial activity applied in animal feed, including metal-containing compounds might contribute to their selection. Some of these genes have been found in various novel SCCmec cassettes. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of metal-resistance genes among a LA-S. aureus collection [n=554, including 542 MRSA and 12 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA)] isolated from livestock and food thereof. Most LA-MRSA isolates (76%) carried at least one metal-resistance gene. Among the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates (n=456), 4.8%, 0.2%, 24.3% and 71.5% were positive for arsA (arsenic compounds), cadD (cadmium), copB (copper) and czrC (zinc/cadmium) resistance genes, respectively. In contrast, among the LA-MRSA non-CC398 isolates (n=86), 1.2%, 18.6% and 16.3% were positive for the cadD, copB and czrC genes, respectively, and none were positive for arsA. Of the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates, 72% carried one metal-resistance gene, and the remaining harboured two or more in different combinations. Differences between LA-MRSA CC398 and non-CC398 were statistically significant for arsA and czrC. The czrC gene was almost exclusively found (98%) in the presence of SCCmec V in both CC398 and non-CC398 LA-MRSA isolates from different sources. Regarding the LA-MSSA isolates (n=12), some (n=4) were also positive for metal-resistance genes. This study shows that genes potentially conferring metal-resistance are frequently present in LA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Argudín
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany; Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Groeselenbergstraat 99, B-1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lauzat
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Kraushaar
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Yvonne Agerso
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Food Institute, Research group for Genomic Epidemiology, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lina Cavaco
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Food Institute, Research group for Genomic Epidemiology, Søltofts Plads Building 221, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Concepción Porrero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Fetsch
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany.
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Dziri R, Klibi N, Lozano C, Ben Said L, Bellaaj R, Tenorio C, Boudabous A, Ben Slama K, Torres C. High prevalence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in environmental samples of a Tunisian hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hao H, Zhou S, Cheng G, Dai M, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Effect of Tulathromycin on Colonization Resistance, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence of Human Gut Microbiota in Chemostats. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 27092131 PMCID: PMC4824762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate microbiological safety of tulathromycin on human intestinal bacteria, tulathromycin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL) was added into Chemostats. Before and after drug exposure, we monitored (1) population, SCFA products, antimicrobial resistance, and colonization resistance of gut microbiota, and (2) the antimicrobial resistance genes, transferability, virulent genes, pathogenicity of Enterococus faecalis. Results showed that low level of tulathromycin did not exhibit microbiological hazard on resistance selection and colonization resistance. However, high level of tulathromycin (10 and 100 μg/mL) may disturb colonization resistance of human gut microbiota and select antimicrobial resistant E. faecalis. Most of the selected resistant E. faecalis carried resistant gene of ermB, transferable element of Tn1545 and three virulence genes (esp, cylA, and ace). One of them (E. faecalis 143) was confirmed to have higher horizontal transfer risk and higher pathogenicity. The calculated no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) and microbiological acceptable daily intake (mADI) in our study was 1 μg/mL and 14.66 μg/kg.bw/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shengxi Zhou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Goudarzi G, Tahmasbi F, Anbari K, Ghafarzadeh M. Distribution of Genes Encoding Resistance to Macrolides Among Staphylococci Isolated From the Nasal Cavity of Hospital Employees in Khorramabad, Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e25701. [PMID: 27195143 PMCID: PMC4867334 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.25701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidemiological data on antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus strains isolated from nasal carriers in each region can be helpful to select appropriate drugs to eradicate carriage states, control nosocomial infections and also treat patients. Objectives The current study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile and the molecular prevalence of the ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes among Staphylococcus strains isolated from the anterior nares of hospital employees. Patients and Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 Staphylococcus isolates, 51 Staphylococcus aureus, 49 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated from the anterior nares of hospital employees in Khorramabad, Iran. Susceptibility pattern to macrolide antibiotics were determined using the disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was applied to determine the major erythromycin-resistant genes (ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA). Results Fifty-three (53%) isolates were simultaneously resistant to erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin (cross-resistance); while 8 (8%) isolates had variable macrolide susceptibility pattern. Among the S. aureus isolates, the difference in prevalence of resistance to erythromycin between males and females was significant (P = 0.011). The frequency of ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA genes were 3%, 5%, 33% and 20%, respectively. It was also found that out of 53 isolates resistant to erythromycin, 44 (83%) isolates (eight S. aureus and thirty-six CoNS strains) carried at least one of the four tested genes. Eight (8%) isolates had intermediate phenotype to erythromycin, in which 4 (50%) isolates carried ermB or ermC genes. In addition, out of 39 erythromycin-susceptible isolates, 3 (7.7%) isolates were positive for ermB or ermC genes. Conclusions No entire association was found between genotype and phenotype methods to detect macrolides-resistant isolates. In addition, distribution of genetically erythromycin-resistant isolates is geographically different among staphylococci. It is recommend removing S. aureus from nasal carriers by proved approaches such as local or systemic administration of effective antibiotics or bacterial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Tahmasbi
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, IR Iran
| | - Khatereh Anbari
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ghafarzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Masoumeh Ghafarzadeh, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-6633120133, E-mail:
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Prevalence of qacA/B Genes and Mupirocin Resistance Among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates in the Setting of Chlorhexidine Bathing Without Mupirocin. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 37:590-7. [PMID: 26828094 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the frequency of qacA/B chlorhexidine tolerance genes and high-level mupirocin resistance among MRSA isolates before and after the introduction of a chlorhexidine (CHG) daily bathing intervention in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study (2005-2012) SETTING: A large tertiary-care center PATIENTS Patients admitted to SICU who had MRSA surveillance cultures of the anterior nares METHODS A random sample of banked MRSA anterior nares isolates recovered during (2005) and after (2006-2012) implementation of a daily CHG bathing protocol was examined for qacA/B genes and high-level mupirocin resistance. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing was also performed. RESULTS Of the 504 randomly selected isolates (63 per year), 36 (7.1%) were qacA/B positive (+) and 35 (6.9%) were mupirocin resistant. Of these, 184 (36.5%) isolates were SCCmec type IV. There was a significant trend for increasing qacA/B (P=.02; highest prevalence, 16.9% in 2009 and 2010) and SCCmec type IV (P<.001; highest prevalence, 52.4% in 2012) during the study period. qacA/B(+) MRSA isolates were more likely to be mupirocin resistant (9 of 36 [25%] qacA/B(+) vs 26 of 468 [5.6%] qacA/B(-); P=.003). CONCLUSIONS A long-term, daily CHG bathing protocol was associated with a change in the frequency of qacA/B genes in MRSA isolates recovered from the anterior nares over an 8-year period. This change in the frequency of qacA/B genes is most likely due to patients in those years being exposed in prior admissions. Future studies need to further evaluate the implications of universal CHG daily bathing on MRSA qacA/B genes among hospitalized patients.
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Discovery of Novel MLSB Resistance Methylase Genes and Their Associated Genetic Elements in Staphylococci. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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ClpP-independent function of ClpX interferes with telithromycin resistance conferred by Msr(A) in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3611-4. [PMID: 25801573 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04367-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABCF family protein Msr(A) confers high resistance to macrolides but only low resistance to ketolides in staphylococci. Mutations in conserved functional regions of ClpX as well as deletion of clpX significantly increased Msr(A)-mediated resistance to the ketolide antibiotic telithromycin. ClpX is the chaperone component of the ClpXP two-component proteolytic system. Nevertheless, no changes in resistance were observed in a clpP knockout strain expressing msr(A), demonstrating that ClpX affects Msr(A) independently of ClpP.
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